A.C.

OElectricalOMachinesOLab

DepartmentOofOElectricalOandOElectronics
Engineering

ElectricalOMachine-II
LaboratoryOManual

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology

BACHUPALLY1oMIYAPUR1oHYDERABADl5(((9(

GRIET)E E E H
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

DepartmentOofOElectricalOandOElectronics
Engineering

CERTIFICATE
ThisRisRtoRcertifyRthatRthisRbookRisRa
bonafideRrecordRpraticalRworkRdoneRinRt
he Electrical Machines-11 Laboratory
in ........semester ofyear during the
year.......
Name :-..

Roll.No :-

Branch :-.

Date:-

GRIET)E E E 0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

SignatureoofotheoStaffomember

GRIET)E E E I
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

S No Date NameoofotheoExperiment Page Sign

No

GRIET)E E E :
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ontents
7xpt%vNo%
Namevofvthevexperiment

HM +8--and-[oad-tests-on-single-phase-transformer
0M Sumpners test
IM "-and-inverted-"-curves-of-a-IRphase-synchronous-motorM
:M rake-test-on-slip-ring-induction-motorM
TM oRload-and-block-rotor-tests-on-squirrel-cage-induction-motorM
AM Gquivalent-circuit-of-single-phase-induction-motorM
WM *etermination-of-\-and-\-of-a-salient-pole-synchronous-machine-from-slip-testM
d q
PM egulation-of-alternator-by-synchronous-impedance-method-and-jjz-methodM
KM ;ysteresis-loss-determinationM
H9M cott-connectionM
HHM otor-resistance-starter-for-slip-ring-induction-motorM
H0M nduction-generatorM
HI M ;eat-run-test-on-transformerM
H: M tarRdelta-starter-for-squirrel-cage-induction-motorM
HTM *etermination-of-subRtransient-reactance-of-salient-pole-synchronous-machine
HAM *etermination-of-sequence-impedances-of-salient-pole-synchronous-machine
"iva-questions

GRIET)E E E T
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Experiment 1

O%Z%vTestVvS%Z%vTestvyvoadvTestvonvavsinglevphasevtransformer%

Objective :
o-determine-the-iron-losses8-copper-losses-and-efficiency-of-a-transformer-at-any-loadM

6pparatus :
9R0 =mps-=mmeter 9H
9R09 =mps-=mmeter 9H
9RI 99"olts-"oltmeter 9H
9R099Yatts-[M]MzM-type-Yattmeter
9H
9RI M
9'Y-&M]MzM-type-Yattmeter 9H
TransformervRatingsvM
]owerU0-'"=8]rimaryFecondary
U0I9F:HT"oltsM
UPMAKF:MP0-=mpsM

ZircuitviagramvM

GRIET)E E E A
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

TheoryM
=-transformer-is-a-static-device-which-transfers-the-electrical-energy-from-one-circuit-to-another-circuit
without-any-change-in-the-frequencyM-he-transformer-works-on-the-principle-of-electromagnetic
induction-between-two-windings-placed-on-a-common-magnetic-circuitM-hese-two-windings-are
electrically-insulated-from-each-other-and-also-from-the-coreM
he-losses-in-a-transformer-are-Ei7-magnetic-losses-or-core-losses-Eii7-ohmic-losses-or-copper
lossesM-he-losses-of-a-transformer8-magnetic-losses-and-ohmic-losses-can-be-determined-by-performing
Ea7-open-circuit-test-and-Eb7-short-circuit-testM-zrom-the-above-tests8-the-efficiency-and-regulation-of-a

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 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

given-transformer-can-be-predetermined-at-any-given-loadM-he-power-consumed-during-these-tests-is
very-less-as-compared-to-the-load-testM-ln-this-experiment-["-side-parameters-are-denoted-by-suffix-H
and-z"-side-parameters-by-suffix0M

OpenvZircuitvTestM
n-open-circuit-test8-usually-;"-side-is-kept-open-and-meters-are-connected-on-["-side-as-shown-in-the
figMHMHM-Yhen-rated-voltage-is-applied-to-the-["-side8-the-ammeter-reads-the-noRload-current-o-and-watt
meter-reads-the-power-input-M-he-no-load-current-
[ is-0-to-Tb-of-full-load-currentM-;ence8-the-copper
losses-at-noRload-are-negligibleM-Ye-represent-the-iron-or-core-lossesM-ron-losses-are-the-sum-of
hysteresis-and-eddy-current-lossesM
Y-(o " [" I+Cos9

ShortvZircuitvTestM
his-test-is-performed-to-determine-the-equivalent-resistance-and-leakage-reactance-of
the transformer and copper losses at full load condition.
n-this-test-usually-["-side-is-shorted-and-meters-are-connected-on-;"-sideM-=-variable-low
voltage-is-applied-to-the-;"-winding-with-the-help-of-an-autoRtransformerM-his-voltage-is-varied-till-the
rated-current-flows-in-the-;"-side-or-["-sideM-he-voltage-applied-is-T-to-H9-percent-of-rated-voltage8
while-the-rated-current-flows-in-the-windingsM-he-wattmeter-indicates-the-full-load-copper-losses-and
core-losses-at-"
ut-the-iron8-losses-at-this-low-voltage-are-negligible-as-compared-to-the-iron-losses-at

the-rated-voltage
oadvTestM
his-test-is-performed-to-determine-the-efficiency-and-regulation-of-a-transformer-at-different
load-conditionsM-&sually8-this-test-is-performed-for-low8-power8-rating-of-transformersM-his-test-gives
accurate-results-as-compared-to-the-above-testsM-n-this-test8-measurements-are-taken-on-;"-side-and-["
side-at-different-load-conditionsM-Y-indicates-the-input-power-at-["-side-and-Y-indicates-the-output
power-connected-on-secondary-side-E;"7M
ProcedureM

(a)vO%ZvTestM
D onnect-the-circuit-diagram-as-shown-in-the-figure-HMH
D Zradually-increase-the-voltage-using-the-autoRtransformer-till-the-voltmeter-reads-0I9"
D ecord-the-voltmeter8-ammeter-and-[M]MzM-wattmeter-readingsM
D he-ammeter-indicates-the-noRload-current-and-wattmeter-indicates-the-iron-losses
D witch-off-the-supply-and-set-the-autoRtransformer-at-zero-positionM
(b)vS%ZvTestM
D onnect-the-circuit-diagram-as-shown-in-the-figure--M0
Zradually-increase-the-voltage-using-the-autoRtransformer-till-the-ammeter-reads-:MP0-amps8
D
Ethe-rated-current-of-the-transformer-on-;"-side7
D ecord-the-voltmeter8-ammeter-and-&M]zM-wattmeter-readingsM
Dhe-ammeter-indicates-sc8-voltmeter-indicates-"sc-and-wattmeter-indicates-Ysc-copper
losses-of-the-transformer-at-full-load-conditionM
D witch-off-the-supply-and-set-the-autoRtransformer-at-zero-positionM

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 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

(c)voadvTestM
onnect-the-circuit-diagram-such-that-the-supply-on-["-side-and-load-on-;"-side-as-shown-in
D
the-figM-HMIM
D Zradually-increase-the-voltage-using-auto-transformer-till-the-voltmeter-reads-the-rated
voltage8-0I9v-on-["-side-and-also-record-the-voltage-on-;"-sideM
D jaintain-the-voltage-"-to-be-constant-for-all-loadsM
witch-on-the-load-switches-one-by-one-and-record-the-ammeter8-voltmeter-and-wattmeter
D
readingsM-Ehe-load-current-should-not-be-exceed-the-rated-current8:MP0=M7
D witch-off-the-supply-and-set-the-autoRtransformer-at-zero-positionM
ZalculationsvM
D *etermine-the-
90 8-\-8-}
90 90 8
9H 8-\9H 8-}
9H 8-and--8-\-values-on-both-sides-of-the-transformer-from
9 9

+MM-test-and-M-test.
abulate-the-efficiency-and-regulation-of-the-transformer-at-different-load-conditions-by-assuming
D
load-with-different-power-factorsM
D *raw-the-equivalent-circuit-diagram-on-both-sidesM
ObservationsM
+M-estU "oc-(0I9"w oc-(-9M:P=8-Yoc-(-T9wM-E["-data7
M-est-U"sc-(-0T"w sc-(:MP0:8-Ysc-(-K9Y-E;"-data7
Gquivalent-ircuit-*iagram-of-transformerU

SamplevZalculation
ZalculationvofvRovandvXovofvequivalentvcircuitvfromvo%cvtest
"-(-0I9"--(-9M:P=
9 9 Y-(-9M9T
9
Iron losses = WoH =
9 V I cos
9

W(
Coso 0 =
V6I (
5(
23( x( 48
9
9 = 63.06 , sin9 = 0.8915
I =9I Cos 9 w = 9I Cos 9

(-9M:Px9MPKHT (-9M:P-x-9M:TI
(-9M:I= (-9M0HW:=

GRIET)E E E K
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Vside

= 1058 = 534.88
HV side 9R : LVside
9 R x K = 3444.5
HV side9X : HV side9 X x K = 1740.7

Yhere-' (-HMP9:
SZvT7STM
ZalculationvofvR
=2 andvX
=2 forvequivalentvcircuit

sc (-:MP0:-= " (-0T" Y sc (-9M9K'Y

zull-load-copper-losses-or-variable-losses-(-Ysc-(-
sc 90

alculation-of-percent-regulation-from-sc-test

=t-full-load-current8--(-:MP0-=8-"-(-:--T"8-pMf-(-9M-P-lag
0 0
]ercent-regulation

7fficiencyvZalculationvfromvO%ZvandvS%Zvtests
%

=t-full-load-9MP-power-factor where-x

SamplevObservationsvforvoadvTestM
GRIET)E E E H9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

VvBv3-=V
2 oadvTest

ObservationsM

Zalculations

GRIET)E E E HH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment03
Sumpners Test
ObjectiveM
o-predetermine-the-efficiency8-regulation-and-equivalent-circuit-of-a-given-pair-of-identical-single-R
phase-transformers-by-conducting-umpner6s-testM
NamevplatevdetailsvofvthevtwovidenticalvtransformersM
]rimary-voltageU-0I9-"olts econdary-voltageU-:HT-"olts
]rimary-currentU-AK=mps-M econdary-current
:MP0=mps
]ower-Eurden7 U-0'"= zrequencyU T9;zM

