CH 1

Wireless
Wireless Communication
Communication

MTX
ICRM & TRUs
ICP
Personal Profile
: Ph. D. University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA.
:
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-
Bell Northern Research (BNR) TX, USA -
NORTEL Networks, TX, USA -
-
:
Wireless, Mobile Communications ()
Radar System Design ()
Fiber Optics Communications()
Statistical Signal Processing ()
Microwave Theory and Engineering ()
Semiconductor Devices and Manufacture ()
Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 1 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
P a ge 1
Course Objectives
Gain historical perspective of cellular origin
Recognize basic definitions and common terminology
Explain mechanics of cellular call processing
Describe the modulation schemes used in cellular and
understand their basic performance characteristics
Recognize basic cellular and RF concepts
Understand basic system design and growth issues
Understand the trends and major business reasons for
choosing a technology
Give sufficient understanding of this technology to make a
intelligent decision
A cellular Network Architecture

Wire Line PSTN
DMS-100
DMS-200
PBX T1 line
DMS-100 card POTS
T1 ISUP
T1
Wireless PRI ISUP
BRI
Public Network
DID / IDID
trunks
DMS MTX
inter-system
handoff
trunks
ICRM
T1 DMS MTX
ICRM T1 ICRM
ICP LPP Networking & T1/E1
T1 Data Traffic
T1/E1
ICRM
Ethernet LAN
LPP ICP ICRM
Router T1
ICRM
Cell Sites
Service Provider
s Router
Data Network
MTX IS IS
TRU
MTX IS IS Internet Service

TRU
Provider
Other Service Provider
P a ge 2
Course Outline
Introduction and Overview of Technology and Business
Technology Overview
Business and Regulatory issues
Cellular concepts
Cellular/PCS Network Architecture
Cellular Design and Frequency Planning
Basic Cellular Call Processing
Origination, Termination, and Registration
Digital Communication Basics
Modulation Techniques and Access Methods
RF basic principles
Radio Propagation, Link Budgets, Fading and Coverage
Antenna Engineering, Traffic Engineering
Cell Site Engineering and Operational Issues
Course Outline (Cont.)

Wireless Systems and Standards
Analog, and ITA/EIA-136 (TDMA)
Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)
TIA/EIA-95 (CDMA)
Wireless Mobile Data
Third Generation Systems
Advanced Wireless technology
Wireless LAN
Blue Tooth Technology
Smart Antenna Systems, Space-time processing, MIMO
OFDM-CDMA, Wideband CDMA
Soft Radio
Presentations from Wireless Industry
Project Presentations
P a ge 3
Grading
Attendance (Not Mandatory) 10%
- 2M for the Mth absence
+ 2 for a good question
Midterm Exam 40%
2 hour, inclass/proctored
Close book, 2-page cheat sheet
Take-home again (10%)
Final Exam 50%
2 hour, inclass/proctored
Close book, 2-page cheat sheet
Take-home again (10%)
Office Hours
Tuesday: 2:00 ~4:00 pm at office (SF726B)
Phone number: (02)29031111~3798, email:ee0005@mails.fju.edu.tw
Course Textbook
Theodore S. Rappaport Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, second
, Prentice Hall PTR
Edition
Reference Book
Joseph C. Liberti, JR., Theodore S. Rappaport, Smart Antennas for wireless
communications, IS-95 and Third Beneration CDMA Applications, Prentice Hall PTR.
William C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering , McGraw-Hill
R. Vincent Poor, Gregory W. Wornell, Wireless Communications, Signal,
Processing, Perspectives, Prentice Hall PTR
David J. Goodman, Wireless Persinal Communications Systems . Addison-
Wesley.
Blake,wireless communication Technology , Delmar
Chinese Reference
(Wireless Personal Communications Systems),

,
,
:
P a ge 4
Lessen 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication
System
Outline
History of Wireless Communications
Trends, Radio spectrum
Basic Definitions and Common Terminology ()
Wireless, Mobile, Cellular, PCS, WLL
Generations and Standards
Analog (1st. Gen), Digital (2nd Gen.), Wideband (3rd. Gen.)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem) Architecture
Coding
Access and Duplex Techniques
Modulation
RF System
Air Interface Challenges
Wireless System Design Overview
Coverage Prediction
P a ge 5
Lesson 1 Objectives
Trace cellular history from beginning of radio to today
Recognize the frequencies used by cellular systems
Differentiate between MSAs and RSAs
Discuss basic RF principles
Illustrate major radio systems around world
Make a comparison of common mobile radio system
Show trends in cellular radio and personal communication
Lesson 1
History of Cellular Communications
P a ge 6
Lesson 1
The days before radio.....
1680 Newton first suggested
concept of spectrum, but for
visible light only
N S 1831 Faraday demonstrated that
U light, electricity, and magnetism

are related
1864 Maxwell developed
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY electromagnetic theory: spectrum
includes more than light
1890 First successful demos of
radio transmission
Lesson 1
Less than 100 years of Radio...
1914 Radio first used for practical

communication in WWI (War I)
1920 First radio broadcasting
1940 Radar first used in WWII(War II)
1950 First commercial television

