FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

Beam transverse loads are primarily resisted by bending action

Terminology and choice of axes for Bernoulli-Euler model of plane beam

1
 A simply supported beam has end supports that preclude transverse
displacements but permit end rotations.

A cantilever beam is clamped at one end and free at the other.

Airplane wings and stabilizers are examples of this configuration.

ENGINEERING BEAM THEORY

Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory
can carry the transverse load
slope can change along the span (x-axis)
Cross-section is symmetric w.r.t. xy-plane or xz-plane
The y-axis passes through the centroid
Loads are applied in xy-plane (plane of loading)

y y
Neutral axis
Plane of loading
x z
A
L
F F

2
 ENGINEERING BEAM THEORY cont.
Beam constitutive relation
We assume P = 0 (We will consider non-zero P in the frame element)
Moment-curvature relation:
d 2v
M EI Moment and curvature is linearly dependent
dx 2
Sign convention +Vy
+Mz y +Mz
+P x +P

+Vy

Positive directions for applied loads

y
p(x)

x C1 C2 C3

F1 F2 F3 5

SIMPLE ENGINEERING BEAM EQUATIONS

dv d 2v Mz y
u y x y x
dx dx 2 I
dVy dM z
p( x) Vy
dx dx
d 2v d 3v
M z ( x) EI Vy ( x) EI
dx 2 dx3
d 4v
EI 4 p ( x)
dx p
dVy
Vy dx
dx
+Vy dM z
+Mz y +Mz
Mz Vy Mz dx
x dx

+Vy
dx
6

3
 FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION
Finite element approximates solution in an element
Make it easy to satisfy displacement BC using interpolation technique
Beam element
Divide the beam using a set of elements
Elements are connected to other elements at nodes
Concentrated forces and couples can only be applied at nodes
Consider two-node beam element
Positive directions for forces and couples
Constant or linearly distributed load

F1 F2
C1 C2
x

p(x)
7

FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION

Nodal DOF of beam element
Each node has deflection v and slope q
Positive directions of DOFs
Vector of nodal DOFs {d} {v1 q1 v2 q2 }T

v1 v2
q1 q2
x
L
x1 x2

4
 FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION
What is the deflection v(x) of the beam element, if the
nodal DOFs of the element {d} {v1 q1 v2 q2 }T
are given?

v1 v2
q1 q2
x

L
x=0 x=L
v(x) =?

FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION

Deflection interpolation
Interpolate the deflection v(x) in terms of four nodal DOFs
Use cubic function: v( x) a0 a1 x a2 x a3 x
2 3

Relation to the slope: dv

q a1 2a2 x 3a3 x
2

dx
Apply four conditions:
dv(0) dv( L)
v(0) v1 q1 v( L) v2 q2
dx dx
Express four coefficients in terms of nodal DOFs

x
2
x
3
x 2 x3
v( x) 1 3 2 v1 x 2 2 q1
L L L L
x 2 x
3
x 2 x3
3 2 v2 2 q 2
L L L L
N1 ( x)v1 N 2 ( x)q1 N 3 ( x)v2 N 4 ( x )q 2
10

5
 PLANE BEAM ELEMENT

x
2
x
3
dN1 x x2 d 2 N1 6 x
N1 ( x) 1 3 2 6 2 6 3 2 12 3
dx 2 L L

L L dx L L
dN 2 x x2 d 2 N2 4 x
x 2 x3 1 4 3 2 6 2
N 2 ( x) x 2 2 dx L L dx 2 L L
L L d 2 N3 6 x
dN 3 x x2 2 12 3
x
2
x
3 6 2 6 3 2
N 3 ( x) 3 2 dx L L dx L L
L L dN 4 x x2 d 2 N4 2 x
2 3 2 6 2
x 2 x3
2
dx L L dx L L
N 4 ( x) 2
L L d 3 N1 12

dx 3 L3
v ( x ) N1 ( x )v1 N 2 ( x )q1 N 3 ( x )v2 N 4 ( x )q 2 d 3 N2 6
2
dN1 ( x ) dN ( x ) dN ( x ) dN ( x ) dx 3 L
q ( x) v1 2 q1 3 v2 4 q 2
dx dx dx dx d 3 N3 12
3
dx 3 L
d 3 N4 6
2
dx 3 L
11

FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION

Properties of interpolation
Deflection is a cubic polynomial (discuss accuracy and limitation)
Interpolation is valid within an element, not outside of the element
Adjacent elements have continuous deflection and slope
Approximation of curvature
Curvature is second derivative and related to strain and stress
v1

d v 6 12
2
4 6 6 12 2 6 q1
x , x , x , x
dx 2 L2 L3 L L2 L2 L3 L L2 v2

q 2
2
d v
B {d} B: strain-displacement vector

dx 2 14 41

B is linear function of x and, thus, the strain and stress

2
Alternative expression: d v T T
d {B }
dx 2 14 41

If the given problem is linearly varying curvature, the approximation is

accurate; if higher-order variation of curvature, then it is approximate
12

6
 FINITE ELEMENT INTERPOLATION cont.
Approximation of bending moment and shear force
d 2v
M z ( x) EI EI B {d}
dx 2
EI x x x x
2 [6 12 , L(4 6 ), 6 12 , L(2 6 )]{d} Linear
L L L L L
dM z d 3v EI
Vy EI 3 3 [12 6 L 12 6 L]{d} Constant
dx dx L
Stress (x = - Mzy/Iz) is proportional to Mz; Mz(x) is linear; stress is
linear in x, too
Maximum stress always occurs at the node
Bending moment and shear force are not continuous between adjacent
elements (since the two nodal DOF vectors {d} of the two adjacent
elements are not the same)

13

STRAIN ENERGY OF BEAM ELEMENT

Strain energy
Stress and strain
d 2v d 2v
x y x E x Ey
dx 2 dx 2
Strain energy of element (e)

U 1 2
1
x x dV E x dV
e

( e ) 2 ( e ) 2
V V
x2( e ) x( e )
1 d 2v 1
2 2
d 2v
2

E 2 dx y dA EI
2
2 dx
x1( e ) 2 dx A( e )
2 x( e )
1
dx

14

7
 FE EQUATION FOR BEAM cont.
Strain energy cont.
Approximate curvature in terms of nodal DOFs

d 2v
B {d}
dx 2 14 41
2
d 2v (e) T
2 {d } B B {d }
T (e)

dx 1 4 41 1 4 41

Approximate element strain energy in terms of nodal DOFs

1 x2( e ) (e) 1 (e) T (e) (e)

U ( e ) {d ( e ) }T {d } 2 {d } [k ]{d }
T
e



EI B B dx
2 x1

L
where [k ( e ) ] EI z B B dx
T
0

15

FE EQUATION FOR BEAM cont.

Stiffness matrix of a beam element
[k ] EI B B dx
e L T
0

6 12
L2 L3 x

4 6 x
L L L2 6 12 4 6 6 12 2 6
EI [ 2 3 x, 2 x, 2 3 x, 2 x]dx
0 6 12 L L L L L L L L
2 3x
L L
2 6
2 x
L L
12 6 L 12 6 L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI
3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L
2

16

8
 FE EQUATION FOR BEAM cont.
Stiffness matrix of a beam element

12 6 L 12 6 L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 Symmetric, positive semi-definite
EI
[k ] 3 Proportional to EI
e

L 12 6 L 12 6 L Inversely proportional to L
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L
2

Strain energy cont.

NEL
1 NEL e T e e
U U (e) {d } [k ]{d }
e1 2 e1
Assembly
1
U {Ds }T [K s ]{Ds }
2

17

PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy (quadratic form)
1
U V {Ds }T [K s ]{Ds } {Ds }T {Fs }
2
PMPE
Potential energy has its minimum when

[K s ]{Ds } {Fs } [Ks] is symmetric & PSD

Applying BC
The same procedure with truss elements (striking-the-rows and
striking-the-columns)

[K ]{D} {F} [K] is symmetric & PD

Solve for unknown nodal DOFs {D}

18

9
 PLANE BEAM ELEMENT

v( x ) N1 ( x )v1 N 2 ( x )q1 N 3 ( x )v2 N 4 ( x )q 2

12 6 L 12 6 L v1 F1
2
EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L q1 C1
2

L3 12 6 L 12 6 L v2 F2

2 q C
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L 2 2
2

V1 V2
C1 C2
x

19

PLANE BEAM ELEMENT

v ( x ) N1 ( x )v1 N 2 ( x )q1 N 3 ( x )v2 N 4 ( x )q2 N {d }

q ( x ) N1( x )v1 N 2 ( x )q1 N 3 ( x )v2 N 4 ( x )q2 N {d }
d 2v
M z ( x ) EI EI N {d }
dx 2
EI x x x x
2 6 12 v1 L 4 6 q1 6 12 v2 L 2 6 q 2
L L L L L
dM z d 3v
Vy ( x ) EI 3 EI N {d }
dx dx
12 6 12 6
EI 3 v1 2 q1 3 v2 2 q 2
L L L L