6pparatusM
*igital-voltmeter89-to-H999"olts 90
*igital-ammeter8-9-to-l9-=mps 90
*igital-wattmeter8-9-to-I99-Yatts 90
*igital-temperature-indicator8-9-to-H99-*egrees
9H
TheoryM
he-efficiency-of-a-transformer-can-be-predetermined-by-conducting-oMcM-and-sMcM-testsM-ut-the
rise-in-temperature-can-be-found-only-by-conducting-the-actual-load-testM-t-is-difficult-io-conduct-the
actual load test for large transformers. [n case of Sumpners test the efficiency, regulation and rise in
temperature-can-be-obtained-with-small-amount-of-power-consumptionM
n-umpner6s-test8-the-two-primary-windings-of-the-identical-transformers-are-connected-in
parallel across the supply and the two secondarys are connected in series with their polarities in
oppositionM-+ne-digital-wattmeter-E[M]MzM-type78-one-voltmeter-and-one-ammeter-are-connected
at-primary-sideM-+ne-digital-wattmeter-E&M]MzU-type78-one-voltmeter-and-one-ammeter-are-connected-at
secondary-sideM-f-primaries-are-energized-then-the-voltage-across-the-two-secondaries-will-be-zero-since
both-the-transformers-are-identical-transformers
M
he-power-input-to-the-transformers-at-noRload-is-indicated-by-the-wattmeter-on-the-primary
sideM-his-power-is8-equalRto-the-iron-losses-of-the-two-transformersM-=n-autoRtransformer-is-connected
in series with the two secondarys. A small voltage is injected in the secondary circuit from a separate ac
source. It will circulate a current in the secondary side since the secondarys are in opposition, the
secondary-current-will-cause-primary-current-in-opposite-directions-so-that-the-reading-of-wattmeter-on
primary-is-not-affected-and-it-will-indicate-the-iron-losses-of-the-two-transformersM-he-autoRtransformer
is-adjusted-till-the-full-load-current-flows-in-the-secondary-side-of-the-transformerM-=t-full-load-current
the-wattmeter-on-the-secondary-side-indicates-the-full-load-copper-losses-of-the-two-transformersM

ProcedureM
D jake-all-the-connections-as-per-the-circuit-diagram-shown-in-fig-M}M}M
D 'eep-the-switch-6s6-open-on-the-secondary-side-of-the-transformerM
D 'eep-the-autoRtransformer-at-zero-position-and-disconnect-the-supply
to-the-auto-transformerM
D =pply-the-normal-voltage-of-0I9"olts-to-the-primary-sideM
D Check the voltmeter reading across the switch. If it reads zero, it means the secondarys are
connected-in-oppositionM-f-the-voltmeter-reads-twice-the-secondary-rated-voltage-then-the-connections
should-be-reversed-on-the-secondary-sideM
D lf-voltmeter-reads-zero-close-the-switch-M6M
GRIET)E E E H0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

onnect-the-supply-to-the-autoRtransformer-and-energize-the-secondary-circuit-and-adjust-the-auto
D
transformer-till-the-ammeter-on-the-secondary-side-reads-the-rated-current-E:MP0=7M
D ecord-the-readings-of-the-meters-on-both-the-primary-and-secondary
sidesM
D alculate-
8-regulation-and-efficiency-of-the-transformer-9MP-pf-lag8-9MPpf-lead-and-upf-for-full
eq 8-x
eq
load-and-half-load-conditionsM

ObservationsM
"-(-009-"
H -(-9MPA-=
H Y-(-K:MI-Y
H
"-(T9-"
0 -(-:MAT-=
0 Y-(-HPT-Y
0

QormulasvforvZalculationsM
ore-loss-for-each-transformer-(-Y-(-
9 = = :WMHT-Y
zull-load-copper-loss-for-each-transformer-(-Y-(-
9 = = K0MT-Y

%
Where

b-egulation-of-the-transformer-(
Yhere-"0 (-econdary-voltage-at-noRloadM

ZalculationsvforvR
eqVvX
eqM

sc eq ( } eq( \ eq (

GRIET)E E E HI
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

iagramvofv7quivalentvcircuitvofvthevtransformerM

ZalculationvforvequivalentvcircuitvofvtransformerM

-
w =9 I Cos I= I9 Sin
-is-the-no-load-current-on-primary-side
9

-(
9 \-(
9

8raphsMvPlot the graph for output in KW Vs percent for 0.8p.f and u.p.f. at full and half loads.

ZircuitviagramM

GRIET)E E E H:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZalculationvforvRvandvX
= =
"-(-009-"
H -(-9MPA-=
H Y-(-K:MI-Y
H

GRIET)E E E HT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Y-(9 (-:WMHTY -(-

9 A
os9 = = 0.498

-
w =9 I Cos = 0.43 x 0.498 = 0.214A

= 9I Sin = 0.43 x 0.866 = 0.372A

-(
9 (-1028, 9X = = 591.4
Y sc (-= K0MTY8-"-(-(-0T"8
sc sc (-:MAT=

;"- 90 ( (4.278 ,90Z(-= = 5.376 .

;"\ 90 ( = 3.26

'(-= HMP9:
["}9H (-= = 1.652

["-9H = = 1.314

["\ 9H (- = 1.0

otal-losses-(-Y-X-Y
i cu (-K0MT-X-:WMHT-(-HIKMIY

+utput-(-ated-power-(-0'"=M

alculation-of-efficiency-at-full-load-with-9MP-pMfM-lag

b-(-= 92%

alculation-of-regulation-at-full-load-with-9MP-pMfM-lag
b-reg-(-[:M0W\9MP-IM0A\9MA

Where + is for lagging and - is leading loads

GRIET)E E E HA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment0-
PVPvandvinvertedvPVPvcurvesvofvav-v0vphase
Synchronousvmotor
ObjectiveM
To draw the V and curves of a 3-phase synchronous motor at no-load and load conditions.
6pparatusM
9RI 99"-dc-"oltmeter 9H
9RI 99"-ac-"oltmeter 9H
9Rl9= dc-=mmeter 9H
GRIET)E E E HW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

9R0= dc-=mmeter 9H
9RI 'Y-wattmeter 9H
zrequency-meter 9H
]hase-sequence-meter 9H

]otorvSpecificationsvM
Zv]otorM Synchronousv]achineM

"oltage-U 009"M "oltage RRR 009"

urrent-U HK=mps urrent RRR T =mps
peed U HT99 rpm peed RRR HT99rpm
]ower RRR IMT '"=
TheoryM
Normalv7xcitation :-
f-the-field-current-is-equal-to-the-rated-excitation8-which-is-called-the-normal-field-excitationM
he-pMfM-of-the-motor-is-unity-at-this-excitationM
Underv7xcitationM0
=-field-current-below-the-normal-excitation-is-called-unclear-excitationM-;ere--increases-and
operating-pMfM-of-motor-decreaseM
he-power-factor-is-lagging-when-it-is-under-excited-Eequivalent-to
inductive-load7M
Overv7xcitation :-
zield-current-above-the-normal-excitation-is-called-over-excitationM-;ere-a-again-increases-and
operating-pMfM-decreases8-but-it-is-leading-hereM-;ence-the-motor-draws-leading-currentM
f-the-armature-current-is-plotted-against-the-field-current-of-a-synchronous-motor-at-constant
load8-the-curve-appears-as-"-M-;ence-the-curve-is-known-as-"-curveM-he-current-drawn-by-the-motor-will
be-minimum-when-the-current--is-in-phase-with-the-voltage-or-the-power-factor-of-the-motor-is-unityM
a
t-is-observed-from-the-experiment-that-whenever-the-field-current-changes8-the-noRload
armature-current-raises-sharply-on-each-side8-of-the-unity-power-factor-pointM-t-is-also-observed-that-at
full-load8-large-changes-in-field-current-or-excitation-make-relatively-less-difference-in-the-armature
currentM
he-input-power-(3 VI cos. Thus, if the power factor for constant output is plotted against
the-field-current8-out-a-constant-load-it-will-be-as-inversion-of-"-curveM-he-"-and-inverted-"-curves-of-a
synchronous-motor-can-be-obtained-by-performing-the-synchronization-testM-he-vRcurves-of
synchronous-machine-motor-show-how-armature-current-varies-with--8-when-motor-input-is-kept
f
constantM-hese-curves-are-obtained-by-plotting-as-armature-current-against-dc-field-current-while-motor
input-is-kept-constantM
he-inverted-vRcurves-of-synchronization-machine-motor-shows-how-pf-varies-with--8-when
f
motor-input-is-kept-constant8-such-that-they-change-with-power-factor-changeM
he-synchronization-switch-is-closed-when-EH7-frequency-of-voltage-on-both-sides-of-the-switch-is
sameM-E07-[ine-to-neutral-voltage-on-the-supply-side-must-be-equal-to-corresponding-line-to-neutral
voltage-on-the-synchronous-machine-side-closing-the-synchronizing-switch-is-called-synchronizationM
9
f-the-phase-angle-between-"-and--is-less-than-K9-the-power-per-phase-delivered-by-ac-supply
source Vl cos is positive. Machine is acting as a synchronous generator if the phase angle lies between
9
K9
and 180 , 9cos is negative, then ac supply source actually now receives power. The synchronous
machine-acts-as-a-generatorM

GRIET)E E E HP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ynchronous-motor-runs-at-a-constant-speedM-f-the-load-is-kept-constant-the-power-output
remains-constantM-=s-excitation-varies-its-power-factor-varies-where-as-the-input-also-remains-constantM
hus-the-current-drawn-decreases-in-magnitude-which-the-phase-angle-Eof-lag7-also-decreases
and-power-factor-increasesM-=t-a-certain-tage8-pf-(-H8-further-increase-in-excitation-pf-decreases-thus
angle-increasesM
ow-on-load-condition8-if-line-to-neutral-voltage-of-the-machine-coincide-with-those-of-the
supply-the-voltages-of-the-lamps-become-zero-all-times-lamps-are-darkM-his-time-the-synchronization
switch-is-closed8-if-not-the-phase-move-away-from-synchronizationM-=t-one-point-the-voltage-across-each
lamp-becomes-twice-a-phasor-voltages-and-lights-reach-maximum-intensityM-Mhe-limit-of-stability
depends-on-the-excitationM-he-stronger-the-excitation-the-more-stable-is-the-machineM
he-input-power-is-constant-at-a-constant-load-on-the-motorM-he-armature-current-and-power
factor-changes-with-the-change-in-the-excitationM

ProcedureM
Donnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagramM
'eep-the-dc-motor-Eprime-mover7-potentiometers-and-synchronous-machine-fi-eld-autoRtransformer-at
D
zero-positionM
Dwitch-on-8-switchM
]ush-the-start-button-and-slowly-increase-the-potentiometer-till-the-motor-attains-the-rated-speedM
D
heck-the-phase-voltage8-frequency-and-phase-sequence-of-the-=M]MMGMM-supply-at-the-synchronizing
D
switch-Econtactor7M
=djust-the-autoRtransformer-Eto-increase-the-excitation-of-the-synM-machine7-till-the-phase-voltage-of
D
the-synchronous-machine-is-same-as-the-=M]MGMM-supply-at-the-synchronizing-switchM
heck-the-frequency-and-phase-sequence-of-the-the-=M]MMGMM-supply-and-the-synchronous-machine
D
are-same-on-both-sides-of-the-synchronizing-switchMEconnect-the-frequency-meter-across-the-R]hase8
eutral-on-the-supply-side-and-simultaneously-check-at-the-generate-sideM-=djust-the-prime-mover-E*
jotor7-speed-till-the-frequencies-are-equalM
Dheck-the-lamps-connected-across-the-synchronization-switchM
lf-the-lamps-are-not-gradually-becoming-dark-then-adjust-the-dc-motor-speed-very-gently-till-the-lamps
D
become-darkM
D]ush-the-synchronizing-+-button-when-all-the-lamps-are-darkM

Qig%-%2MvZircuitviagramM

GRIET)E E E HK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ow8-the-synM-machine-is-parallel-to-the-power-supply-and-starts-working-as-a-synchronous-motorM
D
Switch off the
H S switch (to disconnect the supply to the DC motor.
Zradually8-decrease-the-excitation-of-the-synM-motor-by-decreasing-the-autoR-transformer-position-and
D
record-M-no-and-power-per-phase-of-the-synchronous-motorM
GRIET)E E E 09
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

imilarly8-increase-the-excitation-of-the-synM-jotor-by-increasing-the-auto-R-transformer-position-and
D
record--8-
and-power-per-phase-of-the-synchronous-motorM-*o-not-exceed-the-field-current-more-than
f ph
HM0 ampsErating-of-the-field-current7M
Switch
D - off the power supply contactor and set the auto transformer and dc drive potentiometer to
zero-positionM-ynchronous-machine-contactor-is-also-becomes-off-M
Eote-U-*o-not-touch-the-ynchronization-switch-+zz-button7

SamplevObservationvTableM

GRIET)E E E 0H
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E 00
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E 0I
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

PracticalvObservationvTableM

]odelv8raphsM

ResultMvThus, the test is carried out and V and curves are drawn as no-load.

