Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Instititional and Industrial Buildings

Chapter 4
Power Distribution Planning in

Commercial, Institutional and
Industrial Buildings
4.1 Basics for Drafting Electrical Power
Distribution Systems 30
4.2 Network Congurations
and Supply Concepts 36
4.3 Power Supply with regard
to Selectivity Evaluation (Examples) 54
4 Power Distribution Planning in Commercial,
Institutional and Industrial Buildings
4.1 Basics for Drafting Electrical Power Distribution transformers (see section 5.2)
Distribution Systems . Use low-loss transformers (operating costs)

. Pay attention to noise emission (can be reduced e.g. by
When a power supply system is planned, there are some using low-loss transformers or a housing)
essential aspects which should be considered independent
of the specific plant layout. Below you will find an overview
. Take fire hazards and environmental impact into
account (oil-immersed / cast-resin transformer)
of the whole power supply system across all planning stages.
. Take the service life (partial discharge behavior) into
account
General
4 . Involve the responsible experts / public

authorities / inspection and testing bodies in the concept
. Ensure sufficient ventilation
. Dimensioning target: 80 % of the rated power
at an early stage . Check increase of performance by using forced air
. Pay attention to efficiency aspects, the safety of persons cooling (AF) (e.g. cross-flow ventilation for cast-resin
as well as the availability / reliability of the power supply transformers)
. Determine the system / supply concept
. Use tested technology (inspection and testing protocols, Low-voltage main distribution (see section 5.3)
references )
. Observe degree of protection, heating, power loss, and
. Pay attention to the system integration of individual required outgoing air (piping)
components, spare parts management (stockkeeping),
service and warranties (choose the components for the . Observe specifications for busbar current and current
entire power supply system from one supplier, if breaking capacity (e.g. by reducing the main busbar
possible) trunking via an output-related panel arrangement)
. Determine and document the power balance, voltage . Ensure safety of persons (only use factory-assembled,
drop, conditions for disconnection from supply, type-tested switchgear with arc fault testing)
selectivity together with the selection of components . Use standard / modular systems to ensure system
. Room layout (e.g. room size, room height, air expandability
conditioning, operator aisles, escape routes)
. Standardize built-in components, if possible, in order to
. Check access routes and on site conditions for moving minimize stockkeeping of spare parts and to be able to
(parts of) the installation into place (ceiling loads,
replace / swop devices in case of a fault (circuit-breakers,
doors, hoisting gear)
releases)
. Observe fire protection requirements
. Observe EMC considerations when selecting . Assess requirements to flexibility / availability (fixed-
components mounted, plug-in, or withdrawable-unit design)
. Observe the requirements of DIN EN 15232 . Consider the capability of the switchgear to
(building energy efficiency) communicate with a visualization system, if applicable
(power management, operating states, switching
Medium-voltage switchgear (see section 5.1) functions)
. Observe the technical supply conditions and . Take increased safety requirements for accidental arcing
implementation guidelines of the local power supply into account (use design precautions that avoid
network operator and announce the power demand at grounding points which might provide a root for an
an early stage accidental arc, inner compartmentalization, insulated
. Observe specifications for nominal voltage, busbar busbars)
currents and breaking capacities
. Type-tested incoming / outgoing feeders to busbar
. Use no-maintenance / low-maintenance technology system (pay attention to room height)
. Observe specifications for room heights according to . Segmentation of busbar sections
arcing fault tests
(take short-circuit current into account)
. Make provisions for a pressure relief in the switchgear
room in case of a fault; check via calculation, if necessary . Use low-loss motors (take operating time into account)
. Consider expandability options for the switchgear at . Do not let motors and drives run idle unnecessarily
minimum time expense (modular systems) (use load sensors)
32 Totally Integrated Power Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings
. Provide variable-speed drives for systems with varying . Parallel connection; centrally operated, manual bypass
loads (power saving) for servicing
. Take regenerative feedback from large drives into . Power factor of the connected loads
account in the event of a short circuit (increased . Battery / centrifugal mass: bridging time, service life,
short-circuit load on the network) maintenance, location
. Take the impact of harmonic content from variable- . Ventilation, air conditioning, cable sizing
speed drives into account
. Communication link and shutdown functionality
. Choose a manufacturer that provides an integrated, well
coordinated range of products (selectivity, interfaces,
Central control system / power management
service, maintenance)
(see section 6)
. Use modular systems (e.g. circuit-breakers: same
accessories for different sizes) . Define requirements to the central control system (safe
switching, secure data transfer)
. Use communication-capable devices with standardized
bus systems (interfacing to the protection and control . Define power measuring points (in coordination with
the operator)
4
system etc.)
. Circuit-breaker-protected / fuse-protected technology . Use standardized bus systems / communications
(communication with other technologies)
Busbar trunking system (see section 5.4) . Limit the number of bus systems to an absolute
. Observe current carrying capacity in view of mounting minimum (interfaces are expensive, linking systems
position / ambient temperature / degree of protection might be problematic)
. Select suitable protective device for the busbar system . Choose a visualization system with common interfaces
(current carrying capacity, overcurrent and short-circuit (e.g. AS-i, KNX, PROFIBUS, Ethernet)
protection) . Prefer systems that use standard modules (cost
. Use type-tested products (type test for busbar, minimization)
busbar / distribution) . Choose systems from manufacturers providing a good
. Maintain a system approach throughout (connection of service network (availability)
transformer to LVMD, LVMD to sub-distribution, busbar . Avoid systems offering only a narrow range of
trunking system ) applications
. Consider fire loads (busbar / cable) . Take data volumes and transmission rates into account
. Make sure that busbars / cables are made of halogen- for your choice of a system
free materials
. Overvoltage protection (e.g. use optical waveguides for
outdoor installations)
Distribution boards (see section 5.5)
. Use expandable / upgradeable systems (supplementation
. Use type-tested products (TTA) with a power management system)
. Choose flexible and integrated, well matched products
(flush-mounting, surface-mounting, same accessories)
Lighting (see section 10)
. Observe permissible power loss . Use automatic lighting controls (time / daylight / room
. Determine / check safety class (1 or 2) and workplace occupancy detection)
. Choose an integrated, well coordinated product range . Use power-saving fluorescent lamps with electronic
(uniform design / mounting heights / grid dimensions for
starters / controlgear (dimmable ECG)
communication units and switchgear / controlgear units
. Have interfacing options to the central building control . Use highly efficient reflectors
system been provided / desired? . Check and adapt light intensity stipulations for certain
functional areas
UPS (see section 5.8)