20

10
 PROBLEM 4.10

One elements
Global DOFs
{Ds }T v1 q1 v2 q2

EI PL3
(12) v2 P v2
L3 12 EI

21

y EXAMPLE 4.4
{D s }T {v1 q1 v2 q 2 v3 q 3 }
x 2EI EI {D}T v2 q 2 v3 q3

1 2 3 E 100 GPa
2L L L1 2 L 2m, I1 2 I 2 106 m 4
F2 F3 L2 L 1m, I 2 I 106 m 4
v1 q1 v2 q2
F2 100 N , F3 200 N
3 3L 3 3L v1 rectangular cross-sections:
3L 4 L2 3L 2 L2 q
EI b1 0.04 m, h1 0.084343 m
[k ] 3 1
1

L 3 3L 3 3L v2 b2 0.04 m, h2 0.066943 m
2
3L 2 L 3L 4 L q 2
2

3 3L 3 3L 0 0
v2 q2 v3 q3 3L 4 L2 3L 2 L2 0 0

12 6 L 12 6 L v2 EI 3 3L 15 3L 12 6 L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 q [K s ] 3
EI
[k ] 3
2
2 L 3L 2 L2 3L 8 L2 6 L 2 L2
L 12 6 L 12 6 L v3 0 0 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L q3
2
0 0 6 L 2 L2 6 L 4 L2
22

11
 EXAMPLE 4.4
L = 1 m, E = 100 GPa, I = 110-6 m4, F2 = 100 N, F3 = 200 N
Determine deflection & slope at x = 1.6, 2.4 m
[K](4x4 matrix) =
1.5000e+006 3.0000e+005 -1.2000e+006 6.0000e+005
3.0000e+005 8.0000e+005 -6.0000e+005 2.0000e+005
-1.2000e+006 -6.0000e+005 1.2000e+006 -6.0000e+005
6.0000e+005 2.0000e+005 -6.0000e+005 4.0000e+005
v1 = 0, 1 = 0, v2 = 0.006 m, 2 = 0.005 rad, v3 = 0.01167 m, 3 = 0.006 rad
x 2 x3
2 3
x x
N1 ( x) 1 3 2 N 2 ( x) x 2 2
L L L L
x 2 x3
2 3
x x
N3 ( x) 3 2 N 4 ( x) 2
L L L L
dN1 x x2 dN 2 x x2
6 2 6 3 1 4 3 2
dx L L dx L L
2 2
dN3 x x dN 4 x x
6 2 6 3 2 3 2
dx L L dx L L
23

EXAMPLE 4.4
v(1.6) v (1) (1.6) v1 N1 (1.6) q1 N 2 (1.6) v2 N 3 (1.6) q 2 N 4 (1.6)
v2 N 3 (1.6) q 2 N 4 (1.6)
0.006 N 3 (1.6) 0.005 N 4 (1.6)
0.006 0.896 0.005 (0.256) 0.004096 m
dN 3 dN 4
q (1.6) q (1) (1.6) v2 q2
dx x 1.6 dx x 1.6
L2 L2
2 3 2 3
x x 1.6 1.6
N3 ( x) 3 2 N 3 (1.6) 3 2 0.896
L L 2 2
x 2 x3 1.62 1.63
N 4 ( x) 2 N 4 (1.6) 2 -0.256
L L 2 2
v(2.4) v (2) (0.4) v2 N1 (0.4) q 2 N 2 (0.4) v3 N 3 (0.4) q3 N 4 (0.4)
dN1 dN 2 dN3 dN 4
q (2.4) q (2) (0.4) v2 q2 v3 q3
dx x 0.4 dx x 0.4 dx x 0.4 dx x 0.4
L 1 L 1 L 1 L 1