MTS, IMTS
1960 First mobile telephony
P a ge 7
Progress in
Radio Communications
Radio Communication Systems
HFAmateur VHFLand Mobile Mobile Telephony30-50MHz
Marine 150MHz
Military Microwave Microwave 450MHz
RADAR Point-to-Point Satellite 800MHz
1900MHz
AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz
VHF-TV Bcst
UHF-TV Bcst
Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Devices Spark Vacuum Discrete MSI VLSI,
Tubes Transistors LSI ASICS
1920 1930 1940 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Time
Overview of the Radio Spectrum

AM LORAN Marine
0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
VHF LOW Band FM VHF VHF TV 7-13
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz

Cellular DCS, PCS
UHF UHF TV 14-69 GPS
0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony
Terrestrial Microwave Satellite
P a ge 8
Evolution of Public Mobile

Telephony
Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz AMPS800MHz PCS1900MHz
GSM
450MHz N_AMPS CDMA
D-AMPS AMPS, etc
Technology Evolution CDMA ESMR800MHz

Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation Access Strategies
DQPSK FDMA
GMSK TDMA
CDMA
Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs

System Capacity Evolution - Users
Dozens Hundreds 100,000 1,000,000
1960 1990
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System PCS-1900 = Personal Communication Systems
N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access
D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
Trends in
Radio Communications
Technology: Analog Digital
System
Organization: Centralized Distributed
Cost
Capacity
Complexity
Radio Frequency
Time
P a ge 9
North American Cellular

During the 1970, the FCC (USA Federal Communications
Commission) allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range
for public mobile telephony. Canada joined the vision.
FCC adopted the AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System) standard, creating cellular as
we know it today 333 MSAs
The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (Metropolitan
Service Areas) and 300+ RSAs
over 300 RSAs (Rural
Service Areas)
By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at
least one system operating. Canadian markets also developed.
In 1987, the FCC allocated 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum
In the 1990, additional technologies were proposed for cellular
TDMA (IS-54,55,56)
CDMA (IS-95)
History of wireless Com. (Mid1900s)
1946: First commercial mobile telephone system in the US

FCC allocated 3 channels in the 150MHz range in St.Louis for the public.
One year later, the NY-to-Boston corridor was covered.These were all
manual systems, requiring operator assistance.
1947: concept of Cellsdeveloped by AT&T

By dividing an area into small cell,a concept called
frequency reusecould
be employed to increase capacity
1954: US Navy first used the moon as a satellite

The moon was used as a passive reflector to bounce a signal-For a few
years later,the moon was used for a communication |ink between
Washington D.C.and Hawaii (when available!)
1957: Russia launched the first active Satellite, Sputnik l
P a ge 10
History of wireless Com. (Analog Cellular)

1971: AT&T propose High Capacity Mobile Phone Serviceto the
FCC
Outlining feasibility of
cellular radio',.The service was later named the
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)and development licenses were
granted in the mid-70,s.
1981: Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) launched in Scandinavia

First commercial analog cellular mobile system in the world.First used
spectrum in the 450MHz range,later up-banded to 900MHz range.
1983: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)launched in Chicago

by AT&T
After years of development and licensing resolution,the first cellular system in
the U.S.was launched on October 13th1983.
1985: Total Access communications System (TACS)launched in the

United Kingdom
History of wireless Com. (Digital)

1992: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) launched
in Europe
First commercial digital cellular mobile system
1992: AMPS networks first upgraded to lS-54 TDMA in U.S.
1995: First PCS network launched in U.S.