. Input network (power supply system, supply quality Standby power supply (see section 5.9)
(voltage, harmonics, frequency, short interruption), . Rating of the units according to use (safety / standby
power factor) power supply)
. System perturbations to the input network by UPS . Separate room layout (fuel storage, air intake and outlet
(6- ,12-pulse, IGBT rectifier, filter) system, exhaust system, etc.)
. Load on safe busbar; scheduled reserve for rated power, . Requirements to the switchgear (e.g. parallel, stand-
power factor, crest factor alone, or isolated operation)
Totally Integrated Power Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Institutional and Industrial Buildings 33
4.1.1 Requirements to Electrical Power Compilation of
Systems in Buildings boundary conditions
Concept nding: Inuencing factors
Analysis of the supply task
The efficiency of electrical power supply rises and falls Selection of the network t#VJMEJOHUZQFQFSJNFUFS
conguration
with qualified planning. Especially in the first stage of t#VJMEJOHVTF
Selection of the type t#VJMEJOHNBOBHFNFOU
planning, the finding of conceptual solutions, the planner of power supply system t1PXFSPVUBHFSFTFSWF
can use his creativity for an input of new, innovative solu- Denition of the technical tFUD
features
tions and technologies. They serve as a basis for the overall
solution which has been economically and technically
optimized in terms of the supply task and related require- Calculation: t-JTUTPGQPXFSDPOTVNFST
ments. Energy balance t'PSFDBTUTPGFYQBOTJPOT
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circuits and equipment are routine tasks which involve a
great effort. They can be worked off efficiently using Dimensioning: t&RVJQNFOUEBUB
Electrical data
modern dimensioning tools like SIMARIS design, so that Selection of equipment,
Dimensions etc.
transformers, cables,
4
there is more freedom left for the creative planning stage t4FMFDUJWJUZUBCMFT
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of finding conceptual solutions (Fig. 41/1). EFWJDFT FUD o$IBSBDUFSJTUJDDVSWFT
setting data, etc.
tFUD
When the focus is limited to power supply for infrastruc-
ture projects, useful possibilities can be narrowed down.
Fig. 41/1: Power system planning tasks
The following aspects should be taken into consideration
when designing electric power distribution systems:
. Simplification of operational management by