GRIET)E E E 0:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment0
/rakevtestvonvavS9ipvRingv9nductionv]otor
ObjectivevM
To perform the brake test on a 3- slip ring induction motor and obtain its performance characteristics.
NameplatevdetailsM
6Zvslipvringvinductionvmotor%
Stator Rotor

"oltage : HT" 099v

urrent WMT= HHM
9=
Yinding tar tar
]ower TM9 hMp
peed H: : 9rMpMm

6pparatusM
"oltmeter-9RI99"-ac-digital 9H
=mmeter-9RH9=-ac-digital 9H
Yattmeter-9RT'Y-digital 9H
achometer-9RKKKKrpm-digital 9H
TheoryM
he-slip-ring-induction-motor-consists-of-two-main-partsM-hey-are-stator-and-rotorM
9
StatorM
It is a star connected 3- winding. Each phase winding is separated by 120 electrical. Il 3-
supply-is-connected-to-the-stator8-it-produces-a-rotating-magnetic-field-in-the-stator-coreM

RotorMv It is also a star connected 3- winding and wound for the same number of poles as the stator. Its
external-terminals-are-shortRcircuitedM-*ue-to-the-relative-speed-between-the-rotating-flux-in-the-stator
and-the-stationary-flux-in-the-rotorM-he-rotor-rotates-nearer-to-the-synchronous-speed-maintaining-a
low-slipM
l2(f
he-synchronous-speed-of-the-rotating-flux-in-the-stator--(
s
P
Yhere-6f-is-the-supply-frequency-in-;z-and-6]6-is-the-number-of-polesM
Slipv : It is the relative speed of the rotor with respect to synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic
fieldM
4Ns N 8
]ercent-lip-( X6( (
Ns
Torque = 9.81(
H 0 ). R, Where R is at the radius of the brake drum.
2N
+utput-( watts
6(
output
% = x6((
input
Pph
Power factor = cos =
Vph Iph
EYhere-6]
ph6-is-the-input-power-per-phase7

GRIET)E E E 0T
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZircuitviagramM

ProcedureM
Donnect-the-circuit-diagram-as-shown-in-the-fig-:MH
D Keep the 3- auto transformer at zero voltage position.
D [oosen-the-rope-on-the-brake-drum-and-set-the-tension-meters-at-zero-positionM
witch-R-+-the-motor-and-increase-the-auto-R-transformer-gradually-till-the-voltmeter-reads-the-rated
D
phase-voltage-0I9"M
ote-down-the-readings-of-the-voltmeter8-ammeter8-tachometer8-spring-balances-and-wattmeter
D
readings-at-noRloadM
ow-increase-the-load-gradually-by-tightening-the-rope-till-the-ammeter-reads-the-rated-currentM-]our
D
some-water-in-side-the-break-drum-for-coolingM
D ote-down-"
ph8-
ph8-]-8--8--and-speedM
ph H 0
D Switch OFF the supply and adjust the 3- auto - transformer at zero position.

GRIET)E E E 0A
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

SamplevObservationsvM -(-HT99-rpm
s

PracticalvObservationsvM

GRIET)E E E 0W
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E 0P
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E 0K
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

SamplevZalculationsM

PracticalvZalculationsM

8raphvM
*raw thegraph-for
Ei7M-
ph "s Eii7lph Vs (iii) lph "s--Eiv7lph "s-slip

ZonclusionM
he-performance-characteristics-of-the-slip-ring-induction-motor-are-drawn-from-the-readings
obtained-form-the-brake-testM

GRIET)E E E I9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment0vw
No load and Blocked rotor tests on a 3 phase Squirrel Cage
9nductionv]otor
Objective: o-draw-the-circle-diagram-of-a-IRphase-squirrel-cage-nduction-motorM
Apparatus U
9RI 99"-=MM-"oltmeter-9l
9RH9 =-=MM-=mmeter-9l
9RI M
9'Y-=MM-Yattmeter-9l
9R0999rpm-=MM-achometer-9l
I Rphase-HA-=mps-=uto-R-ransformer-9l
]otorvRatingsvM
]owerUIMW-'Y
"oltage-U-:HT-"olts
urrent-U-WMK-=mps
peedU-H:I9-rpm
onnection-U-tar
TheoryM
This test is used to determine the no load current Io, power factor, cos, wind age & friction
losses8-core-losses8-no-load-resistance-o-and-magnetizing-reactance-\oM
he-motor-is-uncoupled-from-its-load-and-rated-voltage-is-applied-to-the-statorM-ince-there-is-no
output8-the-power-supplied-toRthe-stator-is-the-some-of-its-copper-losses8-core-losses-and-friction-and
windRage-lossesM
he-no-load-test-is-carried-out-with-different-values-of-applied-voltage8-at-below-and-above-the
normal-voltageM-he-power-input-is-jeasured-by-the-two-wattmeter8-o-by-an-ammeter-and-"-by-a
voltmeterM-he-total-power-input-will-be-the-difference-of-the-two-wattmeter-reading-Y-and-Y-M-he
H 0
readings-of-the-total-power-input-are-Yo8-o-and-voltage-"-are-plottedM-f-we-subtract-loss-corresponding
to-+=-from-Yo8-then-we-get-the-noRload-electrical-and-magnetic-losses-in-the-machine8-because-the-noR
load-input-Yo-to-the-motor-consists-of-Ei7-small-stator-u-loss-I--
o H Eii7-tator-core-loss-Y-(-I-Z-"--Eiii7
c o c
[oss-due-to-friction-and-windageM
;ence-knowing-the-core-loss-Y-8-Z-and--can-be-foundM
c o o
Cos 9 =
Yhere-"-(-[ine-voltage-and-Y
c 9 is-noRload-stator-inputM
/lockedvrotorvtestM0
his-test-is-also-known-as-lockedRrotor-or-shortRcircuit-testM-t-is-used-to-find-out
Ei7shortRcircuit-current-with-normal-voltage-applied-to-the-statorM
Eii7-]ower-factor-at-shortRcircuit-conditionM
oth-these-values-are-used-for-the-construction-of-the-circle-diagramM

ZircuitvdiagramM
GRIET)E E E IH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E I0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ProcedurevM
oad-est-U
onnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-figM-TMHM
et-the-IRphase-autoRtransformer-at-zero-positionM
[oosen-the-rope-on-the-brake-drumM

]ush-the-start-button-and-increase-the-voltage-till-the-voltmeter-reads-the-phase-voltage80I9-"M
ecord-the-oRload-current8-voltage8-power-drawn-in-each-phase-and-speedM
lowly-tighten-the-rope-and-record-the-
H q0 Ereadings-of-the-ension-meters78-line-current8
voltage8-power-drawn-in-each-phase-and-rpm-at-different-loadsM
ight-the-rope-Encrease-the-load7-till-the-ammeter-reads-the-rated-current-and-record-the
current8-voltage8-power-and-speedM
witchRoff-the-supply-and-set-the-autoRtransformer-at-zero-positionM
locked-otor-est-U
ighten-the-rope-to-a-larger-value-of-mechanical-loadM

ncrease-the-voltage-gradually8-till-the-line-current-reaches-to-the-rated-valueM-EGnsure-that-the
drum-is-not-rotating7M
ecord-the-current8-voltage-and-power-drawn8-during-the-blocked-rotor6s-conditionM

witch-off-the-supply-and-set-the-auto-R-transformer-at-zero-position-and-also-loosen-the-ropeM
+bservationsU
oRload-test-U locked-otor-est
" ph (0:+"8 "-(-:HT"
[ " sc (-H0T"
-(-9MK-=m]s
9 sc (WMK=
Y-(W9w
9 Y sc (-:K9-Y
alculationsU
zrom-oR[oad-estU zrom-locked-otor-estU
Y-(-"
9 ph I9Cos9 Y sc (-
sc Vsccos
sc

Cos 9 = = = 9MI0:M cos

sc = = 9M:KA
9
9 = 71.10 sc (-A9M0T
\-= HTMHAP-=
(-

otal-power-nput otal-losses-(-Ysc XY 9
(:K9EHTMHAPFWMK7(HP9AMI:-Y (-TA9Y
-
sc 9H (-Y sc
9H = 560/7.9 = 8.972 .
}9H (-" sc F-
sc = 15.82 . \ 9H = =13.14

\ 9H is-the-total-leakage-reactance-of-the-motor-when-referred-to-primary-Estator7M-
9H is-the-total
resistance-of-the-motor-when-referred-to-primaryM-hese-are-obtained-using-the-following-equationsU-R
Ea7- (

(-hortRcircuit-current-obtainable-with-normal-"
H

sc (-hortRcircuit-current-with-voltage-"
sc
Eb7-]ower-factor-calcularion-from-short-circuit-test-is-as-followsU
Y sc(-
sc Vsccos
sc

GRIET)E E E II
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E I:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

cos
sc (

GRIET)E E E IT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Yhere-Y sc (-total-power-input-at-shortRcircuit-condition
" sc (-line-voltage-at-the-shortRcircuit-condition
sc (-line-current-at-shortRcircuit-condition
Ec7-otal-cu-loss-(-Ysc W9
I --
0 9H (-Y sc W9 , R
9H=

}9H(-"-F-8-\
sc sc 9H(

ZonclusionsvM
hus8-the-noRload-and-blocked-rotor-tests-are-conducted-on-a-IR]hase-squirrel-cage-induction
motor-and-then-the-circle-diagram-is-drawnM

7xperiment0F
7quivalentvcircuitvofvav20phasev9nductionv]otor
GRIET)E E E IA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

+bjectiveU
*raw-the-equivalent-circuit-of-the-single-phase-nduction-motor-by-conducting-Ea7-oRload-test
Eb7-locked-rotor-testM
=pparatusU
0I 9"8-H9-=mps-auto-R-transformer 9l
9 RI 99"-=MM-voltmeter 9H
9 RH9=mps-=MM-ammeter 9H
9 RI M
9'Y-=MM-wattmeter 9H
9 R0999rpm-tachometer 9l
ame-]late-*etails-U
upplyU HR]hase8-T9;z8-009F0I9-"
urrent-U WM A=mps
]owerU WT9Y-EH-;]7
peed-U H: 0T rpm
tarting-capacitorU-H09-z8-0WT-vM
TheoryM