APC (now a Voice stream network) in Washington D.C.using GSM
1996: lS-95CDMA launched in U.S.
1998: lTU receive 10 proposals for a terrestrial 3rd Generation

wireless cellular standard
Most using some type of wideband CDMA or wideband TDMA
1999: ITU selects 5 technologies in November for lMT-2000
2001: NTT DocoMo aiming for initial launch of W-CDMA(Oct.)
P a ge 11
AMPS Cellular Spectrum

Uplink and Downlink Bands
Downlink
Uplink
Paired Bands
824 835 845 849 Frequency, MHz 870 880 890 894
825 846.5 869 891.5
Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path)
Cellular telephony provides Full-duplex communications

two-way simultaneous conversation requires simultaneous transmission in
both directions
25 MHz. band of frequencies used for mobile transmission (Uplink)
25 MHz. band of frequencies used for cell site transmission (Downlink)
Cellular bands divided equally between two competing operators
A (Non-wireline) operator
B (Wireline) operator (in USA, originally only Telcos were eligible)
The Resource: AMPS Spectrum

Frequencies and Channel Numbers
Paired Bands
824 835 845 849 Frequency, MHz 870 880 890 894
825 846.5 869 891.5

Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path)
A A (non-Wireline) B (Wireline) A B
991- 1 333 334 666 799
1023
716
Channel Numbers
An operator authorized frequency block contains 416 channels

In a frequency plan, we assign specific channels to specific cells,
following a reuse pattern which restarts with each Nth cell
Uplink and downlink bands are paired mirror images
A channel includes one uplink and one downlink frequency
P a ge 12
Mobile Radio System Types

Paging systems: simplex
numeric, alphanumeric, voice
Cordless: full duplex
Cellular Telephone systems
Cordless systems
Paging systems Cellular systems
What is Multiple Access

Multiple Access:
by multiple, independent users .
Since the beginning of telephony and radio,

system operators have tried to squeeze the
maximum amount of traffic over each circuit
Transmission
Types of Media Examples:

Twisted pair - copper Medium
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
Air interface (radio signals)
Advantages of Multiple Access Each pair of users
Increased capacity: serve more users enjoys a dedicated,
private circuit through
Reduced capital requirements since
the transmission
fewer media can carry the traffic
medium, unaware that
Decreased per-user expense the other users exist.
Easier to manage and administer
P a ge 13
What is a Channel
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission FDMA
medium for one user information
The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided Power

into individual channels according to different criteria depending on the cy
en
technology used Tim qu
e Fre
Here
s how the three most popular technologies establish
channels:
TDMA
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Power
each user on a difficult frequency
y
nc
a channel is a frequency Tim q ue
e Fre
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
each user on a different window period in time (time slot) CDMA
a channel is a special time slot on a special frequency
CDMA (Code division Multiple Access) Power
each user uses the same frequency all the time,but mixed with cy
Tim en
different distinguishing code patterns e qu
Fre
a channel is a unique code pattern
Access Methods
FDMA
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
each user has a separate radio frequency
radio receiver recovers user, ignores others
Frequency
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA
1 2 3 4 5 6 each user occupies a time slot in a sequence which
repeats continuously
recover only user bits, ignore others
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
Time input from user is coded into a composite bit
CDMA
User 1
stream which occupies a large spectrum
Code 1
XOR composite bit stream received at other end
users code applied to composite bit stream
XOR
Composite
User s input is recovered
Code 1
Users codes are orthogonal (non-interfering)
User 1
P a ge 14
Modulation by Analog Inputs

Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a
Voltage
radio signal in order to convey information
For example, let s use this analog
waveform to modulate a signal.
Time
The basic, unchanging, steady radio
signal without modulation is called a
carrierCharacteristics of the carrier
which we could modulate:
Amplitude (i.e., strength)
example: AM radio broadcasting
Frequency
Notice that
FM broadcasting, frequency and
Voice transmission phase modulation
look very similar
in AMPS cellular
with this kind of
Phase input.
Modulation by Digital Inputs

The previous example showed modulation by an analog waveform.
What happens if we use a digital input?
Voltage
For example, let this digital waveform
1
Time
0 1 0 modulate a signal. No more
continuous analog variations, now we
are shiftingbetween discrete levels.
We call this shift keying
The steady radio signal without
modulation is called a carrier
1 0 1 0 Amplitude Shift Keying
ASK example: digital microwave
Frequency Shift Keying
1 0 1 0 FSK example: control messages in
AMPS cellular; TDMA cellular
Phase Shift Keying
1 0 1 0 PSK examples: TDMA cellular, GSM &
PCS-1900
P a ge 15
Circuit Switching
Space-division switching
Digital switch: bit stream, CCS
Analog link: Phone-Switch
Digital link: Switch-Switch (improve quality using digital repeater)
Trunks: lines connecting switches
DS-1,..., DS-4, SONET
Data Comm. over telephone Network -> Modem
Switching Systems
Circuit Switching: Telephone Network
A path is established for a conversation
Package Switch: Message transmission
Message is fragmented into smaller chunks (package)
Package is routed along different paths, reassembled at the receiving end
Rules for network operations -> Protocols
P a ge 16
Wireless Comm. Definitions