transparent, simple power system structures Standards
. Low costs for power losses, e.g. by medium-voltage-side To minimize technical risks and / or to protect persons
power transmission to the load centers involved in handling electrotechnical components, essen-
tial planning rules have been compiled in standards. Stan-
. High reliability of supply and operational safety of the dards represent the state of the art; they are the basis for
installations even in the event of individual equipment
evaluations and court decisions.
failures (redundant supply, selectivity of the power
system protection, and high availability)
Technical standards are desired conditions stipulated by
. Easy adaptation to changing load and operational professional associations which are, however, made bind-
conditions ing by legal standards such as safety at work regulations.
Furthermore, the compliance with technical standards is
. Low operating costs thanks to maintenance-friendly crucial for any approval of operator granted by authorities
equipment
or insurance coverage.
. Sufficient transmission capacity of equipment during
normal operation and also in the event of a fault, taking Overview of standards and standardization bodies
future expansions into account
Regional America Europe Australia Asia Africa
. Good quality of the power supply, i.e. few voltage PAS CENELEC
changes due to load fluctuations with sufficient voltage National USA: ANSI D: DIN VDE AUS: SA CN: SAC SA: SABS
symmetry and few harmonic distortions in the voltage CA: SCC I: CEI NZ: SNZ J: JISC
BR: COBEI F: UTE
. Compliance with applicable standards and project- ... GB: BS
related stipulations for special installations ANSI American National Standards Institute JISC Japanese Industrial Standards
BS British Standards Committee
CENELEC European Committee for PAS Pacic Area Standards

Electrotechnical Standardization SA Standards Australia
(Comit Europen de Normalisation SABS South African Bureau of Standards
Electrotechnique)
SAC Standardisation Administration
CEI Comitato Ellettrotecnico Italiano of China
Electrotechnical Committee Italy
SCC Standards Council of Canada
COBEI Comit Brasileiro de Eletricidade,
Eletrnica, Iluminao e SNZ Standards New Zealand
Telecomunicaes UTE Union Technique de lElectricit et
DIN VDE Deutsche Industrie Norm Verband de la CommunicationTechnical
deutscher Elektrotechniker (German Association for Electrical Engineering
Industry Standard, Association of & Communication
German Electrical Engineers)
Table 41 / 1: Representation of national and regional standards in

electrical engineering
While decades ago, standards were mainly drafted at a
national level and debated in regional committees, it has
currently been agreed that initiatives shall be submitted
centrally (on the IEC level) and then be adopted as regional
or national standards. Only if the IEC is not interested in
dealing with the matter of if there are time constraints, a
draft standard shall be prepared at the regional level.
The interrelation of the different standardization levels is

illustrated in Table 41 / 1. A complete list of the IEC mem-
bers and further links can be obtained at www.iec.ch >
structure & management > iec members.
4.1.2 Network Congurations

The network configuration is determined by the respective
4
supply task, the building dimensions, the number of sto-
ries above / below ground, the building use and the build-
ing equipment and power density.
An optimal network configuration should particularly meet

the following requirements:
. Low investment
. Straightforward network configuration
Fig. 41/2: Radial network
. High reliability and quality of supply
. Low power losses in compliance with IEC 60364-7-718 (Draft) or respectively
. Favorable and flexible expansion options DIN VDE 0100-718, but also the supply of important power
consumers from redundant power supply or uninterrupt-
. Low electromagnetic interference ible power supply systems.
The following characteristics must be determined for a Ring-type or meshed systems