A 1- induction motor is not a self starting motor. For such machines an initial start by hand or
in-either-direction-a-torque-to-be-provided-so-that-the-motor-accelerates-to-ifs-final-speedM
t-may-be-considered-as-if-there-are-two-motors-which-have-a-common-stator-winding-but-their
respective-rotors-revolve-in-opposite-directionsM-Gquivalent-circuit-of-such-motors-is-based-on-double
field revolving theory. Here1 - motor is imagined to have,(i) stator winding (ii) two imaginary rotors.
ince-iron-losses-are-neglected-the-exciting-branch-shown-consists-of-exciting-reactance-onlyM
-(---rF--is-forward-torque-and--(---rF-E0R7-is-backward-torque
f I b T
ore-losses-can-be-represented-by-an-equivalent-resistance-which-may-be-connected-either-in
parallel-or-in-series-with-the-magnetizing-reactance-core-loss-current--(-corelossM-oRload-and-blocked
Y
rotor-tests-are-performed-on-single-phase-induction-motor-to-determine-its-parameters-of-equivalent
circuitM-Gquivalent-circuit-in-figure-is-drawn-on-the-basis-of-double-field-revolving-theory-in-which-the-iron
loss-component-has-been-neglectedM-he-motor-consists-of-stator-winding8-represented-by-its-resistance
-and-leakage-reactance-\-and-two-imaginary-rotors8-generally-called-as-forward-and-backward-rotorsM
H H
Gach-rotor-has-been-assignedto-the-actual-rotor-values-in-terms-of-statorM-Gxciting-branch-has-been
shown-with-exciting-reactance-only-with-oneRhalf-of-the-total-magnetizing-reactance-assigned-to-each
GRIET)E E E IW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

rotorM-f-the-forward-rotor-operates-at-a-slip-8-then-the-backward-rotor-has-a-slip-of-E0R7M-he-complete
parameters-of-equivalent-circuit-can-be-calculated-the-following-stepsM
]easurementvofv6ZvresistancevofvstatorvmainvwindingM
he-*-resistance-of-main-winding-of-stator-iMe8-
dc is-measured-by-multimeterM-he-effective
value-of-resistance-is-taken-HMI-times--M
dc
]agnetisingvreactancevx
m fromvnovoadvtestM
At no load cos
9 =
}-(-Er-X-7-X-jEx-
9 H H + X-7
]arameters-from-o-[oad-and-locked-rotor-testsU
NovloadvTestM
ated-"oltage-(009"-M
urrent--(-TMHT-=
9
]ower-Y-(009Y
9
/lockedvRotorvTestM
"-(-AMP"
sc
[-(-WMA=
sc
Y-(-IA9Y
sc
Main Winding Resistance
H R =2.6x1.5 = 3.9 .
Starting Winding= 9.9 .

ZalculationsM
Y sc (--E-X-67
sc H 0
I A9(-EWMA7-EIMK-X--67
0
R0 '=2.33
cos]sc (-= 9MAWA
9
] sc (-:WMT
determining
cos]-( sc
9M AWA(

(-AMWK
XH= = 6.79/2 = 3.395 .
e , e (
}-(-
\-(-(
e
joreover-\-can-be-taken-equal-to
H
MiMe8-\-(-(
H
hus8-\0f (-\ 0b (
imilarly-0f (-0b (

GRIET)E E E IP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZalculationvforvefficiencyM

Eiii7
(vi) Current drawn by the motor at above
2 slip = I = V/Zt = .Amps

(vi) Voltage across forward rotor

f = Ef = I x Z = .Volts
2

Eviii7-"oltage-across-the-backward-rotor-(-G-(-
b 2 b I x Z = .V

GRIET)E E E IK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

oR[oad-estU

\ m = 49.94
alculationU
[et--(-9M9H
otal-}-(-}-X-}-X-}
t H f b
-(-"F}
f t
ZH = R
H + H jX = 3.9 + j3.99

&sing-current-division

herefore-zorward-orque

ackward-orque

GRIET)E E E :9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E :H
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E :0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZircuitviagramM

ProcedurevM
Donnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagram-for-+M-testM
D'eep-the-auto-transformer-at-zero-positionM
Dncrease-the-voltage-slowly-to-the-rated-voltageM
Decord-the-noRload-current8-voltage8-power-consumed-and-speedM
Dwitch-off-the-supply-and-bring-back-the-autoRtransformer-zero-positionM
Donnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagram-of-blocked-rotor-testM
Dncrease-the-voltage-slowly-till-the-current-in-the-main-winding-is-equal-to-WMA:=M
Decord-the-load-current-voltage-and-power-consumedM
ZonclusionM
Equivalent circuit of a 1- lnduction motor is obtained and performance is predicted.

GRIET)E E E :I
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment0W
S9PT7ST
ObjectiveM
o-determine-the-\-q-\-of-the-salient-pole-type-ynchronous-jachineM
d q

6pparatusM
I R, 16 amps auto - transformer - 01
9 R0 =mps-dc-ammeter R9H
9 RI 99"-dc-voltmeter R9H
9 R09=mps-ammeter R9H
9 300 V ac voltmeter R9H
9 RA99"-ac-voltmeter R9H
9 R0999rpm-tachometer R9H
]otorvRatingsvM
Zv]otor 6Zv8enerator
]-(-TM0'Y '"=(T
-(-HT99-rpm -(-HT99-rpm
"(HP9" "(:HT"
-(-IM:= (W=
Yinding-(-shunt B-{B-connected
Gxcitation-"oltage-(-HP9-" Gxcitation-voltage-(-HP9-"
urrent-(-HMT-= urrent-(HMP=
pMf(9MP8-f(T9;z
TheoryM
irectvaxisvsynchronousvreactanceVvXv d :
*irect-axis-synchronous-reactance-ofsynchronous-machine-in-per-unit-is-equal-to-the
ratio-of-field-current8-
fscat-rated-armature-current-from-the-short-circuit-test8-to-the-field-current-8-
fo at
the-rated-voltage-from-open-circuit-testM-herefore-direc-t-axis-synchronous-reactance-is-given-by8
\-(-
d fsc F-fo per-unit
hus-\-can-be-determined-by-performing-oMc-q-sMc-test-on-an-alternatorM
d
QuadraturevaxisvsynchronousvreactanceVvXv q :
zor-slip-test8-the-machine-should-be-driven-at-a-speed8-slightly-less-than-synchronous
speed8-with-its-field-circuit-openM-hree-phase-balanced-reduced-voltage-at-rated-frequency-is-applied-to
the-armature-terminals-of-the-alternatorM-his-voltage-is-to-be-adjusted-so-that-the-current-drawn-the
stator-winding-is-full-load-current-8-under-these-conditions-of-operation-8-the-variation-of-current-drawn
by-the-stator-winding-and-no-voltage-across-the-field-windingM-hese-wave-forms-clearly-indicate-that
these-are-changing-between-minimum-and-maximum-valuesM-Yhen-the-crest-of-the-stator-mmf-wave
oincides-with-the-direct-axis-of-the-rotating-field8-the-induced-emf-in-the-open-field-is-zero8-the-voltage
across-the-stator-terminals-is-maximum-and-the-current-drawn-by-the-stator-winding-is-minimumM-hus
the-approximate-value-of-the-directRaxis-synchronous-reactance-\
ds is-given-by
\ ds (-GmaxF
min
Yhen-the-crest-of-the-stator-mmf-wave-coincides-with-the-quadrature-axis-of-the-rotating-field8-the
induced-emf-in-the-open-circuit-field-is-maximum8-voltage-across-the-stator-terminals-is-minimum-and
current-drawn-by-the-stator-winding-is-maximumM
\ qs (-GminF
max

GRIET)E E E ::
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E :T
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

he-most-accurate-value-of-quadrature-axis-synchronous-reactance-\
q is-given-by
\-(-x-\
q d

GRIET)E E E :A
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

(-x-x-\dM

where-\d-8is-measured-from-+-and--testsM
ObservationsM
" max(-I0W-" " min(-I9A"

ph (-KMAW= (-KM:9-=
phEmin7

\-(
d (-34.98 . \-(-
q = 31.64 .
ProcedurevM
onnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagramMJ

et-the-*-drive-potentiometer8-I-R-]hase-auto-R-transformer-at-zero-position-and-*-motor-field
auto-R-transformer-at-the-maximum-position-as-marked-on-the-panelM

witch-on-the-supply-and-set-the-dc-motor-field-auto-transformer-such-that-the-field-current-is
HM0 =mpsM
lowly-increase-the-motortill-it-reaches-slightly-above-or-below-the-synchronous-speed-by
potentiometersM
=djust-the-IRphase-auto-R-transformer-till-the-alternator-phase-current-reaches-WM9-ampsM
ecord-the-minimum-and-maximum-values-of-the-induced-=-voltage-across-the-field-of-the
alternator-and-also-minM-and-maxM-phase-currents-of-the-alternatorM

witch-off-the-supply-and-set-the-potentiometers-and-IRphase-autoR-transformer-at-zero-positionM

ZonclusionsvM
he-values-of-\-and-\-of-salient-pole-machine-are-determined-from-slip-testM
d q

GRIET)E E E :W
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment0G

=%
ZvandvS%Z%vTestvofvav-0phasev6lternator
ObjectivevM
o-pre-determine-the-regulation-of-an-alternator-at-full-load-at-different-power-factors-using
synchronous-impedance-and-jjz-methodsM
6pparatusM
9 RI 99"-dc-"oltmeter-R-9H
9 RH9amps-dc-=mmeter-R-9H
9 R0 amps-dc-=mmeter-R-90
9 RI 99"-ac-"oltmeter-R-9l
9 RH9amps-ac-=mmeter-R-9l
9 R0999rpm-achometer-R-9H
]otorvRatings :
Zv]otor =lternator

"oltage-U-009" "oltageU-:HT-"
urrent-U-HK-=mps currentU-T-=mps
powerU-IMW-'Y ]owerU-IMT-'"=
peedU-HT99-rpm

TheoryM
VoltagevRegulation :
he-voltage-regulation-of-an-alternator-is-defined-as-B-the-rise-in-voltage-from-fullRload-to-noR
load-and-Efield-excitation-and-speed-remaining-the-same7-divided-by-the-rated-terminal-voltageB-M
percent-regulation-6up6(-\-H99M
Yhere-G-and-"-are-respectively-the-no-[oad-voltage-and-full-load-voltageM
9
RegulationvofvanvalternatorvbyvsynchronousvimpedancevmethodM
RvpervPhaseMv
a It is obtained from direct voltmeter and ammeter method by applying DC supply or by
using-multimeter-to-the-stator-windingM-he-effective-value-of-
a is-increased-due-to-skin-effect8
-(HMI-x--E*7
a a
O%Z%ZMv O.C.C is plotted from the given data as shown in Fig8.1 as in D.C Machines, this is plotted by
running-the-machine-on-noRload-and-by-noting-the-values-of-induced-voltage-and-field-excitation-currentM
t-is-just-like-a-R;-curveM

GRIET)E E E :P
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E :K
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

S%Z%ZMvS%Z%Zvisvdrawnvfromvthevdatavgivenvbyvthevshort0circuitvtestvasvshownvinvQig%
t-is-obtained-by-short-circuiting-the
armature-EiMeM-tator7-windings-through-a-low-resistance
ammeterM-he-excitation-is-so-adjusted-as-to-give-the-rated-full-load-currentM-oth-these-curves-are
drawn-on-a-common-field-R-current-baseM-=t-rated-field-current-8-of-the-alternator8-draw-a-horizontal-line
which-intersects-the-MMM-at-a-pointM-ow-draw-a-perpendicular-on-to-the-\-R-axis-from-this-point-which
gives-the-necessary-field-current-for-+MM-voltage-G-M-t-may-be-assumed-that-the-whole-of-this-voltage-G
H H
is-being-used-to-circulate-the-armature-short-circuit-current--against-the-synchronous-impedance-}-M
H s
}-(
s
GH (--}
H s
ince--can-be-found-as-discussed-earlier8-the-synchronous-reactance-\
a s is-given-by
\-(-E}-R--7
s s a

