Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
S V
The sound of the bothers my concentration
dryer
Avoid using an ing form, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another
part of speech instead of a main verb.
Example:
Incorrect: The prettiest girl in our class with long brown hair and
brown eyes.
Correct:
Incorrect: In my opinion, too soon to make a decision.
Correct:
Correct:
Or
Correct:
Correct:
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claim fail manage pretend wait
S V C (infinitive) M
We had planned to leave day before yesterday
Avoid using an ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb
word after want.
Examples:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Remember that the following verbs require an ing form for a verb in
the complement:
2
S V C (-ing) M
He enjoys travelling by plane
Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed. Forbid may be used
with either an infinitive or an ing complement, but forbid from is
not idiomatic.
Examples
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Incorrect: I miss to watch the news when I am travelling.
Correct:
Correct:
Remember that the following verb phrases require an ing form for a
verb in the complement.
S V Ph C (-ing) M
She forgot about cancelling her
appointment
Avoid using an infinitive after the verb phrases listed. Avoid using a
verb word after look forward to and object to.
Remember that the verb BE likely does not require an ing form but
requires an infinitive in the complement.
Examples:
3
Incorrect: She is likely knowing.
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Incorrect: Before she run the computer program, she had checked it
out with her supervisor.
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Incorrect: I know that you have been forty on your last birthday.
Correct:
4
Problems with modals and modal-related patterns
Modals are auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give
additional meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are
listed below, along with some of the additional meanings that they
add to main verbs.
can possibility, ability, permission
could possibility, ability in the past
may probability, permission
might probability
must necessity, logical conclusion
shall future with emphasis
should advice, obligation, prediction
will future
would condition
Remember that a modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the
dictionary form of the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word
is called the bare infinitive because it appears without the word to.
Verb words are very important in many patterns, but they are used
most often with modals.
Examples
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
Correct:
5
Problem 7. Logical conclusionsevents in the past.
Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by the verb
word have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on
evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the
past.
Remember that an observation in the present may serve as
the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the
past. For example, here is a message on my desk. It may be
concluded that my friend must have called last night.
Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word
instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past.
Examples
Incorrect: The streets are wet; it should have rained last night.
Correct:
Incorrect: This pen wont write; it can have run out of ink (in the
past).
Correct:
Incorrect: The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must
buy it.
Correct:
Incorrect: He doesnt have his keys; he must locked them in his car.
Correct:
Avoid using a verb word instead of an ing form after must be.
Examples
6
Incorrect: The line is busy; someone should be using the telephone
now.
Correct:
Incorrect: She must be study at the library now because all of her
books are gone.
Correct:
Incorrect: Carol always gets good grades; she should study a lot.
Correct:
7
Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.
S KNOW Noun
the
I know how to answer
question
Examples:
Incorrect: If she knew to drive, he would lend her his car.
Correct:
Incorrect: Youll have to help her because she doesnt know to do it.
Correct:
Exercises:
a. has
b. being
c. having
d. with
a. how to repeat
b. repeat
c. to repeat
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d. repeat
a. written
b. write
c. to write
d. writing
a. use
b. to use
c. the use
d. using
a. to be able to
b. able to
c. to be able
d. be able to
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b. to grow up
c. growing up
d. have grow up
A B
A B C
3. Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid that
it may be
A B C
D
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D
5. When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he had
reached the East
A B C
Indies by way of a Western route.
D
6. Many birds will, in the normal course of their migrations, flying
A B
more than three thousand miles to reach their winter homes.
C D
7. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass
must originated
A B C
in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico.
D
8. American buffalo must be reproduce itself again because it has
been removed
A B C D
from the endangered species list.
9. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early
spring every
A B C D
year.
10. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in
order to create
A B C
an image of reality rather than reality itself.
D
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QUIZ 1
Problems 110.
Good luck.
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Mid Test Class: _____ Name:
__________________________
3. Insurance rates are not the same for different people because
they are not likely have the same risk.