suitable network configuration:
Operating a meshed low-voltage system with distributed
. Number of feeder points transformer feed-in locations places high requirements on
. Type of meshing and size of the power outage reserve the design and operation of the power system. For this
reason, ring-type systems in combination with high-cur-
. Size and type of power sources rent busbar trunking systems are preferred today, in partic-
ular in highly consumptive industrial processes. The advan-
Radial networks tage of a ring-type system with distributed transformer
feed-in locations in the load centers as compared to central
Low-voltage-side power distribution within buildings is feed-in with a radial network lies in
preferably designed in a radial topology today (Fig. 41/2).
The clear hierarchical structure provides the following . the reliable and flexible supply of power consumers,
advantages: . the better voltage maintenance, in particular in case of
load changes,
. Easy monitoring of the power system
. Fast fault localization . lower power losses.
. Easy and clear power system protection Owing to the distributed installation of transformers,
particular attention must be drawn on system grounding
. Easy operation and the issue of EMC-friendly system configuration
Sub-distribution boards and power consumers requiring a (see also section 9.1) with a central grounding point
high reliability of supply are supplied from two indepen- (CGP). As a rule, changeover connections with a distrib-
dent feed-in systems with a changeover switch. These uted N conductor should also always be designed four-pole
include, among other things, installations for the supply of in Germany.
medical locations in compliance with IEC 60364-7-710
(DIN VDE 0100-710), locations for the gathering of people
Physical transformer size and number If the rated power SrT of the transformer is greater than or
of feed-in systems equal to the max. load of both supply sections, we speak
The power demand can either be safeguarded by one large of a full-load reserve.
or several smaller transformers. The following equation
must always be satisfied:
g1,2
SrT, i ai (Pinst.1 + Pinst.2)
cos 1,2
g SrT, i = Rated powers transformer 1 or 2
SrT Pinst.
cos Pinst., i = Sum of installed capacity section 1 or 2
g1, 2 = Simultaneity factor network 1 and 2
SrT = Sum of rated transformer powers cos 1, 2 = Power factor network 1 and 2
Pinst. = Sum of installed capacity ai = Permissible transformer load factor
cos = Power factor of the network e. g. ai = 1 for AN operation
g = Simultaneity factor of the network ai = 1.4 for AF operation (140 %)
AN = Normal cooling
AF = Forced air cooling
In case of multiple feed-in and several busbar sections,
availability can be optimized via the feed-in configuration. For transformers of identical size there are the following
4
Fig. 41/3 shows an optimization when assuming a trans- maximum utilizations (simplified):
former failure. a. Transformers without forced air cooling, e.g.
2 transformers 1 MVA Smax = 1 1 MVA 1 =1 MVA,
If several network sections are operated separately during 50 % utilization in normal operation, 100 % utilization
normal operation (transformer circuit-breaker "ON" (NC), under fault conditions
tie breaker "OFF" (NO)), another section can take over b. Transformers with forced air cooling e.g. 2 transformers
supply (tie breaker "ON") if one feed-in system fails (trans- 1 MVA / 1.4 MVA (AN / AF) Smax = 1 1 MVA 1.4 =
former circuit-breaker "OFF"). In this case, we speak of a 1.4 MVA utilization during normal operation 70 %
changeover reserve. utilization under fault condition 140 %
a) Simple radial network b) Radial network with c) Radial network with

without power outage changeover reserve instantaneous reserve
reserve
T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 Tn
NC NC NC NC NC NC
LV-MD 1 LV-MD 1 LV-MD 2 LV-MD 1 LV-MD 2 LV-MD n
NO NC NC
K1 / 2 K1 / 2 K2 / n
Normal
g1 g1 g2 g1 g2 gn
SrT.1 = Pinst.1 S = Pinst.1 S = Pinst.2 S = Pinst.1 SrT.2 = Pinst.2 SrT.n = Pinst.n
cos 1 rT.1 cos 1 rT.2 cos 2 rT.1 cos 1 cos 2 cos n
outage
Power
No power g12 n1 g1n

outage reserve SrT, i ai Pinst.1 + Pinst.2 SrT, i ai Pinst.1 + Pinst.2 + .. Pinst. n
cos 12 i=1
cos 1n
Permanent supply Voltage dip or supply interruption: No supply interruption

interruption until the a) in case of manual changeover > 15 min Voltage dip = fault clarication time (0,1 ... 0.6 s)
defective equipment b) in case of autom. changeover > 1 ... 2 s + t del. via protective device
has been replaced
NC normally closed; NO normally opened; K1, K2 cable route with current-limiting fuse; n number of transformers;
i index for transformers T1, T2, T3; ai utilization factor; in the example ai = 0.66 for unvented transformers and ai = 0.9 for vented transformers
Fig. 41/3: Radial topology variants
Type Example
T1 T2 T3
Normal power Supply of all installations and consumer
supply (NPS) devices available in the building G UPS
Safety power Supply of life-protecting facilities in case of

supply (SPS) danger, e.g.:
. Safety lighting
. Elevators for reghters
. Fire-extinguishing equipment
Uninterruptible Supply of sensitive consumer devices which
power supply must be operated without interruption in the NPS RPS
(UPS) event of a NPS failure / fault, e.g.: network network
. Tunnel lighting, aireld lighting

