Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Guide, Professor Dr. JP
Raina. I have benefited so much from his great insights as a scientist, his patience and guidance
as an advisor, and his kindness and support during my master study. He introduced me to the
fascinating world of quantum physics, and brought to me the opportunity of exciting scientific
research. I learned so much from the many inspiring and fruitful conversations with him. The work
presented in this thesis would never have happened without his guidance and help.

I am immensely pleased to thank Dr. Gargi Raina,, Director, CNR, VIT University Vellore for
providing me an opportunity to do my work in our esteemed institution.

I wish to express my deep sense to Mr. V.Velmurugan, Nanotechnology division leader, for his thoughtful
consideration and friendly support to my project.

I thank Mr. George Jacob for his help and support during my masters course and project

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my friends Chandan Abhishek Pandey and Shraddha
Chandrasekhar Koli for their unforgettable support in my hard times. There are numerous names
of faculty, family and friends that should be mentioned here, who have supported me directly or
indirectly during my stay at VIT University. I express my gratitude to all of the people I have
known

Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my parents. They provided me with all their resources
to fulfil my selfish demands so I can get this far. To them I dedicate this thesis.

Manoj Singh Rajput

13MNT0049

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 Abstract

To making quantum computer at large scale it is necessary that quantum state should be protected
by decoherence .there are some method as quantum error correction but it is not implementing for
developing large scale quantum computer. We should make not only stabilized quantum states in
presence of decoherence but also measurement outcome come as deterministic or more accurate.
It is difficult to interpret corresponding to particle with different spin. Therefore, the most natural
interpretation as a wave function which is simultaneously represent all type quasi-particle
(bosons or all possible fermions).

In this thesis, introduced two qutrit wave function with mathematical model and hypothetically
three dimensional graphical representation. Quantum wave function are asymmetric and more
unstable and perturbed by measurement, Make them symmetric and more robustness by
entanglement at orthonormal angle. Which is provide a new method for prepare more stabilize
quantum states with deterministic outcome.

Majorana wave function is natural interpreter of Majorana fermions .entanglement between

Majorana wave functions as qutrit system is representing on the Majorana sphere as consider wave
symmetry instead of Majorana point, give a new vantage point to understanding mechanism
entangled Majorana wave functions.

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 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i

Abstract Ii

Contents Iii

List of Figures Vii

List of Abbreviations Viii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Objective and Scope of the Work 3

Chapter 2 Mathematical framework 4

2.1 States, Modes and indistinguishability 4

2.2 Linear algebra terminology 6

2.3 Qubits and qudits 6

2.4 Tensor product 7

2.5 Unitary operations 7

2.6 Quantum subsystem 8

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 2.7 Density Operator 8

2.7.1 Mathematical properties of density 10

operators

2.7.2 Ensemble interpretation of density 11

operators

2.8 Classification of Quantum States 12

2.9 The Orthodox and General Measurement 13

Formalism

2.9.1 Orthodox Measurements 14

2.9.2 General Measurements and the Extended 15

Quantum Formalism

2.9.3 Measurement Compatibility 19

2.10 Standard Account of Measurement 19

Compatibility in Quantum Mechanics

2.10.1 Complete Sets of Commuting 22

Observables

2.10.2 Joint Probabilities 23

2.11 Wave Function Collapse 23

2.12 Von Neumann Entropy 24

Conclusion and Summary 25

Chapter 3 Quantum Entanglement 26

3.1 Quantum Superposition 26

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 3.1.1 Measurement of a Superposition State 26

3.2 Bloch sphere 27

3.2.1 Rotation Operators 29

3.2.2 Preparation of Qubit State 30

3.3 Quantum Entanglement 30

3.4 Bipartite and multipartite systems 31

3.5 Entanglement and Fidelity 35

3.6 Some Entanglement state 36

3.7 Entanglement, Schmidt rank, and separable 37

states

Chapter 4 Measurement of Entangled States 39

4.1 Entanglement of distillation 39

4.2 Robustness of entanglement 40

4.3 Relative Entropy of Entanglement 42

4.4 Entanglement via a distance measure 43

4.5 Geometry measurement of Entanglement 43

Chapter 5 Qutrit Entanglement and 44

Graphically Representation

5.1 Wave function Symmetry and Anti- 44

symmetry

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 5.1.1 Standing waves 44

5.2 Qutrit 45

5.3 Quantum Entanglement between two 47

Qutrit system

5.4 Monogamy of entanglement 51

5.5 The Geometric measure of entanglement 51

5.6 Permutation Symmetric States 53

5.7 Majorana Representation 55

5.7.1 Entanglement Measure for Permutation 59

Symmetric States

5.7.2 Family of Maximally Entangled States 60

5.8 Majorana Representation or Wave 60

Function

Chapter 6 Conclusion 62

References 64

BIO DATA 73

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Title Page No.

1.1 Areas of uncertainty defining the single-mode 5

3.1 Measurement of a Superposition State 27

3.2 Bloch Sphere 28

3.3 Quantum Entanglement 31

3.4 Qubit Entanglement at Pi/3 and Pi/4 angle 34

3.5 Qubit Entanglement at zero and Pi angle 34

3.6 Graphically representation of (a) GHZ state, (b) W state 37

4.1 Robustness 42

5.1 Standing wave 45

5.2 Qutrit 46

5.3 Entanglement in qutrit sub states 50

5.4 The Majorana representations of the three eigenstates 56

5.5 Different visualizations of the three qubit GHZ state and W state 59

5.6 Majorana representation of a symmetric 2-qubit state 59

5.7 Parameterization of the family of the maximally entangled 4-qubit 60

states

5.8 Majorana representation of three symmetric qutrit sub states 61

entangled wave function

5.9 Amplitude of entangled state 61

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MBQC Measurement-Based Quantum Computation

GM Geometric Measure of entanglement

MBS Majorana Bound States

MF Majorana Fermion

QM Quantum Mechanics

POVM Positive-Operator Valued Measurement

PSD Positive Semi Definite

CSCO Complete Set of Commuting Observables

LOCC Local Operations and Classical Communication

GHZ Greenberger-Horne- Zeilinger

Sep Separable state

PRO the set of Pure Product

CPS Closest Product State

MP Majorana Point

LU Local Unitary

CPP Closet Product Point

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