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Clauses

NounPhrases

VerbPhrases

Adverbials

Connectors

More

GrammarQuizzesVerbPhrasesVerbComplementsGerundsBy/With

By/With
Statemeansorinstrument

Methodbyverbingvs.Instrumentwith(a)noun

METHOD

Amethodofdoingsomethingcanbeexpressedwithaprepositionalphrasethatincludesby+agerund.(The
prep.phraseisan"adjunct"tothemainclausebecausethesentencecanbeconsideredcompletewithoutit.)

MAINCLAUSE ADJUNCT

Youcanopenit byusingaknife.

bycuttingthestring.

bytearingopentheend.

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byremovingthewrappingpaper.

INSTRUMENT

Aninstrumentfordoingsomethingisexpressedwithaprepositionalphrasewith+anounphrase(which
specifiesthetoolorinstrument).

MAINCLAUSE ADJUNCT

Youcanopenit withaknife.

withapairofscissors.

withaletteropener.

withyourhands.

Note:Thepizzawasmadebyhand.(methodnotmachine)/Stretchthedoughwithyourhands.(means
technique)

SeeNonfiniteClausesaboutgerundphrasevs.clause.

CommonlyConfused
Nounvs.Gerund

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AGerundvs.ANoun

GERUNDWORDFORM

Agerundendsininganditexpressesthemeaningofanactivity.Anarticleisnotusedbeforeagerund.

METHOD

Thegraphicartistmadetheactressappearthinnerbyairbrushing.

Themodellostweightbyexercising.

Thecompanyimprovedmagazinesalesbymarketing. (puttingtogetheradvertising,identifyingcustomers,displaying
products,shipping,etc.)

Heearnedmoneybypainting. (occupation)

Theylearnedhowtoplanaweddingbyreading.

NOUNWORDFORM

Afewnounformshaveaningsuffix.Totestifawordisanoun,putanarticlebeforeitand/oraprepositional
phraseafterit.SeeNounSuffixesforothersuffixes.

INSTRUMENT

Themagazineeditorschangedtheappearanceoftheactresswithairbrushing.

Themodellostweightwithexercise/adiet/exercising.(*theexercising)

Thecompanyimprovedmagazinesaleswiththeirmarketing.
(theadvertising,thenetworkingthestorage,theshipping)

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Heearnedmoneywithapainting.(Hesoldit.)

TheyendedtheweddingceremonywithareadingfromGenesis2:1824.

*incorrectusage
AlsoseeNounSuffixesandGerundsasSubjects.

NounswithingSuffix

advertise (V)advertising airbrush (V)airbrushing beat (V)beating (N) bless (V)blessing (N)
(N) (N)

board (V)boarding (N) bookmark (V) come (V)coming (N) dance (V)dancing (N)
bookmarking (N)

edge (V)edging (N) end (V)ending (N) feed (V)feeding (N) forget (V)forgetting (N)

forward (V)forwarding fund (V)funding (N) handwrite (V) highlight (V)highlighting

(N) handwriting (N) (N)

make (V)making (N) market (V)marketing (N) open (V)opening (N) paint (V)painting (N)

plant (V)planting (N) read (V)reading (N) seat (V)seating (N) understand (V)
understanding (N)

Thisisapartiallistofnounsendingining.Notethatanarticlemaybeusedbeforeanoun:theadvertising,the
airbrushing,abeating
"deverbalnouns"(Huddleston195.7.2g)

CommonMistakes
ErrorsandSolutions

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ErrorandSolution

ERROR

Hemadethepizzabyhands.

Westoppedthecarandwenttherestofthewaybyfeet.

SOLUTION

Hemadethepizzabyhand(notbymachine).
methodsingularnoun

Hestretchedthepizzawithhishands.
instrument+pluralnoun

Westoppedthecarandwenttherestofthewayonfoot.
methodexpression"onfoot"singular

GrammarNotation

LexicalCategories:NNounVVerbAuxAuxiliaryAdjAdjectiveAdvAdverbPPrepositionDet
Determiner.

PhrasalCategories:NPNounPhraseVPVerbPhraseAdjPAdjectivePhraseAdvPAdverbPhrasePP
PrepositionalPhraseDPDeterminativePhrase.

ClausalCategories:ClsclauseFfiniteclauseNFnonfiniteclause(GergerundInfinfinitivePPartpast
participle).

Functions:SubjsubjectPredpredicate/predicatorCompcomplement:elementsrequiredbyanexpressionto
completeitsmeaning(DOdirectobjectIOindirectobject)Adjunctadjunct:elementsnotrequiredbyan
expressiontocompleteitsmeaning(SubordsubordinatorCoordcoordinator)Suplsupplement:aclauseor
phraseaddedontoaclausethatisnotcloselyrelatedtothecentralthoughtorstructureofthemainclause.

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Practice1
FixItSolutions

Completethesentencewithamethodoraninstrument(tool).

1.Selecttheresponsefromthelistthatbestcompletesthesentence.
2.Compareyourresponsestothefeedbackbyclickingthe"Check"or"Check15"button.

1.