. Servers / computers NPS consumer SPS consumer UPS consumer
. Communications equipment
Table 41 / 2: Supply types Fig. 41/4: Supply types
If the transformer power SrT,i or respectively SrT,i ai is b. Transformers with forced air cooling, 3 transformers
4
smaller than the maximum summated load of both supply 1 MVA / 1.4 MVA (AN / AF) Smax = (n1) SrT ai = (31)
sections, we speak of a partial load reserve. Load shedding 1 MVA 1.4 = 2.8 MVA, 93 % utilization in normal
of unimportant power consumers prior to changeover shall operation, 140 % utilization under fault condition
ensure that the available transformer power is not ex-
ceeded. Type of supply
For an instantaneous reserve, the transformer feed-in Electrical energy can be fed into the power system in
systems are operated in parallel during normal operation. different ways, determined by its primary function
The transformer feed-in circuit-breaker and tie breaker are (Table 41 / 2).
closed (NC). If one feed-in system fails, the remaining
transformer feed-in systems take over total supply. Feed-in of normal power supply (NPS) is performed as
follows:
n1
Smax SrT, i ai
i=1
. Up to approx. 300 kW directly from the public low-
voltage grid 400 / 230 V
g1n
(Pinst.1 + Pinst.2 + Pinst. n)
cos 1n . Above approx. 300 kW usually from the public medium-
voltage grid (up to 20 kV) via public or in-house
substations with transformers of 2 to 2.5 MVA
For transformers of the same physical size, the following For redundant power supply (RPS), power sources are
simplified condition for max. utilization fmaxresults: selected in dependency of regulations and the permissible
interruption time (also see the chapter on Redundant
a. Normal operation: Power Supply):
1 Smax
. Generators for general redundant power supply (RPS)
and / or safety power supply (SPS)
fmax = 100 %
n SrT
. UPS systems
a. Static UPS comprising: rectifier / inverter unit and battery
b. Fault condition: or centrifugal mass for bridging
1 Smax b. Rotating UPS comprising: motor / generator set and

fmax = 100 % centrifugal mass or rectifier / inverter unit and battery for
n1 SrT
bridging
In infrastructure projects, the constellation depicted in

Example:
Fig. 41/4 has proven its worth.
a. Transformers without forced air cooling, 3 transformers
1 MVA (AN) Smax = (n1) SrT ai = (31) 1 MVA 1 =
2 MVA, 66 % utilization in normal operation, 100 %
utilization under fault condition
4.2 Network Congurations and Note! In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-200 Section
Power Supply Concepts 826-12-08, the PE conductor is not a live conductor.
. Type of connection to ground of the system:

4.2.1 Power Supply Systems Low-voltage systems: IT, TT, TN
Medium-voltage systems: isolated, low-resistance,
Electric power systems are distinguished as follows: compensated
. Type of current used: The type of connection to ground of the medium-voltage

