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Glass
Aluminum
Rubber
2
Bonding Forces and Energies
At interactions between
atoms are negligible.
4
Bonding Forces and Energies
Energy
minimum energy is called the
bond energy, E0 (energy that is
required to completely
separate two atoms)
EN FN dr FAdr FR dr EA ER
r r r
bond length:
dE N
0 r0
dr
5
Characteristics of Bonding Forces
and Energies
Material properties are related to the following
features of the interatomic potential:
Bond energy
Bond length
curvature
High bonding energy High melting T
High curvature high elastic modulus, E stiff
material; (chap 6)
Symmetric energy well near r0 low coefficient of
thermal expansion, relatively small dimensional
alterations (chap 19)
6
Ionic Bond
When the difference
in electronegativity
is large, one
element loses
electrons and the
other gains
electrons. The
resulting ions attract
and form a strong
bond.
NaCl bond energy
640 kJ/mol
MgO bond energy
1000 kJ/mol
Covalent Bond
Stable electron configuration
is achieved by sharing/
overlap of outer orbitals. H H
Strong bond.
Si bond energy 450 kJ/mol
C bond energy 713 kJ/mol
H H
Metallic Bond
Ion cores in a sea of
electrons. - - - -
Electrons are free to drift. Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
Excellent conductors of
electricity and heat.
- - - -
Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
Electrons act to glue the ion
cores together.
Al bond energy 324 kJ/mol
- - - -
Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
Fe bond energy 406 kJ/mol
- - - -
Secondary Bonding
+ - + -
Weak bonds.
Also known as van der Waals bonding
Secondary bonding exists between virtually all atoms or molecules.
Due to the presence of dipoles
Fluctuation induced dipoles
Permanent dipoles.
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of secondary bonding.
Strong dipoles are present when H bonds with F, Cl or O.
Properties Derived from Bonding: E
11
Bonding Types
Primary Example: Ionic Bonding
Ionic
EA A r
Covalent
Metallic
ER B n
Secondary r
Van der Waals (Z1e)(Z 2e)
A
Dipole 4 0
Hydrogen
12
Chapter 2
Practice Problems
Practice Problems
1. Two ions are separated by an infinite amount of space. When the two ions are
brought close to one another, they begin to interact with attractive and
repulsive forces. When in an equilibrium position, which of the following
statements most accurately describes the bond length.
i. The bond length is the distance between the two ions where the net
force is zero.
ii. The bond length is the distance between the two ions where the net
force is maximum.
iii. The bond length is the distance between the two ions where the net
energy is zero.
iv. The bond length is the distance between the two ions where the net
energy is minimum.
a) i. and iii.
b) i. and iv.
c) ii. and iii.
d) ii. and iv.
Practice Problems
Answer:
Bond length corresponds to zero net force
or minimum energy. So, i) and iv) are
correct, that is b).
Practice Problems
2. Rank the following bond types in terms of
increasing strength. (ie. From weakest to
strongest)