=%Z%vandvS%Zvcharacteristicsvofvalternator
[nowingvRvandvXvPhasorvdiagramvcanvbevdrawnvforvanyvload%
a s
Novloadvvoltagev7visvgivenvby
=
9M
T
E9 =((vcos +IR
a ) +(VsinIX
s ) )
Yhen-"-is-the-rated-terminal-voltage-per-phase-and--is-rated-load-current
per phase cos is power factor.
RegulationvbyvmmfvmethodMv This method also utilizes o.c. and s.c. test data and the armature leakage
reactance-is-treated-as-an-additional-armature-reactionM-n-other-words-it-is-assumed-that-the-change-in
the-terminal-potential-difference-on-load-is-due-to-entirely-armature-reaction-and-due-to-ohmic
resistance-drop-which-in-most-cases-is-negligibleM
ow-field-=-required-to-produce-a-voltage-of-"-on-full-load-is-the-vector-sum-of-the-followingM
Field AT required to produce a voltage of V(or
a R is to be taken into account,a then V+IR cos)
on-no-loadM

zield-=-required-to-overcome-the-demagnetizing-effect-of-armature-reaction-on-full-loadM-his
value-is-found-from--testM-n-otherRwords-the-demagnetizing-armature-=-on-full-load-are
equal-and-opposite-to-the-field-=8-required-to-produce-a-full-load-current-on-short-circuitM

GRIET)E E E T9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

zrom-the-complete-diagram-of-+M-and-M-characteristics8-+=-represents--for-normal-voltage-"M
f
+-represents--required-for-producing-full-load-current-on-M-vector-=(+-is-drawn-at-an-angle-of
f
(90+) to OA. (if the p.f is lagging and 90- if pf is leading). The total field current is OB for which the
corresponding-+M-voltage-is-G-M
9
UM-percentage-regulation(
\-H99M
ObservationvTablevM
+-est
Goc f PracticalvObservationsM
f Goc
PI 9M HTI

H90 9M
HKI

HI I 9M
0TW

HTA 9M
IH

HP: 9M
I PW

09H 9M
::I

000 9M
TI :

0I 9 9M
TK

0: 9 9M
AA:

0T9 9M
W:

SZvTest
" sc (-0H-"
sc (-T= -(-9MTA:-=
f

ZalculationsM
Zs = EH /I
H = 226/5 = 45.2 .
Ra = 8.8 .
Xs = = 44.3 .
"(-0:9-"
G-(
9
(::IM0-"oltsM
b-egulation-(\-H99(-P:MIb

GRIET)E E E TH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E T0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ProcedurevM
onnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-figM-PMH-for-+MM-estM

'eep-the-dc-drive-potentiometers-and-auto-R-transformer-of-the-alternator-field-at-zero-positionM

witch-R-on-the-supply-and-slowly-increase8-the-dc-motor-speed8-Eprime-mover7-to-its-rated-speedM

=fter-attaining-the-rated-speed8-gradually-increase-the-auto-Rtransformer-and-record-the-field
current-and-phase-voltage-of-the-alternatorM
Yhen-the-phase-voltage-is-reached-to-the-rated-value-0I9"8-switch-R-off-the-supply-and-keep
the-potentiometers-and-auto-R-transformer-at-zero-positionM
onnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagram-for-MM-estM
witch-R-on-the-supply-and-slowly-increase-the-dc-motor-speed-to-its-rated-speedM

=fter-attaining-the-rated-speed8-gradually-increase-the-auto-R-transformer-and-record-the-field
current-and-phase-current-of-the-alternatorM
witch-ofsf-the-supply-when-the-phase-current-is-reached-the-rated-value8-ET=7M
witch-R-off-the-supply-and-keep-the-potentiometers-and-auto-R-transformer-back-to-zero
positionM

7xperiment0'
GRIET)E E E TI
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Kysteresisvlossvdetermination
2%Objective
o-record-the-hysteresis-loop-of-the-core-of-an-iron-cored-transformer-and-to-find-the-hysteresis
losses-Ethe-power-converted-to-heat-due-to-hysteresis7-in-the-iron-core-of-the-transformerM
3%KysteresisvloopvofvthevcorevofvanvironvcoredvtransformerM

n-figMKMH8-the-voltage-vEt7-applied-to-winding-H-of-the-transformer-equals-the-induced-emf-eEt7-in-the
winding-Eneglecting-the-winding-resistance7M-ut-from-zaraday6s-law8-eEf7(<8=-
c where-Et7-is-the-flux
density-in-the-coreM-E-is-the-number-of-turns-of-the-winding8-and-=c-the-area-of-crossRsection-of-the
H
core-are-constants7M-;ence-vEt7-(-<8=--=ssuming-the-flux-density-to-vary-sinusoidally-with-time8
c let
Et7(maxsin-wtM-hen-vEt7-(--=-
H c maxsin-E-tXjF07M-Ye-see-that-vEt7-is-also-sinusoidal8-at-the-same
9
frequency-as-Et78-but-leading-Et7-by-K9-M-f-we-can-correct-this-phase-shift8-we-can-use-vEt7-as-a-
signal representing-Et7M
he-current-io-Et7-flowing-through-the-winding-H-produces-an-mmf-of-
i
9 Et7-ampRturnsM-he
corresponding-;-is--and--is-the-circumferential-length-of-the-coreM--and--are-constants-and-so
H c i c
;-is-proportional-to--Et7M-Ye-can-use--Et7-as-a-signal-representing-;Et7M
9 9
=-plot-of-R;-where-both--and-;-vary-between-a-positive-maximum-and-a8-negative-maximum-is
called-the-hysteresis-loop-of-the-coreM-Ye-can-use-v-Eafter-correcting-the-phase-shift7-to-represent--i-to
9
represent-;M-f-we-give-these-two-signals-to-a-+8-we-can-observe-the-hysteresis-loop-of-the
transformer-on-the-screenM
=
'%3 Obtainingvavsignalvcorrespondingvtov/(t)v(whichvlagsvv(t)vby'=v)M

"oltage-vEt78-which-is-applied-to-the-winding8-is-also-applied-to-the-resistance--in-series-with-the
capacitance-cM-f-the-resistance-is-large-compared-to-the-capacitive-reactance8-the-current--through-the
R-branch-is-nearly-in-phase-with-the-voltage-"M-"-8-the-voltage-across-the-capacitance-lags-this-current8
c

GRIET)E E E T:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

9
and-hence-the-voltage-v8-by-K9-M-"-and-"-are-the-phasor-representations-of-the-instantaneous-quantities
c
9
vEt7-and-v-Et78-ince-"-lags-"-by-K9-8-"-Et7-also-lags-vEt7-by-same-amountM-hus8-v-Et78-as-well-as-Et7-
c c c c
9
lag-vEt7 by-K9-8-and-so-they-both-are-in-phaaseM-Ye-can-use-v-Et7-to-represent-Et7M
c
'%- %obtainingvavsignalvcorrespondingvtovK(t)vwhichvisvproportionalvtov9v(t)M
=

zrom-figM-KMI8-we-see-that-the-current-i-Et7-flows-through--M-;ence-the-voltage-across--is-i-Et7
9 9 9 9 9
which-is-proportional-to8-and-which-represents-;Et7M-ote-that-
9 is-in-series-with-the-transformer
reduces-the-voltage-across-the-transformerM-;ence8-the-current-i-Et7-reducesM-zor-this-change-to-be-small8
9
-must-be-chosen-smallRas-possibleM
9
'% %ObtainingvthevhysteresisvlossesvfromvthevhysteresisvloopvseenvonvthevZROM
onsider-the-circuit-of-figRKM:M-mmf(-i-Et7M
H9

;Et7-(-= H
ignal-applied-to-the-\Rdeflection-plates-of-the-+-(-i-Et7--volts-(;Et7-
9 9 c volts8-which-is-proportional-to
;Et7M-Yith-an-\Rdeflection-scale-of-x-voltsFcm8-a-given-value-;-of-;8-corresponds-to
H
E;--x7-cms-on-the-screenM
H c
Let B(t), the flux density through the core (assumed sinusoidal),m sin-wt-F=RmM-he
be B(t) B
signal applied to the Y-deflection plates of the, CROc = v (t) volts. The relation between
c B(t) and v (t),
can-be-derived-as-followsU
(-HN 8-{H (t) the flux through the core, equals the flux density B(t) multiplied by the area
"Et7(-
of-crossRsection-of-the-core-=-}
c

(-Bmcost. So, v(t) =

H N
c A
m B cost,
9
=nd-"(E-=--cF07/9-M
H c m
-is-in-phase-with-"-Eapproximately7-since--is-selected-to-be-much-larger-than-\-M
c

GRIET)E E E TT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E TA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E TW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

9
o8-(-E-=--7/9-8
H c m
9M
"-(-iE7-(-/-RK9
c
"-Et7-(-sin-(-"olts8-which-is-proportional-to-Et7M
c
Yith-a-yRdeflection-scale-of-y-volts--cm8-a-given-value-8-of-cm-on-the-screenM-=n-area-E;-d7-of-the
hysteresis-loop-then-corresponds-to-an-area8-E;-d7
0
E=rea-of-the-loop-on-the-screen-in-cm-7-(-E-=-7-\-
c c = =rea-of-actual-hysteresis-loop-(-energy
converted-to-heat-as-hysteresis-losses-per-cycle8-per-unit-volume-of-the-coreM
M
KysteresisvlossesvBv[6reavofvthevloopvonvthevscreenvinvcm]vxv(xy)v(f)]vWatts%
% Procedure%
jeasure-the-resistance--and-o-with-a-multiRmeterM-jeasure-the-capacitance--with-a-[RR
meterM
onnect-as-in-figMIMH-and-making-sure-that-the-autotransformer-is-in-the-zero-output-position8
switch-on-the-powerM-=djust-the-voltage-applied-to-the-transformer-to-the-rated-valueM-copy-the
hysteresis-loop-on-the-screen-on-a-graph-sheetM-=lso-note-the-xRdeflection-scale-and-they-yRdeflection
scaleM
' %SamplevobservationVvZalculationvandvResultsM
KM Hatings-of-the-transformer-under-testU-0I9F:HT-"80'"=8-T9;zM
KM 0 R = 10.17 K,9 R =1.2, C=2.635F
KM IM{Rscale(H9"FdivEcm7-\Rscale(9M0-"FdivEcm7sM
KM : he-hysteresis-loopU

'%wZalculationsvfromvthevhysteresisvloopM
=rea-of-the-hysteresis-loop-(-HHMHI-cm8-Ezor-an-applied-voltage-of-0I9-volts7M
I RA
;ysteresis-losses-(-HHMHIxH9MWxH9-x0MAIxH9
xH9x9M0xT9-F-HM0
(-0:MP-wattsM

ZonclusionsMv For the transformer under test, the hysteresis losses at the voltage of 230 volts and
frequency-of-T9-;z-are-0:MP-YattsM
;ysteresis-losses-at-HP9-"-are-HAMPT-wattsM