24

12
 FEADLAB Beam Application: Example 4.4
%------------------------------------------------------------
fea.property{2}.mid = 1;
% Example 4.4 (Kim) (Static analysis of beam)
fea.property{2}.I = I;
%--------------------------------------
b1 = 0.04; h1 = 0.0843;
% problem parameters setting
fea.property{1}.sectionPoint = [h1/2 0;h1/4 0];
%--------------------------------------
b2 = 0.04; h2 = 0.0669;
fea.param.simpleFEM = 1;
fea.property{2}.sectionPoint = [h2/2 0;h2/4 0];
%-----------------------------
%---------------------------
% analysis type
% material properties
%-----------------------------
%---------------------------
fea.analysis = 'statics';
% fea.material{mid}.E = [E,nu] for beam2
%-----------------------------
fea.material{1}.E = 100e9;
% nodal coordinates
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
% applied constraints
fea.node = [1 0;2 2;3 3]; % m
%-----------------------------------
%-----------------------------
fea.boundary = [1 2 0;1 6 0];
% nodal connectivity
%-----------------------------------
%-----------------------------
% applied nodal force
% fea.element.beam2 = [eid,pid,nid1,nid2]
%-----------------------------
fea.element.beam2 = [1 1 1 2;2 2 2 3];
fea.cload = [2 2 100;3 2 200];
%--------------------------
%------------------------
% section properties
% FEM parameters
%--------------------------
%------------------------
% fea.property{pid}.mid = mid;
plots.contourPlot =
% fea.property{pid}.I = I;
feaContourOptions('response',{'Mz'});
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
plots.XYPlot = {'Mz','Vy'};
I = 1.0e-6;
feadlab(fea,plots)
fea.property{1}.I = 2*I;
25

FEADLAB Beam Application: Example 4.4

=====================
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
=====================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NID u v w rx ry rz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.006 0 0 0 0.005
3 0 0.011667 0 0 0 0.006
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==========================
BEAM2 ELEMENT RESULTANTS
==========================
EID NID Nx Vy Vz Mx My Mz
1 1 0.00 -300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -800.00
1 2 0.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 200.00
2 2 0.00 -200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -200.00
2 3 0.00 200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

26

13
 FEADLAB Beam Application: Example 4.4
========================
BEAM2 ELEMENT STRESSES
========================
EID NID Y Z sx
1 1 0.0422 0.0000 -1.686e+007
1 1 0.0211 0.0000 -8.43e+006
1 2 0.0422 0.0000 -4.215e+006
1 2 0.0211 0.0000 -2.1075e+006
2 2 0.0335 0.0000 -6.69e+006
2 2 0.0167 0.0000 -3.345e+006
2 3 0.0335 0.0000 -3.0423e-008
2 3 0.0167 0.0000 -1.5211e-008

==============================================
REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BOUNDARY CONDITION
==============================================
------------------------------
NID DOF R
------------------------------
1 2 -300
1 6 -800
------------------------------

27

FEADLAB Beam Application: Example 4.4

Undeformed and Deformed Configurations

Undeformed and Deformed Configurations

28

14
EXAMPLE WORK-EQUIVALENT NODAL FORCES
L
L x
2
x
3
pL
F1 p N1 ( x) dx p 1 3 2 dx
0
0
L
L 2
L
L x 2 x3 pL2
C1 p N 2 ( x) dx p x 2 2 dx
0
0 L L 12
L
L x 2 x
3
pL
F2 p N 3 ( x) dx p 3 2 dx
0 L L 2
0

L
L x 2 x3 pL2
C2 p N 4 ( x) dx p 2 dx
0 L L 12
0

pL pL2 pL pL2 p
{F}T Equivalent
2 12 2 12
pL/2 pL/2

pL2/12 pL2/12

29

EXAMPLE LUMPED NODAL FORCES

Apply lumped load method

p
Equivalent
pL/2 pL/2
Apply lumped load method for one-beam
element model, the nodal DOF are:
v1 = v2 = 1 = 2 = 0

12 6 L 12 6 L 0 F1 pL 2
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 q
EI 1 0

L 12 6 L 12 6 L 0 F2 pL 2
3

2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L q 2
2
0
EI 4 L2 2 L2 q1 0
2 q1 q 2 0
L3 2L 4 L2 q 2 0

30

15
 EXAMPLE WORK-EQUIVALENT NODAL FORCES
Apply work-equivalent load

p
Equivalent
pL/2 pL/2

Apply work-equivalent load for one-beam

pL2/12 element model, the nodal DOF are:
pL2/12
pL3
v1 v2 0 and q1 q 2
24 EI

12 6 L 12 6 L 0 F1 pL 2
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 q pL2 12
EI 1


L 12 6 L 12 6 L 0 F2 pL 2
3

2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L q 2 pL 12
2 2

EI 4 L2 2 L2 q1 pL2 12 pL3
q1 q 2 (exact)
L3 2 L2 4 L2 q 2 pL2 12 24 EI
31

Beam - Work-Equivalent Load

32

16
 EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM
p0 = 120 N/m

EI = 1000 N-m2 L = 1m C = 50 N-m

12 6 12 6 v1
6 4 6 2 q1
[K s ] 1000
12 6 12 6 v2

6 2 6 4 q 2

F1eq p0 L / 2 60
C p L2 / 12 10
1eq 0

F2 eq p0 L / 2 60
C2 eq p0 L2 / 12 10
33

EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM cont.