13. Despite the age of Mahakam Bridge and the load it has
to endure in a day-to-day basis, the Samarinda Government
would rather to expand the width of the bridge than to finish
the Mahkota Bridge.
13
14. The head of chemical engineering department is not at
his office at the moment. He must teach in the classroom or at
the pilot plant.
Avoid using a form of be after the subject. Avoid using the incorrect
form use to.
Remember that BE used to with an ing form means to be
accustomed to.
in the
He was used to living
country
Avoid using a form of be after used to. Avoid using a verb word
instead of an ing form. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.
Examples:
Incorrect: I used to was studying at the University of Southern
California before I transferred here.
Correct:
Or
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Incorrect: She used to speaking in public.
Correct:
Or
had no verb
S
better t word
Yo had no
take Chemistry 600 this semester
u better t
Examples:
Incorrect: You had better to hurry if you dont want to miss the bus.
Correct:
Incorrect: You had better dont quit your job until you find another
one.
Correct:
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I would rather drive
Examples:
Incorrect: She told me that shed rather not to serve on the
committee.
Correct:
would
S that S V (past)
rather
would
I that you drove
rather
16
Examples:
Incorrect: Id rather that you dont do that.
Correct:
Examples:
Incorrect: Would you please dont smoke.
Correct:
Or
17
Incorrect: Would you please not to be late.
Correct:
Or
make
get
have
let
help
his
His mother made him take
medicine
18
Incorrect: Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in
the store this summer?
Correct:
Incorrect: Patsy makes everyone doing his share around the house.
Correct:
Incorrect: Nora got her mothers wedding dress to alter so that it fit
perfectly.
Correct:
Incorrect: We will have to get someone fixing the phone right away.
Correct:
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someo verb
S HAVE
ne word
My English
had us give oral reports
teacher
want to
I this book renewed, please
have
Incorrect: I like the way you had the beautician done your hair.
Correct:
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Incorrect: Professor Baker let us to write a paper instead of taking a
final exam.
Correct:
Incorrect: When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me using his car.
Correct:
verb word
S HELP someone infinitive
Incorrect: Dont you help each other the study for tests?
Correct:
Incorrect: Bob said that he would help our finding the place.
Correct:
Exercises
PART A: Choose the correct answer.
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1. Harvard ________________ a school for men, but now it is
coeducational, serving as many women as men.
a. was used
b. used to be
c. was used to
d. was used to be
2. To check for acidity, one had better __________________ litmus
paper.
a. use
b. using
c. to use
d. useful
3. Rhododendrons would rather ______________ in shady places,
and so would azaleas.
a. to grow
b. growing
c. grown
d. grow
4. A good counsellor would rather that the patient
___________________ his or her own decisions after being helped
to arrived at a general understanding of the alternatives.
a. makes
b. making
c. will make
d. made
5. Please ________________ photocopies of copyrighted material
without the permission of the publisher.
a. no make
b. dont make
c. not make
d. not to make
6. Psychologists believe that incentives ______________ to
increase our productivity.
a. make us want
b. make us to want
c. making us want
d. makes us wanting
7. Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get
______________ that benefits their groups.
a. Congress to pass the legislation
b. Congress passed the legislation
c. the legislation to pass by Congress
d. the legislation that Congress passing
8. Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist _____________
their teeth.
a. fill
b. filled
c. filling
d. to be filled
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9. The Immigration and Naturalization Service often
______________ their visas if they fill out appropriate papers.
a. lets students extend
b. lets students for extend
c. letting students to extend
d. let students extending
10. In partnership with John D. Rockefeller, Henry Flager
_______________ the Standard Oil Company.
a. helped forming
b. helped form
c. he help form
d. helping to form
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A
B C
the handicapped.
D
6. Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edges of
their leaves.
A B C
D
7. In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might
be stolen,
A
B
the owner must get all pieces appraise.
C D
by the parties.
A
playing in the league unless he submits voluntarily to
treatment for
B C
drug addiction.