Base Station (BS)
Control Channel
Forward Channel
Full Duplex System
Half Duplex System
Handoff
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Switch Center (MSC)
Page
Reverse Channel
Roamer
Simplex System
Subscriber
Transceiver
Basic Definitions and Common

Terminology
Wireless versus Mobile
Both terms tend to be used interchangeably,but are not the same
LMDS and microwave are wireless, but not mobile (Fixed wireless)
Cellular/PCS phones and satellites are wireless and mobile
Degrees of Mobility
Cordless phones have low mobility, Cellular have higher mobility
Cellular
The term cellulardescribes a wireless infrastructure,geographical|y
deployed as a collection of cells", in a honeycomb structure
Cellularoften implies the 850-900MHz
personal mobile service, as oppose to higher band services such as PCS.
More dearly referred to as Cellular Band',
P a ge 17
FDD and TDD

Duplexing: Subscriber is allowed to send simultaneous information
to BS while receiving information from BS
Frequency division duplexing (FDD): two distinct bands of frequencies are
provided
Time division duplexing (TDD):time instead of frequency is used to provided
both a forward and reverse link eliminate the need for separate forward and
reverse frequency band
TDD is limited to cordless phone due to rigid timing for time slotting or
short portable access and is effective for fixed wireless access as all users
are stationary
FDD TDD
Reverse Forward Reverse Forward

Channel Channel Freq. Channel Time
Channel
Freq. Separation Time Separation
Wireless Transport
Wireless is compressed voice at 8 - 13 Kbps.
But, transport is at 64 Kbps
An MSC covers 6-12 EO Areas.
Hence, transport distances are long
Wireless
Network
BSC (HLR)
IWF
MSC
Compressed
Voice
BSC 64 Kbps
S
K BP Wireline
64 Terminal
PSTN
Local
PSTN (Wireline)
P a ge 18
Dallas MTA Proposed Topology (1999)

35 BTSs 16 BTSs
82 BTSs
18 BTSs
10 BTSs
BSC BSC
69 BTSs
48 BTSs Dallas1
Dallas2
Wireless Network
MSC
(HLR) MSC
87 BTSs
Fort Worth
BSC 83 BTSs
Austin
10 BTSs
BSC
BSC
15 BTSs
BSC 12 BTSs
86 BTSs
Lesson 1 Complete
P a ge 19

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Wireless

ICRM & TRUs

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 2 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

A cellular Network Architecture

MTX IS IS Internet Service

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 3 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Course Outline (Cont.)

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 6 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 7 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 8 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Trace cellular history from beginning of radio to today

Recognize the frequencies used by cellular systems

Differentiate between MSAs and RSAs

Discuss basic RF principles

Illustrate major radio systems around world

Make a comparison of common mobile radio system

Show trends in cellular radio and personal communication

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 10 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 11 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

N S 1831 Faraday demonstrated that

U light, electricity, and magnetism

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 12 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Less than 100 years of Radio...

1914 Radio first used for practical

1920 First radio broadcasting

1940 Radar first used in WWII(War II)

1950 First commercial television

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 13 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

1920 1930 1940 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Overview of the Radio Spectrum

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB

VHF LOW Band FM VHF VHF TV 7-13

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz

Evolution of Public Mobile

Technology Evolution CDMA ESMR800MHz

Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs

Technology: Analog Digital

North American Cellular

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 18 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

History of wireless Com. (Mid1900s)

1946: First commercial mobile telephone system in the US

1947: concept of Cellsdeveloped by AT&T

1954: US Navy first used the moon as a satellite

1957: Russia launched the first active Satellite, Sputnik l

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 19 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

History of wireless Com. (Analog Cellular)

1981: Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) launched in Scandinavia

1983: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)launched in Chicago

1985: Total Access communications System (TACS)launched in the

History of wireless Com. (Digital)

1992: AMPS networks first upgraded to lS-54 TDMA in U.S.

1995: First PCS network launched in U.S.

1996: lS-95CDMA launched in U.S.

1998: lTU receive 10 proposals for a terrestrial 3rd Generation

2001: NTT DocoMo aiming for initial launch of W-CDMA(Oct.)

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 21 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

AMPS Cellular Spectrum

825 846.5 869 891.5

Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path)

Cellular telephony provides Full-duplex communications

Lesson 1 Introduction to wireless communication 22 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

The Resource: AMPS Spectrum