FE matrix equation
12 6 12 6 v1 F1 60
6 4 6 2 q1 C1 10
1000
12 6 12 6 v2 60

6 2 6 4 q 2 50 10
Applying BC
12 6 v2 60 v2 0.01m
1000
6 4 q 2 60 q 2 0.03 rad

Deflection curve: v( x) 0.01N3 ( x) 0.03N 4 ( x) 0.01( x / L)3

Exact solution: v( x) 0.005( x 4 x x )
4 3 2

34

17
 EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM cont.
Support reaction (From assembled matrix equation)
1000 12v2 6q 2 F1 60 F1 120 N
1000 6v2 2q 2 C1 10 C1 10 N m
Bending moment
M ( x) EI B {d}
EI x x x x
2
6 12 v1 L 4 6 q1 6 12 v2 L 2 6 q 2
L L L L L
x x x
1000 [0.01(6 12 ) 0.03(2 6 )] 60 N m
L L L

Shear force
EI
Vy 12v1 6 Lq1 12v2 6 Lq2
L3
1000 [12 (0.01) 6(0.03)] 60 N

35

FEADLAB Beam Application: dload

p0 = 120 N/m

EI = 1000 N-m2, L = 1m
C = 50 N-m

fea.cload = [2 6 -50];
fea.dload{1}.eid = 1;
fea.dload{1}.type = 'FYL';
fea.dload{1}.distribution = 120;

36

18
 FEADLAB Application: Stress Evaluation
p0 = 120 N/m
0.015 m

EI = 1000 N-m2, L = 1m
C = 50 N-m 0.02 m

Assume:
Rectangular-section b = 0.015 m, h = 0.02 m
I = bh3/12 = 10-8 m4

I = 1.0e-8;
h = 0.02;
fea.property{1}.I = I;

% fea.property{pid}.sectionPoint = [y1 z1;y2 z2; ...]

fea.property{1}.sectionPoint = [h/2 0;h/4 0];

37

FEADLAB Beam dload Application: Example 4.7

%------------------------------------------------------------
b = 0.015; h = 0.02;
% Example 4.7 (Kim) (Static analysis of beam)
fea.property{1}.sectionPoint = [h/2 0;h/4 0];
%-----------------------------
%----------------------
% problem parameters setting
% material properties
%-----------------------------
%----------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 1;
fea.material{1}.E = 100e9;
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
% analysis type
% applied constraints
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
fea.analysis = 'statics';
fea.boundary = [1 2 0;1 6 0];
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
% nodal coordinates
% applied nodal force
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
fea.node = [1 0;2 1]; % m
fea.cload = [2 6 -50];
%-----------------------------
fea.dload{1}.eid = 1;
% nodal connectivity
fea.dload{1}.type = 'FYL';
%-----------------------------
fea.dload{1}.distribution = 120;
% fea.element.beam2 = [eid,pid,nid1,nid2]
%------------------------
fea.element.beam2 = [1 1 1 2];
% FEADLAB output
%---------------------
%------------------------
% section properties
plots.contourPlot =
%---------------------
feaContourOptions('response',{'Mz','Vy'});
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
plots.XYPlot = {'Mz','Vy'};
fea.property{1}.I = 1.0e-8;
% fea.property{pid}.sectionPoint = [y1 z1;y2 z2; ...]
feadlab(fea,plots)

38

19
 FEADLAB Application: dload

E = 200 GPa
Ry1 16000
4266.67
16000 8000
4266.67 1066.67 54000

{ f eq(1) } { f eq(2) } {Fs }
16000 8000 3200
4266.67 1066.67 Ry 3 8000

1066.67

39

FEADLAB Application: dload

q1 -0.1925 v1 18000
v -0.1376 q 4266.67
2 (1) 1
{ f } [k ] =
(1)

q 2 0.0942 v2 18000
q3 0.213 q 2 33066.67
Ry1 16000 18000 0 Ry1 34000

40

20
 Example: Model with Symmetric Condition

L=1m
I = 10-8 m4
E = 100 GPa
P = 240 N

Symmetric about midpoint:

BC: (L/2) = 0

41

Example: Model with Antisymmetric Condition

L = 20 in
I = 0.1 in4
E = 10e6 psi
M0 = 1000 lb/in

42

21
 Beam with Hinge
P

L a

What is the behavior at hinge?