D
10. Doctors agree that the fluid around the spinal cord
helps the nourish the
A B C
D
brain.
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Conditionals are statements with if or unless. They are opinions
about the conditions (circumstances) that influence results, and
opinions about the results.
CONDITION RESULT
V V
If S , S
(present) (present)
a the
If is used , occurs more rapidly
catalyst reaction
Or
CONDITION RESULT
V verb
If S , S will
(present) word
a the more
If is used , will occur
catalyst reaction rapidly
Avoid using will and a verb word instead of the present verb in the
clause beginning with if. Avoid using the auxiliary verbs have, has,
do, and does with main verbs in the clause of result.
Examples:
Incorrect: If water freezes, it has become a solid.
Correct: If water freezes it has becomes a solid
Or
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Correct:
will
can
V ma
If S (present) , S y verb word
W her
If find , we will write her
e address
will
can
ma verb V
S y word if S (present)
W he w
will write if find her address
e r e
Avoid using the present tense verb instead of a modal and a verb
word in the clause of result.
Examples:
Incorrect: If you put too much water in rice when you cook it, it got
sticky.
Correct:
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Incorrect: If you listen to the questions carefully, you answer them
easily.
Correct:
Incorrect: If we finished our word a little early today, well attend the
lecture at the art museum.
Correct:
woul
d
coul
d
V migh
If S (past) , S t verb word
W her woul
If found we write her
e address, d
Incorrect: If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks
better when you got back in the afternoon.
Correct:
Incorrect: If she would eat fewer sweets, she would lose weight.
Correct:
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Problem 24 Factual ConditionalsProbable Changes in Past
Results
Remember that the speaker or writer is expressing an opinion about
the results of the past under different conditions or circumstances.
In order of the least probable, use the following modals: would,
could, might.
would
have
could
have
participl might participl
If S had e , S have e
her would
If we had found we written her
address, have
her could
If we had found we written her
address, have
Her might
If we had found we written her
address, have
Incorrect: If her mother let her, Anne would have stayed longer.
Correct:
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Remember that the verb BE is always were in contrary-to-fact
conditionals.
If S were
the
If were on Friday, we could go
party
S V unless S V
Luis
won't return unless she gets a scholarship
a
Avoid deleting unless from the sentence; avoid deleting either the
subject or the verb from the clause after unless.
Examples:
Incorrect: I cant go I dont get my work finished.
Correct:
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Incorrect: you wont get well unless you are taking your medicine.
Correct:
Remember that the following verbs are used before that and the
verb word clause to express importance.
Verb
S V that S
word
Mr. prefer
that she speak with him personally
johnson s
Examples:
Incorrect: The doctor suggested that she will not smoke.
Correct:
Incorrect: The law requires that everyone has his car checked at
least once a year.
Correct:
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Incorrect: She insisted that they would give her a receipt.
Correct:
verb
noun that S
word
The
that we be evaluated was approved
recommendation
Incorrect: She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.
Correct:
essential important
imperative necessary
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It is adjective infinitive
Or
verb
It is adjective that S
word
Avoid using a present tense verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using
a modal before the verb word.
Examples:
Incorrect: It is not necessary that you must take an entrance
examination to be admitted to an American university.
Correct:
or
Problem 30 Purposeinfinitives
Remember that an infinitive can express purpose. It is a short form
of in order to.
32
S V C infinitive (purpose)
Examples:
Incorrect: Wear several layers of clothing for keep warm.
Correct:
Incorrect: Dont move your feet when you swing for play golf well.
Correct:
Exercises:
Part A: Choose the correct answer.