7xperiment02=
SZOTTvZONN7ZT9ON
ObjectiveM0
o-study-the-cott-onnection-of-transformers-and-to-verify-different-types-of-connections-of
hreeR]hase-ransformersM
GRIET)E E E TP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

6pparatusM0
ame-]late-*etailsUR
](0'"= " ;" (-:HT" "-(-0I9"
["
;" (:MP0= [" (-PMAKA=

TheoryM
ScottvZonnectionM0
ThreevPhasesMonsider-three-lines-8-{-and-M-let-ac-voltages-"-8-"
{ { and-" exist-between
these-linesM-hese-three-voltages-constitute-a-set-of-threeRphase-line-voltagesM-f-the-magnitudes-of-three
9
voltage-phasor-are-the-same8-and-if-there-is-a-phase-angle-of-H09-between-any-pair-of-voltages8-then-the
set-of-voltages-constitute-a-threeRphase-balanced-setM

Two0phasesMv consider 4 lines I,2,3 and4 as in the fig.10. Let H0 and-"

ac voltages
I : exist-between
V
lines--and-08-and-lines-I-and-:-respectivelyM-"
H0 and-"
I : constitute-a-set-of-two-phase-voltagesM

f-the-magnitudes-of-the-two-voltage-phasor-are-the-same8-and-if-there-is-a-phase-difference-of
K99
between-them-they-constitute-a-twoRphase-balanced-setM-uppose-lines-0-andI-are-joinedM-hen-the
"oltage-between--and-:-is-the-sum-of-the-voltages-"-8-q-"-M-f-the-twoRphase-supply-is-balanced8-these
H0 I:
9
voltages-are-equal-in-magnitude-and-K9-out-of-phaseM-o-their-sum-has-a-magnitude-HM:H:-times-the
magnitude-of-the-individual-voltagesM-his-is-one-means-of-checking-a-twoRphase-balanced-supplyM
=nother-way-is-to-observe-the-wave-forms-in-the-+M

ZonversionM
Ye-can-convert-threeR]hase-to-two-phase-and-viceRversa-using-two-transformers-MYe-can-show
twoRphase-voltages-between-lines--and-0-8-and-lines-I-and-:8-we-will-get-balanced-three-phase-voltages
between-8{-and-M
Stare0StarvZonnectionMv This test is most economical for small high voltage transformer because the no
of-turns-per-phase-and-the-amount-of-insulation-required-is-minimumM-he-ratio-of-line-voltages-on-the
primary-and-secondary-sides-is-same-as-the-transformation-ratio-of-each-transformerM-=ngular
displacement-between-primary-and-secondary-voltages-is-zeroM-y-stabilizing-primary-neutral-we-can
avoid-distortion-in-the-secondary-phase-voltagesM-his-connection-works-satisfactorily-only-if-the-load-is
balancedM-=s-the-frequency-of-this-component-is-thrice-the-frequency-of-the-circuit8-at-any-given-it-tends
to-flow-either-towards-or-away-from-the-neutral-point-in-all-the-three-transformersM-he-advantage-of
this-connection-is-that-insulation-is-stressed-only-to-the-extent-of-line-to-neutral-voltage-iMe-TPb-of-the
line-voltageM
elta0eltavconnectionMv This connection is economical for large, low-voltage transformer in which
insulation-problem-is-not-so-urgent8-because-it-increases-the-number-of-turnsFphaseM-he-ratio-of
transformation-between-primary-and-secondary-line-voltage-is-exactly-the-same-as-that-of-each
transformerM-o-difficulty-is-experienced-from-unbalanced-load-as-the-case-of{R{-connectionM-he-three
phase-voltages-remain-practically-constant-regard-less-of-load-imbalanceM-=n-advantage-of-this
connection-is-that-one-transformer-becomes-disabledw-the-system-can-continue-to-operate-in-openRdelta
or-in-"R"-although-with-reduced-available-capacityM-he-reduced-capacity-is-TPb-and-not-AAMWb-of-the
normal-valueM

Star0eltavZonnectionMv The main use of this connection is at the sub-station end of the transmission line
where-the-voltage-is-star-connected-with-grounded-neutralM-he-ratio-between-the-secondary-and

GRIET)E E E TK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

9
primary-line-voltage-is-HFI-times-the8-transformation-ratio-of-each-transformerM-here-is-I9
shift
between-the-primary-and-secondary-line-voltages-which-means-that-a-{R{-transformer-bank-cannot-be
paralleled-with-either-{R{-or-a-*eltaR*elta-bankM-=lso8-third-harmonic-currents-flow-in-the-*elta-to
provide-a-sinusoidal-fluxM

eltav0vStarvconnectionvMv This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step up the

voltagesM-he-neutral-of-the-secondary-is-grounded-for-providing-IRphase-:Rwire-serviceM-n-recent-years8
this-connection-has-gained-considerable-popularity-because-it-can-be-used-to-serve-both-the-IRphase
power-equipment-and-single-phase-lightening-circuitsM-he-ratio-of-primary-of-secondary-is-HFI-times-the
transformation-ratio-of-each-transformerM
ProcedureM
jake-the-connections-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagramM
jeasure-the-following-voltagesw-"-8-"-8-"
{ { 8-" H0 and-"
I: M
nstead-of-connecting-the-line--at-the-PARAb-point-on-the-transformer--8
H connect-it-at-the
: HT"-point8-the-rest-of-the-connections-being-the-same-"
H0 and-"
I : are-unequalM
Star0starvconnection
Primaryvside secondaryvside
" { (IW:" "-(-"-(-"
{ { (09I"
" {(-IW:"
" (-IW:"
eltavtovelta Starvtovelta
"-(-"-(-"
{ { (IAP" "-(-"-(-"
{ { (IAP"
"-(-"-(-"
{ { (09I" "-(-"-(-"
{ { (HHW"
eltavtovStar ScottvZonnection
"-(-"-(-"
{ { (IAP" "-(-"-(-"
{ { (IAP"
"-(-"-(-"
{ { (ITA" "-(-"-(0H9"
H 0

ZircuitviagramM

GRIET)E E E A9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZonclusionM
he-voltages-for-different-types-of-three-phase-transformers-and-scott-connection-are-verifiedM

7xperiment022
StartingvofvSlip0Ringv9nductionv]otorvbyvRotorvResistancevStarter
ObjectiveM
GRIET)E E E AH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

o-start-a-IR]hase-slip-ring-induction-motor-by-rotor-resistance-starterM
6pparatusM
I R]hase-slipRring-induction-motor-Eboth-stator-q-rotor-6{6-connected7-H
I R]hase-resistance-board-R-H
imersR0
]ower-contactors-R-IM
TheoryM
hese-motors-are-practically-started-with-full-line-voltage-applied-across-the-stator-terminalsM
tarting-current-is-adjusted-by-introducing-a-variable-resistance-or-rheostat-in-the-rotor-circuitM-he
rheostat-connected-in-star-q-the-resistance-being-gradually-cut-out-of-the-rotor-circuit-equally-in-each
phase-as-motor-picks-up-the-speedM-y-increasing-the-rotor-resistance8-is-the-rotor-current-is-reduced-at
starting-and-the-starting-torque-is-also-increased-due-to-improvement-in-power-factorM
he-controlling-rheostat-is-either-contact-type-as-in-this-experiment-on-that-of-the-stud-typeM
tarter-usually-having-a-line-switching-contactor-for-the-stator-along-with-no-voltage-and-order-current
protective-deviceM-here-is-some-kind-of-interlocking-to-ensure-sequential-operation-of-the-line-contactor
and-the-starterM-his-interlocking-prevents-the-closing-of-stator-contactor-unless-the-starter-is-all-inM-he
additional-external-resistance-in-the-rotor-circuit-enables-a-slip-ring-motor-to-develop-a-high-starting
torque-with-moderate-starting-currentM-=dditional-resistance-cuts-as-the-motor-gains-speed
ZircuitviagramM

GRIET)E E E A0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E AI
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ProcedurevforvrotorvresistancevstarterM
Donnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-control-circuit-diagram-figM
D*o-not-connect-the-power-supply-for-the-stator
Det-the-timers-for--and--seconds
H 0
Dwitch-on-the-supply-and-push-the-start-buttonM
Dheck-the-sequence-of-operation
D-contactor-is-+-and-timer--coil-is-energized
H 0
D=fter--secM--contactor-is-+
H 0
D-timer-is-energized-simultaneously-with-
0 0 and--supply-is-disconnectedM
H
D=fter-t-sec8--contractor-is-+-and--8-are-deRenergizedM
0 I 0 0
Dow--and--are-in-+-conditionM
H 0
Dwitch-off-the-supply-and-connect-the-supply-for-the-stator
D
onnect-the-jumper-from--bank-to--contactor-and--bank-to--contactor-as-shown-in-the-circuit
H 0 0 I
diagramM
Dwitch-on-the-supplyM
Dheck-the-sequence-of-operationM
f-the-sequence-of-operation-is-correct8-then-switch-off-the-supply-and-connect-the-]ower-circuitM
D
Dwitch-on-the-main-motorM

ZonclusionsM
y-connecting-the-control-circuit-the-rotor-resistance-of-starting-method-on-a-IR]hase-slip-R-ring
induction-motor-can-be-performedM

GRIET)E E E A:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment023
9nductionv8enerator
ObjectivevM
un-the-induction-machine-as-an-induction-generator-and-measure-the-real-and-reactive-powersM
6pparatusM
nduction-jachine 9H
"olt-jeters-9RWT9"-= 9H
"olt-jeters-9RI99"-* 9H
=mmeter-9R0=-* 9H
=mmeter-9R09:M-= 9H
=mmeter-9R09:-* 9H
Yattmeter-9RI-'Y 9H
*igital-achometer 9H
NamevPlatevdetailsvM
%Z%vShuntv]otor 9nductionv]achine
6rmatureM
"oltageU009" "oltage-U:HT-"
urrentU0H-=mps urrentU-WMT-=mps
]owerU-IMW-'" ]owerU-IMW-'Y
peed-U-HT99-rmp peedU-H:I9-rpm
7xcitationM
"oltageU-HP9-"
urrentU9MPT-=
TheoryM
=n-nduction-motor-runs-at-a-speed-less-than-the-synchronous-speed-when-it-is-connected-to-a-constant
voltage-at-constant-frequencyM-f-the-rotor-is-driven-by-another-machine-at-synchronous-speed-in-the
same-direction-of-its-rotation8-the-relative-speed-between-the-flux-and-the-rotor-becomes-zero8-hence
the-rotor-emf8-current-and-torque-produced-by-the-motor-becomes-zeroM-f-the-rotor-is-driven-above-the
synchronous-speed8-the-slip-becomes-negativeM-he-direction-of-rotor-emf8-current-is-reversed8-hence
the-stator-component-
08-sign-changes-iMeM-the-mechanical-power-and-torque-becomes-negativeM
herefore8-at-super-synchronous-speeds-the-rotor-does-not-supply-the-mechanical-power8-to-the-shaft
but-absorbs-mechanical-power-from-the-shaftM-onsequently8-the-machine-operates-as-an-induction
generator-drawing-its-excitation-current-from-the-supply-mainsM-;ence8-considerable-amount-of-lagging
'"=-is-supplied-from-the-mainsM-he-equivalent-circuit-and-all-characteristic-equations-of-the-induction
motor-is-also-apply-to-the-induction-generator-with-a-negative-sign-for-the-slipM
ince8-the-induction-generator-run-at-super-synchronous-speeds8-they-are-also
called-asynchronous-generatorsM
ProcedurevM
Donnect-the-*-motor-circuit-as-shown-in-the-figureM
D'eep-the-course-q-fine-potentiometers-of-the-drive-at-zero-positionM
D'eep-the-field-control-autoRtransformer-at-maximum-positionM
Dwitch-on-the-supply-and-adjust-the-field-current-to-the-rated-valueM
DZradually-rise-the-armature-supply-and-observe-the-dMcM-motor-rotationM
Dwitch-off-the-supply-and-disconnect-the-connections-for-the-motorM
Donnect-the-circuit-of-the-IRphase-nduction-motor-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagramM
GRIET)E E E AT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Dwitch-on-the-induction-motor-and-observe-the-directionM
he-direction-o-the-induction-motor-must-be-the-same-as-the-dMcM-motor8-if-not8-change-the
D
sequence-of-the-connectionsM
ZircuitviagramM