DC; AC ~ 50 Hz or low-voltage system (Fig. 42/1) must be selected care-
fully, as it has a major impact on the expense required for
. Type and number of live conductors within the protective measures. It also determines electromagnetic
system, e.g.:
compatibility regarding the low-voltage system.
Three-phase 4-wire (L1, L2, L3, N)
Three-phase 3-wire (L1, L2, L3) From experience, the best cost-benefit ratio for electric
Single-phase 2-wire (L1, N) systems within the normal power supply is achieved with
4
Two-phase 2-wire (L1, L2), etc. the TN-S system at the low-voltage level.
TN system: In the TN system, one operating line is directly grounded; the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation are connected to this
grounded point via protective conductors. Dependent on the arrangement of the protective (PE) and neutral (NE) conductors, three types are distinguished:
a) TN-S system: b) TN-C system: c) TN-C-S system:
In the entire system, neutral (N) In the entire system, the functions In a part of the system, the functions
and protective (PE) conductors of the neutral and protective conductor of the neutral and protective conductor
are laid separately. are combined in one conductor (PEN). are combined in one conductor (PEN).
Power Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source source
L1 L1 L1
L2 L2 L2
L3 L3 L3
N PEN PEN PE
PE N
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
TT system: In the TT system, one operating line is directly grounded; IT system: In the IT system, all active operating lines are
the exposed conductive parts in the electrical installation separated from ground or one point is is connected
are connected to grounding electrodes which are electrically to ground via an impedance.
independent of the grounding electrode of the system.
Power Power
Electrical installation Electrical installation
source source
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
N N
2
RB RA RB RA
3 1 4 3 1 4
First letter = grounding condition of the supplying power source Further letters = arrangement of the neutral conductor and protective conductor
T = direct grounding of one point (live conductor) S = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
I = no point (live conductor) or one point of the power source are laid in separate conductors.
is connected to ground via an impedance C = neutral conductor function and protective conductor function
are laid in one conductor (PEN).
Second letter = grounding condition of the exposed conductive parts
in the electrical installation 1 Exposed conductive part
T = exposed conductive parts are connected to ground separately,
in groups or jointly 2 High-resistance impedance
N = exposed conductive parts are directly connected to the grounded 3 Operational or system grounding RB
point of the electrical installation (usually N conductor close
to the power source) via protective conductors 4 Grounding of exposed conductive parts RA (separately, in groups or jointly)
Fig. 42/1: Systems according to type of connection to ground in acc. with ICE 60364-3 (DIN VDE 0100-300) Section 312.2
In a TN system, in the event of a short-circuit to an exposed mented at one central grounding point (CGP), e.g. in the
conductive part, a considerable part of the single-pole main low-voltage distribution system, for all sources.
short-circuit current is not fed back to the power source via
a connection to ground but via the protective conductor. In the case of distributed supply, 4-pole switching / protec-
tive devices must be provided at the feeder points and
The comparatively high single-pole short-circuit current changeover equipment (no permanent parallel operation).
allows for the use of simple protective devices such as
fuses, miniature circuit-breakers, which trip in the event of Networks with TT systems are today only used in rural
a fault within the permissible tripping time. supply areas and in certain countries. The stipulated inde-
pendence of the grounding systems RA and RB should be
In practice, networks with TN systems are preferably used observed. In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-540, a mini-
in building engineering today. When using a TN-S system mum clearance 15 m is required.
in the entire building, residual currents in the building and
thus an electromagnetic interference by galvanic coupling Networks with an IT system are preferably used for rooms
can be prevented in normal operation because the operat- with medical applications in accordance with
ing currents flow back exclusively via the separately laid DIN VDE 0100-710 in hospitals and in production, where
4
isolated N conductor. no supply interruption is to take place upon the first fault,
e.g. in the cable and optical waveguide production.
In the case of a central arrangement of the power sources,
the TN system in accordance with Fig. 42/2 is always to be The TT system as well as the IT system require the use of
recommended. In that, the system grounding is imple- RCDs for almost all circuits.
Section A Section B
Transformer
3*
Generator 3*
1* 2* 1* 2*
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 1* L3
PEN (isolated) PEN (isolated)
PE PE
Central
4* grounding point 4*
dividing bridge
L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE
Branches Main grounding Branches

Circuit A busbar Circuit B
1* The PEN conductor must be wired 3* There must be no connection between the Both 3-pole and 4-pole switching
isolated along the entire route, transformer neutral to ground or to the PE devices may be used. If N conductors
this also applies for its wiring in the conductor in the transformer chamber with reduced cross sections are used
low-voltage main distribution (LVMD) (we do not recommend this), a pro-tective
4* All branch circuits must be designed as device with an integrated overload
2* The PE conductor connection between TN-S systems, i.e. in case of a distributed protection should be used at the
LVMD and transformer chamber must N con-ductor function with a separately N conductor (example: LSIN).
be congured for the max. short-circuit wired N conductor and PE conductor.
current that might occur (K2S2 Ik2tk)
Fig. 42/2: EMC-friendly power system, centrally installed (short distances)
4.2.2 Routing 4.2.3 Switching and Protective Devices
Wiring As soon as the initial plans are drafted, it is useful to deter-

mine which technology shall be used to protect electrical
Nowadays, the customer can choose between cables and equipment. The technology that has been selected affects
busbars for power distribution. Some features of these the behavior and properties of the power system and
different options are listed below: hence also influences certain aspects of use, such as
. Cable laying . Reliability of supply