1. Less moderate members of congress are insisting that
changes in the Social Security System ____________ made.
a. will
b. are
c. being
d. be
2. It is the recommendation of many psychologists __________ to
associate words and remember names.
a. that a learner uses mental images
b. a learner to use mental images
c. mental images are used
d. that a learner use mental images
3. It is necessary ____________ the approaches to a bridge, the
road design, and the alignment in such a way as to best
accommodate the expected traffic flow over and under it.
a. plan
b. to plan
c. planning
d. the plan
4. In the Morrill Act, Congress granted federal lands to the states
___________ agricultural and mechanical art colleges.
a. for establish
b. to establish
c. establish
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d. establishment
5. If water is heated to 212 degree F. _______________ as steam.
a. it will boil and escape
b. it is boiling and escaping
c. it boil and escape
d. it would boil and escape
6. If services are increased, taxes _____________ .
a. will probably go up
b. probably go up
c. probably up
d. going up probably
7. If American ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general
health ______________ better.
a. be
b. will be
c. is
d. would be
8. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded
Russia, he ____________ the rest of Europe.
a. had conquered
b. would conquer
c. would have conquered
d. conquered
9. If humans were totally deprived of sleep, they _____________
hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and eventually, death.
a. would experience
b. experience
c. would have experienced
d. had experienced
10. Football teams dont play in the Super Bowl
championship ______________ either the National or the
American Conference.
a. unless they win
b. but they win
c. unless they will win
d. but to have won
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event, the president schedules press conferences with the
news media at
D
his discretion.
35
Problem 31 PassivesWord Order
Remember that in a passive sentence the actor is unknown or not
important. The subject is not the actor. Passive sentences are also
common in certain styles of scientific writing.
participl
S BE
e
Examples
Problem 32 PassivesAgent
Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is unknown or not
important. The subject is not the actor. The actor in a passive
sentence is called an agent.
person
by
machine
Examples
Incorrect: The decisions on cases like this are made from Dean
36
White
Correct:
Problem 33 PassivesInfinitives
Remember that a passive infinitive can be used with a present form
of the BE verb to express a future intention, and with the past form
of the BE verb to express an intention that was not realized in the
past.
future
S BE (pres) to be participle
time
Examples:
Incorrect: The play was to be cancel, but it was only postponed.
Correct:
37
Problem 34 Necessity for Repair or ImprovementNeed
Remember that NEED may express necessity for repair or
improvement.
S NEED to be participle
Examples:
Incorrect: His car needs to fix.
Correct:
or
Incorrect: The house needs to paint, but we plan to wait until next
summer to do it.
Correct:
or
38
Anticipatory
that S V
it
all
It is believed that experience dreams
mammals
Examples:
Incorrect: It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group
not to score as well.
Correct:
HAV
S participle (duration)
E
Examples:
Incorrect: We have live in Seattle for five years.
Correct:
39
Incorrect: Ray given us a lot of help since we arrived.
Correct:
Examples:
Incorrect: The party has planned for two weeks.
Correct:
Incorrect: Your typewriter been fixed, and you can pick it up any
time.
Correct:
40
Incorrect: You will finished your homework by the time the movie
starts.
Correct:
Incorrect: Before we can tell them about the discount, they will
bought the tickets.
Correct:
had tha
S S would verb word
hoped t
W had sh
that would change her mind
e hoped e
Incorrect: They had hoped that she not find out about it.
Correct:
Incorrect: His father had hoped that he go into business with him.
Correct:
41
BE -ing
HAVE participle
Avoid using ing forms without BE, participles without HAVE, and
verb words without modals when ing a participle, or a verb function
as a main verb.
Examples:
Incorrect: The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.
Correct:
Incorrect: I cant talk with you right now because the doorbell
ringing.
Correct:
42
d. influencing for his mother
43
9. The giraffe survives in part because it __________________ the
vegetation in the high branches of trees where other animas
have not grazed.
a. to reach
b. can reach
c. reaching
d. reach
44
5. That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world
occur near
A B
C
the youngest mountain rangesthe Himalayas, the Andes,
and the Sierra
D
Nevadas.
A
the battleship Maine, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and
the eternal
C D
9. President Wilson had hoped that World War I be the last great
war, but
A
only two decades later, the Second World War was erupting.
B C
D
45
D
capital.
46
constructed between the earth and the moon.
D
1.
47