How to handle the behavior at hinge?

43

Beam with Hinge

P
Undeformed and Deformed Configurations

L a
y

E = 10106 psi, I = 0.08 in4

L = 20 in. a = 10 in.
P = 800 lb
fea.node = [1 0;2 20;3 20;4 30];
fea.mpc{1} = [3 2 1;2 2 1];

44

22
 Beam with Hinge Approach 1

1200 12000 1200 12000 v1

12000 160000 12000 80000 q1
[k ](1)
1200 12000 1200 12000 v2

12000 80000 12000 160000 q2
9600 48000 9600 48000 v3 v2
48000 320000 48000 160000 q
[k ](2) 3

9600 48000 9600 48000 v4

48000 160000 48000 320000 q 4
10800 12000 48000 v2 800 v2 0.2963
12000 160000
0 q 2 0 q 2 0.02222

48000 0 320000 q 3 0 q 3 0.04444

45

Beam with Hinge Approach 1

P

L a

v1 1200 12000 1200 12000 0

q 12000 160000 12000 80000
1 0
{ f }(1) [k ](1)
v2 1200 12000 1200 12000 0.2963
q 2 12000 80000 12000 160000 0.02222
88.89
1777.78


88.89
0
Fy1 88.89 C1 1777.78

46

23
 MPC Transformation

{D}: independent (master) and (dependent) slave dof

[K ]: reduced stiffness matrix before MPC transformation
{D}: independent (master) dof
[K ]: reduced stiffness matrix after MPC transformation
[K ]{D} {F}
{D} [T]{D}
[T]T [K ][T]{D} [T]T {F}
[K ]{D} {F} {D}
where [K ] [T]T [K ][T], {F} [T]T {F}
{D} [T]{D}

47

Beam with Hinge Approach 2

v3 v2 v2 : master dof , v2 : slave dof
1200 12000 0 0 v2 Fy 2
12000 160000 0 0 q 2 C2
[K ]{D} {F}
0 0 9600 48000 v3 Fy 3

0 0 48000 320000 q3 C3
v2 1 0 0
q 0 v2
1 0
{D} [T]{D} 2 q 2
v3 1 0 0
q3
q3 0 0 1
[T]T [K ][T]{D} [T]T {F}
10800 12000 48000 v2 800 0.2963

[K ]{D} {F} 12000 160000 0 q 2 0 {D} 0.02222

48000
320000 q3 0
0 0.04444
1 0 0 0.2963 v2
0 1 0 0.2963 0.02222 q
2
{D} [T]{D} 0.02222
1 0 0 0.2963 v3
0.04444
0 0 1 0.04444 q3
48

24
 Beam Problem

How many elements to be used?

49

PLANE FRAME ELEMENT in x-Direction

A frame element has 6 DOFs
EA EA
L 0 0 0 0
L

0 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI

L2 1 x1
0 u f
L3 L2 L3
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI
2 EI v1 f y1
0 0 2
L2 L L L q1 c1

EA EA u2 f x 2
0 0 0 0
L L
2 v f y2
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI q c
0 3 0 2 2 2
L L2 L3 L

0 6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 2
L2 L L L
[k ]{d} {f }

50

25
 Problem 4.24 PLANE FRAME ELEMENT
The frame shown in the figure is clamped at the left end and supported on a
hinged roller at the right end. The radius of circular cross-section r = 0.05 m.
An axial force P and a couple C act at the right end. Assume the following
numerical values: L = 1 m, E = 80 GPa, P = 15,000 N, C = 1,000 Nm.
(a) Use one element to determine the rotation at the right support.
(b) What is the deflection of the beam at x = L/2?
(c) What is the maximum tensile stress? Where does it occur?

51

Example
Two bar s are joined at node 2 using a bolted joint. Assume
there is no friction at the joint. A load of P = 5000 lb is applied
at node 2.
P

52

26