+ Lower material costs
. Mounting expense
+ When a fault occurs along the line, only one
distribution board including its downstream subsystem . Maintenance and downtimes
will be affected
High installation expense Kind / types
Increased fire load
Each cable must be separately fused in the LVMD Protective equipment can be divided into two categories
4
which can however be combined.
. Busbar distribution
+ Rapid installation . Fuse-protected technology
+ Flexible in case of changes or expansions + Good current-limiting properties
+ Low space requirements + High switching capacity up to 120 kA
+ Reduced fire load + Low investment costs
Rigid coupling to the building geometry + Easy installation
+ Halogen-free + Safe tripping, no auxiliary power
+ Easy grading between fuses
These aspects must be weighted in relation to the building
Downtime after fault
use and specific area loads when configuring a specific
distribution. Connection layout comprises the following Reduces selective tripping in connection with circuit-
specifications for wiring between output and target distri- breakers
bution board: Fuse aging
Separate protection of personnel required for
. Overload protection Ib Ir Iz and Iz I2 / 1.45 switching high currents
. Short-circuit protection S2K2 I2t . Circuit-breaker-protected technology
. Protection against electric shock in the event of indirect + Clear tripping times for overload and short-circuit
contact + Safe switching of operating and fault currents
+ Fast resumption of normal operation after fault
. Permissible voltage drop tripping
+ Various tripping methods, adapted to the protective
task
+ Communication-capable: signaling and control of
system states
+ Efficient utilization of the cable cross sections
Protection coordination requires short-circuit
calculation
Higher investment costs
Protective tripping
Above all when circuit-breaker-protected technology is
employed, the selection of the tripping unit is crucial for
i
meeting the defined objectives for protection because
tripping can be set individually.
Current ow
In power systems for buildings, selective disconnection is when zero-current
interrupters are used
gaining more and more importance as this results in a (ACB)
higher supply reliability and quality. While standards such
as DIN VDE 0100-710 or -718 demand a selective behavior
of the protective equipment for safety power supply or
certain areas of indoor installations, the proportion of
Current ow
buildings where selective disconnection of the protective when current-limiting
equipment is demanded by the operator also for the nor- breakers are used (MCCB)
mal power supply is rising.
4 ms 10 ms t
4
Generally speaking, a combined solution using selective
and partially selective behavior will be applied for the
normal power supply in power systems for buildings when Fig. 42/3: Current limiting
economic aspects are considered. In this context, the
following device properties must be taken into account.
Current limiting:
A protective device has a current-limiting effect if it shows Q1

a lower cut-off current in the event of a fault than the
prospective short-circuit current at the fault location
(Fig. 42/3).
Selectivity:
When series-connected protective devices cooperate for

graded disconnection, the protective device which is Q2 Q3
Trip
closest upstream of the fault location must disconnect
first. The other upstream devices remain in operation. The
temporal and spatial effects of a fault are limited to a
minimum (Fig. 42/4).
Back-up protection: Fig. 42/4: Selective tripping
The provision is that Q1 is a current-limiting device. If the

fault current is higher than the rated breaking capacity of
the downstream protective device in the event of a short-
circuit, it is protected by the upstream protective device.
Trip Q1
Q2 can be selected with Icu or Icn smaller than Ikmax, Q2.
However, this results in partial selectivity (Fig. 42/5).
Q2 Q3
Trip
Fig. 42/5: Back-up-conditioned fault tripping
4.2.4 Power System Planning Modules tomer project requirements. When the preliminary plan-
ning stage has been completed, the power system can
The following modules may be used for an easy and sys- easily be configured and calculated with the aid of the
tematic power distribution design for typical building SIMARIS design software. Up-to-date and detailed descrip-
structures. These are schematic solution concepts which tions of the applications can be obtained on the Internet at
can then be extended and adapted to meet specific cus- www.siemens.com/tip.
Low building, type 1:

One supply section
Fig. 42/6 Elevators
HVAC
FF elevators
4 HVAC-SPS
NPS4.2
UPS4.2
SPS4.2
4th oor NPS3.2
UPS3.2
SPS3.2
3rd oor
NPS2.2
UPS2.2
SPS2.2
2nd oor
NPS1.2
UPS1.2
SPS1.2
1st oor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G
UPS
3~
MS
z
Basement
from PCO
NPS Normal power supply