D witch-off-the-supplyM
GRIET)E E E AA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

D onnect-the-circuit-as-per-diagram-for-the-*-motor-and-induction-motorM
witch-on-the-dc-motor-and-gradually-increase-the-speed-up-to-H:I9-rpmM-Enearer-to-the-rated-rpm
D
of-the-nduction-motor7M
witch-on-the-induction-motor-and-then8-increase-the-dc-motor-speed-above-HT99-rpm-up-to-HA99
D
rpm-in-steps-by-field-weakening-procedureM
EoteU-*o-not-exceed-the-current-ratings-of-*MM-jotor-nduction-jotorM7
D jeasure-the-active-power-and-reactive-power-at-super-synchronous-speedM
D top-the-induction-motor-followed-by-the-*M-motorM
SamplevObservationvTableM

GRIET)E E E AW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E AP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

PracticalvObservationsM

ZonclusionsM
he-real-and-reactive-power-of-and-induction-machine-as-induction-generator-is-measuredM

GRIET)E E E AK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment02-
KeatvRunvTest
ObjectiveMvTo measure the rise in temperature inside the winding of a 3- phase transformer using
;eatRun-testM
6pparatusM
Namevofvthev6pparatus
0'"=8-:HTF0I9"-transformers 9H
9R: =mps-autoRtransformer 9H
9RI 99Y-[M]MzM-Yattmeter 9H
9RI 'Y-&M]MzM-Yattmeter 9H
9R09=mps-=mmeters 9H
9RWT9"-"oltmeters 9H
9RI 999 -emperature-ndicator 9H
ProcedureM
HMonnect-the-circuit-as-shown-in-the-figure
0Monnect-the-voltmeter-across--q--on-["-ide
H 0
I M'eep-the-switch-in-the-off-positionM
: Mwitch-on-the-IRphase-power-supplyM
TM ecord-the-=mmeter8-"oltmeter-readings-on-the-primary-side-and-observe-the-reading-on-the
secondary-side8-which-is-connected-between--q--M
H 0
f-the-voltmeter-indicates-high-value-then-conduct-the-polarity-test-and-connect-them-as-per-the-dot
AM
conventionM
WMf-this-voltmeter-indicates-zero8-then-switch-+-
wH and-slowly-increase-the-auto-transformer-till-the
ammeter-indicates-the-rated-current-of-the-secondary-winding-PM0-=mpsM

TheoryM
;eatRun-test-on-a-IRphase-transformer-is-similar-to-the-sumpner6s-test-conducted-on-two
single-phase-transformersM-ln-this-test-the-["-Yinding-is-excited-at-normal-voltage-and-frequencyM-he
wattmeter-indicates-the-core-losses-in-one-limbM-Eince-only-one-wattmeter-is-used-for-power
measurementM-f-0Rwattmeter-method-is-used-then-the-total-core-loss-is-Y-XY-M-he-total-core-loss-is
H 0
obtained-by-multiplying-the-above-reading-with-IM-f-the-voltmeter-connected-on-openRdelta-side
indicates-zero-if-the-windings-are-connected-in-delta-as-per-the-dot-conventionM-&nder-this-condition8
voltage-is-injected-on-the-secondary-side-using-auto-transformer-till-the-rated-current-is-reachedM-he
wattmeter-reading-on-the-primary-side-is-unaffectedM
he-rise-in-temperature-is-measured-periodically-to-obtain-the-thermal-equilibriumM

GRIET)E E E W9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZircuitviagramM

GRIET)E E E WH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ObservationvTablev(2)M

PracticalvObservationsM

ObservationvTablev(3)M

GRIET)E E E W0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

PracticalvObservationsM

GRIET)E E E WI
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

8raphM
*raw-the-graph-between-temperatures-"sM-imeM

ZonclusionsMvHeat run test is performed on 3-Phase transformers.

GRIET)E E E W:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

7xperiment02
Starv0veltavStarter
Objective
tart-the-induction-motor-by-using-starR-delta-starting-methodM
6pparatusM
9R09=-=-=mmeter 9H
9RA99"-=-"oltmeter 9H
tart-contactorE{7 9H
+nRdelay-timerE-7
H 9H
jain-contactor-j 9H
]otorvSpecificationsvM
peed RRRRRR H: 99rpm
]ower RRRRRR IMWkwEThp7
"oltage RRRRRR : HT"
urrent RRRRRR WMK=
zrequency RRRRRR T9;z
TheoryM
his-method-is-used-in-the-case-of-motors-which-are-built-to-run-normally-with-a-deltaR
connected-stator-windingM-t-consists-of-a-twoRway-switch-which-connects-the-motor-in-star-for-starting
and-then-in-delta-for-normal-runningM-he-usual-connections-are-shown-in-zigure-I960HM-Yhen-starR
connected8-the-applied-voltage-over-each-motor-phase-is-reduced-by-a-factor-of-f-and-hence-the-torque
developed-becomes-HFI-of-that-which-would-have-been-developed-if-motor-was-directly-connected-in
deltaM-he-line-current-is-reduced-to-HFIM-;ence8-during-starting-period-when-motor-is-{-connected8
it-takes-HFIrd-as-much-starting-current-and-develops-HFIrd-as-much-torque-as-would-have-been
developed-were-it-directly-connected-in-deltaM
Relationv/etweenvStartingvandvQ%%vTorquesM

-per-phase
st (-
scper-phase
Yhere-
is-the-current-F-phase-which-connected-motor-would-have-taken-if-switched-on-to-the-supply
sc
directly-however8-line-current-at-start-(-lFI-of-line-currentM7

-'
st st Es-(-H7
-'
t fFsf
-(-s-(-(s
f f f f

;ere-
st and-
sc represent-phase-valuesM
t-is-clear-that-the-starRdelta-switch-is-equivalent-on-an-autoRtransformer-of-ratio-FI-or-TPb
approximatelyM
his-method-is-cheap-and-effective-provided-the-starting-torque-required-to-be-not-more-than
MT-times-the-fullRload-torqueM-;ence8-it-is-used-for-machine-tools8-pumps-and-motorRgeneration-etcM

ProcedureM
GRIET)E E E WT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

Djake-the-connections-as-shown-in-the-circuit-diagramM
Det-the-timer-at-the-marked-position-E-H9-secs7M
Dheck-the-three-phase-supply-at-the-voltmeterM
Dcheck-the-sequence-of-the-operations-of-the-contactors-after-switching-the-start-buttonM
onnect-the-power-supply-terminals--{--to-the-j--and-delta-power-terminals-{-on-the
D
boardM
D ecord-the-noRload-current-at-starting-and-at-rated-speedM
ZircuitviagramvforvQaultyv6utomaticvStar0eltavStartervM

GRIET)E E E WA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

ZircuitviagramvforvZontrolvZircuitM

SequencevofvOperationvM
DYhen-start-button-is-pushed-U
(a) Y contactor is energized through the path R-Stop-Start-Timer NC-NC -Y Coil-Y Phase
Eb7-imer-is-also-energized-simultaneously-with-start-contactor-is-it-is-connected-parallel-to-itM
Ec7-Yhen-{-is-energized-{-+-becomes-{--and-{-becomes-{-+M
Ed7-j-is-energized-through-the-path-RtopRtar-R-{-+M
Ee7-jc-coilR{-and-also-:-is-not-energized-since-{-has-becomes-{+M
Ef7-=t-this-point8-j+-becomes-jM
D Yhen-the-push-button-is-released-the-j-and-{-are-continuously-energized-and-the-motor-is
running-is-star-modeM-he-path-for-j-is-RtopRjRj-coilR{-path-for-{Rontactor-RR-RtopRj{R
R-HR{-oilR{-]haseM
=s-per-time-set-on-the-onRdelay-timer-the-time-is-energized-after-the-set-timeM-;ence--becomes
D
+M
D
Yhen--becomes-+8-the-supply-{-contactor-is-cut-off-and-hence-{-is-deRenergized-and-{
becomes-{+-and-{+-become-{-iMeM8-during-on-start-points-how-in-the-figure-are-reRestablishedM
D Now, a contractor is energized through the path -R-Stop-MNC-YNC- Coil-Y Phase.
D ow-the-motor-switches-from-{-to-A-mode-and-continues-to-runM
Yhen-stop-button-is-pushed-the-supply-for-j-q-A-are-cut-off-and-the-motor-goes-to-off-conditionM
D

GRIET)E E E WW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E WP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E WK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E P9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E PH
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E P0
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E PI
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E P:
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E PT
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E PA
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

GRIET)E E E PW
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

V9V6vQU7ST9ONS
TransformersM
HM Yhich-losses-are-called-magnetic-lossesx
0M Yrite-equations-for-hysteresis-and-eddyRcurrent-lossesx
I M Yhat-are-the-conditions-for-maximum-efficiency-in-a-transformerx
: M Gxplain-why-low-power-factor-meter-is-used-in-+M+M-testx
TM Yhy-iron-losses-are-neglected-when-M-test-on-a-ransformerx
AM What are the advantages of Sumpners test?
WM *raw-the-phasor-diagram-for-a-MM-test-on-a-transformerx
PM ;ow-do-you-reduce-the-hysteresis-and-eddyRcurrent-lossesx
KM ls-the-transformer-core-laminations-are-insulatedx-Yhyx
H9Mepresent-the-step-up-and-step-down-transformerx
HHM*raw-the-equivalent-circuit-of-a-transformerx
H0MYhy-transformer-efficiency-is-more-than-an-induction-motorx
HI MYrite-equations-for-emf-of-a-transformerx
H: MYhat-is-the-magnitude-of-noRload-currentx
HTMYhat-is-the-function-of-an-autoRtransformerx
HAMYhat-happens-to-ransformer-when-*-supply-is-givenx
HWM;ow-do-you-mark-dot-on-a-transformerx
HPM*oes-flux-in-a-transformer-changes-with-loadx
Yhy-transformer-noRload-current-is-a-small-value-in-spite-of-its-primary-impedance-is-very-smallx
HKM
09M
=-transformer-is-designed-for-T9;zM-lf-the-supply-frequency-is-A9-;zM-Yhat-is-the-change-in-its
performancex
=-transformer-has-primary-more-than-secondary-turnsM-ls-it-stepRdown-or-stepRup-transformerx
0HM
00M;ow-do-you-identify-coreRtype-of-transformerx
0I
+ne-transformer-has-cruciform-type-and-second-transformer-has-square-type-of-core-which-is
M
the-better-onex
0: M*efine-voltage-regulation-with-equation-for-lagging-and-leading-loadsM
0TM*raw-the-phasor-diagrams-for-leading-and-lagging-loadsM
0AMzor-a-stepRdown-transformer-which-winding-has-low-resistancex
0WM*raw-the-phasor-diagram-for-lagging-loadM
0PMYhat-are-the-conditions-required-to-parallel-two-transformersx
0KMYhat-is-the-full-name-of-MMZM+MM-core-materialx
I 9MZenerally-what-is-the-efficiency-percentage-of-a-transformerx
I HMYhat-is-the-role-of-uchholz-relayx
I 0MYhat-is-the-material-kept-inside-a-breatherx
Yrite-the-relations-between-lineRcurrents8-phaseRcurrents-and-line8-phase-voltages-in-a-star-and
IIM
delta-connectionsM
I : MYhat-is-the-use-of-cott-connectionx
I TMompare-open-delta8-cott-connections
I AM*raw-the-phasor-diagram-for-cott-connectionM
*raw-starFstar8-starFdelta8-deltaFstar8-deltaFdelta-winding-connections-when-three-single-phase
I WM
transformers-are-usedM
I PMYhat-is-the-use-of-tertiary-winding-in-a-transformerx
I KM;ow-can-you-use-a-IRphase-autoRtransformer-as-a-stepRup-autotransformerx
: 9MGxplain8-the-working-principle-of-ack-to-ack-ransformer-estM
GRIET)E E E PP
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