Aleakyfaucetcanberepairedby itapart.

Feedback1

Check1

2.

Aleakyfaucetcanberepaired awrench.

Feedback2

Check2

3.

Aleakyhosecanbefixed .

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Feedback3

Check3

4.

Wefixedthefaucet atthehardwarestore.

Feedback4

Check4

5.

Adraincanbeunclogged(unblocked) fromit.

Feedback5

Check5

Check15 Reset

Practice2
DogTraining

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WithorBy?

1.Selectaresponsecorrectorincorrect.
2.Compareyourresponsestothefeedbackbyclickingthe"Check"or"Check610"
button.

6.

Weexerciseourdog walkingeveryday.

with by

Feedback6

Check6

7.

Weexerciseourdog adailywalk.

with by

Feedback7

Check7

8.

Wetireourdog runningwithheronthebeach.

with by

Feedback8

Check8

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9.

Wecontrolourdog aleash.

with by

Feedback9

Check9

10.

Wetrainourdog loveanddiscipline.

with by

disciplinebehaviorthatfollowsrules

Feedback10

Check10

Check610 Reset

Practice3
WritingitDown

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Completethesentence

1.Selecttheoptionthatbestcompletesthesentence.
2.Compareyourresponsestothefeedbackbyclickingthe"Check"or"Check1115"
button.

11.

Planningatripcanbeeasier

Feedback11

Check11

12.

packingbecomeseasier.

Feedback12

Check12

13.

fromyourlasttrip,youcansavetimebeforeyournexttrip.

Feedback13

Check13

14.

Atravelercansavealotoftime

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Feedback14

Check14

15.

Atravelercansavealottime

Feedback15

Check15

Check1115 Reset

Practice4
CatsEverywhere!

ReadforErrors

Kittensarecute,buthavingtoomanykittensisaproblem.Petownerscanstoptheircatsfromreproducing
withspayingorneuteringtheircats.Aveterinariancandothisbyasimplesurgery.Thedoctorremovesthe

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cat'sreproductiveorgans.Atthesametime,theveterinariancanmicrochipthecatbyinsertingamicrochipin
theskinonthebackofthecat'sneck.

Later,iftheanimalbecomeslost,ananimalsheltercanlookupthephonenumberoftheownerbyscanID
chip.

Wecancontroltheoverpopulationofcatswithasmallamountofmoneyandashortvisittoaveterinarian
office.Doyourneighborsafavorandoffertotaketheircatstoo!

microchip(V)implant(ananimal)withamicrochiptaglinkedtoanationalcomputernetworkforpurposesofidentification
implant(V)insertinthetissueofthebody
kitten(N)ababyoryoungcat
neuter(V)removethereproductiveorgansofamalecat
overpopulation(N)anareafilledwithtoomanyindividuals(people,cats,etc.)
pet(N)adomesticatedanimal:cat,dog,parrot,etc.

reproduce(V)makecopies,breed(makebabies)
reproductiveorgans(N)babymakingbodyparts(ovariesortesticles)
scan(V)readdatausinganelectronicdevice
animalshelter(N)pound,placewherelostanimalsarekepttemporarily
spay(V)removethereproductiveorgansofafemalecat
surgery(N)anoperationthatremovesorrepairsapartofthebody
veterinarian(N)animaldoctor

EditforErrors

1.Editthesentence(s)inthetextbox.
2.Compareyourresponsestotheanswersbyclickingthe"Check"orthe"Check1620"buttonatthe
bottom.

16.

Kittensarecute,buthavingtoomanykittensisaproblem.Petownerscanstoptheircatsfromreproducingwith
spayingorneuteringtheircats.

Edit16
Petownerscanstoptheircatsfromreproducing

Feedback16
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Feedback16

Check16

17.

Aveterinariancandothisbyasimplesurgery.Thedoctorremovesthecat'sreproductiveorgans.

Edit17
Aveterinariancandothisby

Feedback17

Check17

18.

Atthesametime,theveterinariancanmicrochipthecatbyinsertsamicrochipintheskinonthebackofthe
cat'sneck.

Edit18
Atthesametime,theveterinariancanmicrochipthecatby

Feedback18

Check18

19.

Later,iftheanimalbecomeslost,ananimalsheltercanlookupthephonenumberoftheownerbyscanIDchip.

Edit19
Later,iftheanimalbecomeslost,ananimalsheltercanlookupthephonenumberoftheownerby

Feedback19

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Check19

20.

Wecancontroltheoverpopulationofcatswithpayasmallamountofmoneyandashortvisittoaveterinarian
office.Doyourneighborsafavorandoffertotaketheircatstoo!

Edit20
Wecancontroltheoverpopulationofcats

Feedback20

Check20

Check1620 Reset

GrammarQuizzesVerbPhrasesVerbComplementsGerundsBy/With

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JulieSevastopoulos(contact)ESL/ELL/TEFLEnglishGrammarReference/ResourcePractices&Exercises

PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA20Jan2017

GrammarQuizzesbyJulieSevastopoulosislicensedforuseunderCCBYNCSA4.0International.

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