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1 a) Selenium, Se, is in Group 16 of the periodic table and occurs naturally as a mixture of 6
isotopes having the relative abundance given below.
Nucleon number % abundance
74 0.9
76 9.0
77 7.6
78 23.5
80 49.8
82 9.2
i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of selenium to 3 significant figures. [3]
ii) Calculate the number of neutrons in the most abundant isotope of selenium. [2]
b) The element germanium can be extracted by first heating the germanium ore with hydrogen
chloride. The germanium chloride formed is then hydrolysed to the oxide and eventually
reduced to the element germanium.
A sample of 10.0g germanium was treated in this way. The germanium present was
completely converted into 1.70g of a chloride containing 34.0% by mass of germanium.
i) Determine the empirical formula of the germanium chloride. [3]
ii) Calculate the percentage of germanium in the germanium sample. [2]

2. a) Iodine and chloride can react to give compound X. the mass spectrum of X contains 12 peaks
of which the first three are at m/e value of 35, 37 , 127 and the last one is at an m/e value of
238.
i) Suggest the molecular formula of compound X. [1]
ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for compound X and draw the shape of the molecule. [2]
b) The boiling points of several substances are shown in the table below.
Substance Boiling point /C
Silicon dioxide 2230
Sulphur dioxide -10
Lead (II) chloride 954
Lead (IV) chloride 50
i) Sate the type of bonding present in lead (II) chloride and lead (IV) chloride. [2]
lead (II) chloride :
lead (IV) chloride:
ii) Name a substance that conducts electricity in molten state. [1]
iii) Explain in terms of structure and bonding, why sulphur dioxide and silicon dioxide show a
significant difference in boiling point. [4]

3. a) Ammonia is directly synthesized from nitrogen and hydrogen by the Haber process.
Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid and is also converted to nitrogenous
fertilisers to be used in agriculture.
i) Ammonia does not exhibit ideal behavior as assumed by the kinetic theory of gases. Explain
why. [2]
ii) Under what conditions would ammonia exhibit an ideal behavior? [1]
iii) Derive an expression for the density of a gas, , from the ideal gas law. [1]
iv) A sample of gaseous contains an equal amount of ammonia, helium and nitrogen. Determine
the density, in d dm-3, of this sample under atmospheric pressure and temperature of 30C.
[the gas constant, R, is 8.31 JK-1 mol-1 and the atmospheric pressure, p, is 1.01 x 105 Pa]
b) Use the same axis and scale to sketch the curve for the distribution of a sample of helium
with
i) melecular speed at room temperature, and
ii) molecular speed at 0C. [3]