: HMYhat-is-jagnetostrictionx
lf-a-transformer-primary-is-energized-from-a-square-wave-voltage-source8-what-type-of-output
: 0M
voltage-is-obtainedx
: I MYhy-noises-exist-in-]ower-ransformerx
: : MYhy-transformer-rating-is-given-in-'"=x
: TMYhat-is-meant-by-leakage-fluxx
: AMDifferentiate Sumpners test and OC, SC tests on transformer?
: WMYhat-is-the-basic-principle-of-a-transformerx
: PM*raw-the-phasor-diagrams-when-the-load-on-the-transformer-isw
Ea7-[aggingEb7-[eadingand Ec7-&]z
Threevphasevinductionv]otorM
HM ;ow-do-you-connect-the-six-terminals-of-the-motor-as-*elta-or-tarx
0M Yhat-are-the-different-starting-methods-usedx
I M Yhat-is-the-role-of-a-rotating-fluxx
: M ;ow-do-you-change-the-direction-of-rotationx
TM Yhy-star-point-of-the-motor-is-not-connected-to-neutral-point-of-the-upplyx
AM *oes-the-motor-start-when-supply-lines-are-connectedx
zor-a-twoRphase-supply-waveform-q-leading-current8-lagging-current-with-respect-to-the-voltageM
WM
*raw-the-hreeRphase-supply-waveformq-leading-current8-lagging-current-with-respect-to-the
PM
voltageM
KM Yhat-is-the-advantage-of-star-delta-starter-when-compared-to8-*M+M[M-starterx
H9Mzor-a-ARpole-machine-what-is-the-value-of-synchronous-speedx
HHMYhy-slip-cannot-be-zero-in-induction-motorx
H0MYhat-are-the-two-different-types-of-rotorsx
HI MYhy-one-spring-balance-always-indicate-zero-in-a-load-testx
Yhen-one-phase-is-removed-in-a-threeRphase-supply-it-is-called-single-phase-supply-instead-of
H: M
twoRphase-supplyM-Yhyx
*raw-the-orqueRslip8-orqueRspeed-characteristics-of-a-wound-rotor-motor-and-mark-stable-and
HTM
unstable-areaM
HAMYhat-is-the-relation-between-orque-and-voltagex
HWMs-it-possible-to-get-speed-control-from-zero-to-rated-speed-in-an-induction-motorx
HPMYhy-do-we-say-that-induction-motor-is-similar-to-*-shunt-motor-characteristicx
HKMlf-one-phase-flux-is-from-a-three-phase-running-motor8-does-it-continue-to-rotates-or-stopsx
09MYhich-type-of-motor-is-used-to-start-with-loadx
0HM*raw-the-equivalent-circuit-of-a-IRphase-induction-motorM
00MYhy-do-we-say-that-nduction-motor-is-similar-to-a-rotating-transformerx
0I MYhat-are-the-parameters-required-to-draw-a-circle-diagramx
0: M*raw-the-performance-curves-of-an-induction-motorM
0TMYhat-is-the-advantage-of-a-circle-diagramx
0AMYhy-iron-losses-are-consideredRas-zerox
0WMYhat-is-relation-between-orque8-power-and-angular-velocityx
0PM*efine-speed-regulationM
0KM*oes-speed-falls-from-no-load-to-full-loadM-if-so8-how-muchx
I 9MYhy-rotor-bars-in-a-squirrel-cage-rotor-are-skewedx
f-the-external-resistance-is-kept-permanently-in-the-rotor-circuit8-what-is-the-disadvantagex
I HM
I 0MYhat-are-the-different-power-stages-in-an-induction-motorx

GRIET)E E E PK
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

I I MYhat-is-the-electrical-equivalent-of-mechanical-load-in-an-induction-motorx
I : MYhich-types-of-instruments-are-used-in-=MM-circuits-and-*MM-circuits-and-bothx
I TMYhich-instruments-are-called-ransfer-instrumentsx
I AMYhat-are-the-different-types-of-analogue-instrumentsx
I WMYrite-orque-equation-for-induction-motorM
I PMGxplain-circle-diagram
I KMYhat-is-ogging-and-rawling-in-an-induction-motorx-;ow-are-they-preventedx
: 9MYhat-is-the-speed-of-an-induction-motor-for-Ei7:b-lip-Ei7-H99b-slipx
Synchronousv]achinesM
HM Yhy-ynchronous-motor-is-not-self-starting-motorx
0M Yhat-happens-if-excitation-is-changedx
Yhen-load-is-increased-on-a-synchronous-motor8-does-the-speed-fall-like-an-induction-motorx-f
IM
not8-explain-how-the-load-torque-is-producedx
: M Yhich-motor-requires-both-=-and-*-suppliesx
TM *efine-pull-in-and-pull-out-orquesx
AM Yhat-is-potier-rianglex
WM Yhat-are-the-different-types-of-field-constructions-in-a-synchronous
PM *raw-"-and-inverted-"-curves-of-a-ynchronous-motorM
KM ignificance-of-\d-and-\q-in-an-alternatorM
H9MYhy-==-method-is-superior-to-}]z-methodx
HHMYhy-do-you-conduct-lipRtestx
H0M*escribe-voltage-regulation-of-an-alternatorM
HI M*escribe-peed-regulation-of-a-ynchronous-motorM
H: MYhat-is-another-name-of-potier-riangle-methodx
HTMYhat-are-the-different-methods-used-to-rind-out-the-regulationx-ompare-themM
HAMYhat-is-the-reaction-theory-and-what-is-its-significancex
HWMYhat-is-emf-equation-of-an-alternatorx
;ow-do-you-calculate-ynchronous-mpendence-using-+-and--test-on-ynchronous-machinex
HPM
HKMYhat-is-the-use-of-*amper-Yindingsx
09MYhat-are-the-different-methods-of-starting-a-synchronous-motorx
0HM*efine-]itch-factor8-*istribution-factor-and-their-advantagesM
00Mhe-armature-winding-of-an-alternator-is-in-star-or-delta-or-bothM
0I MYhat-are-the-conditions-required-to-synchronize-an-alternator-withM-=]G-supplyx
0: M;ow-can-you-increase-the-share-of-an-alternator-when-it-is-connected-to-an-infinite-busx
=t-what-condition-the-power-output-of-a-synchronous-generator-connected-to-an-infinite-busx
0TM
0AM;ow-can-we-run-a-synchronous-motor-as-synchronous-condenserx
0WMGxpression-for-]ower-developed-in-an-alternatorM
0PMYhat-is-meant-by-;untingx
Gxplain-why-synchronous-machines-are-designed-to-have-a-high-ratio-of-armature-reactance-to
0KM
resistancex
I 9MYhy-alternators-run-in-parallelx
I*raw-the-phasor-diagram-for-alternator-and-synchronous-motor-for-leading-and-lagging-power
HM
factorsM
I 0MYhat-is-the-role-of-damper-windingsx
I I Mln-which-type-of-alternator8-damping-windings-does-not-existx
I : MYhen-do-we-say-an-alternator-is-under-floating-condition-during-parallel-operationx

GRIET)E E E K9
 A.C.OElectricalOMachinesOLab

I TMYhich-machine-requires-both-=-and-*x
I AMGquation-for-emf-generated-in-a-synchronous-motorM
I WMYhat-is-pitch-factor-and-distribution-factorx
I PMYhat-is-meant-by-full-pitch-windingx
I KM*raw-the-curves-between-"-and-lM-at-distribution-power-factor-loadsM
: 9MYhat-is-short-circuit-ratiox
: HM]otier-triangle-is-drawn-between-which-two-characteristicsx
: 0MYhich-method-is-used-to-find-out-the-regulation-in-a-salient-pole-ynchronous-machinex
: I M*efine-\-and-\-M
q d
: : M*raw-the-graph-between-torque-angle-and-]o-for-a-ynchronous-machineM
: TMYhat-are-the-different-methods-used-for-parallel-operation-of-the-alternatorx
: AM;ow-do-you-increase-the-voltage-of-an-alternatorx
: WM*raw-the-graph-of-"-and-inverted-"-curves-for-different-loadsM
: PMYhen-do-you-say-the-synchronous-motor-is-running-as-a-reluctance-motorx
SinglevPhasevinductionvmotorM
HM Yhich-theory-explains-the-performance-of-the-single-phase-induction-motorsx
0M Yhat-are-the-different-types-of-singleRphase-motorsx
I M *raw-the-phasor-diagram-for-spritRphase-and-capacitorRrun-motorsM
: M Gxplain-ross-field-theoryM
TM Gxplain6-*ouble-revolving-field-theoryM
AM Yhat-is-the-importance-of-the-compensation-in-single-phase-motorsx
WM Yhat-are-the-applications-of-&niversal-motorsx
PM Yhat-are-the-applications-of-haded-pole-motorx
KM Gxplain-the-importance-of-capacitors-in-capacitor-start-motorsM
H9MYhy-the-single-phase-motors-are-not-self-startingx
HHMYhen-a-single-phase-series-motor-is-operated-on-noRloadM
H0MYhat-are-the-motors-used-for-household-refrigerators8-ceiling-fans8-hair-dryers-and-mixesM
Yhen-a-capacitor-start-single-phase-induction-motor-is-switched-on-the-supply-with-its-capacitor
HI M
replaced-by-an-inductor-of-equivalent-reactance-valueM-Yhat-will-happenx
H[f-the-ceiling-fan-when-switched-on8-runs-at-slow-speed-in-the-reverse-direction-what-is-your
:M
conclusionx
HTM;ow-can-you-reverse-the-speed-of-the-split-phase-motorsx
HAM;ow-will-the-reluctance-motor-runx
HWM;ow-will-the-repulsion-motor-runx
HPM;ow-will-the-hysteresis-motor-runx
HKMYhat-are-the-differences-between-=-series-motors-q-*-series-motorsx

GRIET)E E E KH