PCO Power company or system operator
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating Ventilation Air conditioning
MS Medium-voltage switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
SPS Safety power supply
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
z Power monitoring system
Building type Low building
Number of oors 4
Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 10,000 m2
Segmentation of power required 85 % utilized area 15 % side area
Power required 1,000 to 2,000 kW
4
Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid
1030 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS)
520 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
Proposal for concept finding
Feature Our solution Advantage Your benet

Central transformer supply close to Supply at the load center, short LV Low costs, time savings during
load center cables, low losses installation
Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault localization
Transformer module with 2 630 kVA, Optimized voltage quality,
Voltage stability, lighter design
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 30 kA economical
Network
conguration Supply of important consumers on all
Smax = 1,200 kVA oors in the event of a fault, e.g. Increased reliability of supply
Redundant supply unit:
cos = 0.85 during power failure of the public grid
Generator 400 kVA (30 %) (the
smaller the generator, the greater Safety power supply in acc. with
Safety power supply
the short-circuit current must be in DIN VDE 0100-718
relation to the nominal current)
Uninterruptible supply of
UPS 200 kVA (15 %) Supply of sensitive and important
consumers, e.g. during power failure
consumers
of the public grid
Minimized space requirements for
Medium-voltage Compact switchgear; independent of
8DJH, SF6 gas-insulated electric utilities room; no
switchgear climate
maintenance required
Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with reduced losses Low re load, indoor installation Economical
Protection from electromagnetic
SIVACON with central grounding point
Low-voltage main interference (e.g. to prevent lower
> splitting of PEN in PE and N EMC-friendly power system
distribution transmission rates at communication
to the TN-S system
lines)
Central measurement of current,
Wiring / main route Cables voltage, power, e.g. for billing, cost Cost transparency
center allocation
Connection
Transformer LVMD Busbars Easy installation
NPS SPS
Low building, type 2:
Two supply sections
Fig. 42/7
Elevators
HVAC
FF elevators
HVAC-SPS
NPS4.1
SPS4.1
UPS4.1
NPS4.2
SPS4.2
UPS4.2
4 4th oor
NPS3.1
SPS3.1
UPS3.1
NPS3.2
SPS3.2
UPS3.2
3rd oor
NPS2.1
SPS2.1
UPS2.1
NPS2.2
SPS2.2
UPS2.2
2nd oor
NPS1.1
SPS1.1
UPS1.1
NPS1.2
SPS1.2
UPS1.2
1st oor
LVMD
NPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MS
z
Basement
from PCO

PCO Power company or system operator
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating Ventilation Air conditioning
MS Medium-voltage switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
z Power monitoring system
Building type Low building
Number of oors 4
Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 2 10,000 m2
Power required > 2,000 kW
Feed-in types 100 % total power from the public grid
4
Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

Low costs, no extra utilities room
Supply at the load center, short LV
Two supply sections per oor necessary, time savings during
cables, low losses
installation
Minimization of voltage uctuations, Optimized voltage quality, cost
Transformer module with 2 800 kVA,
lower statics requirements on building minimization in the building
Network ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 60 kA
structures construction work
conguration
Smax = 2,400 kVA Supply of important consumers on all
cos = 0.85 oors in the event of a fault, e.g. Increased reliability of supply
during power failure of the public grid
Safety power supply
the short-circuit current must be DIN VDE 0100-718
compared to the nominal current)
Uninterruptible power supply of the
consumers
of the public grid
switchgear climate
Protection of telecommunications
SIVACON with central grounding point equipment from electromagnetic
Low-voltage main
> splitting of PEN in PE and N EMC-friendly power system interference (e.g. to prevent lower
distribution
to the TN-S system transmission rates at communication
lines)
Wiring / main route Cables voltage, power, e.g. for billing, cost Cost transparency
center allocation
Connection
Transformer LVMD Busbars Easy installation
NPS SPS
High-rise building, type 1:
Central power supply, cables
Fig. 42/8
Elevators FF elevators
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4 nth oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
(n1)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
5th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
3rd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
2nd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

FD Floor distribution boards
1st oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
PCO Power company
or system operator
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating Ventilation LVMD
Air conditioning
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard NPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 G UPS
3~
distribution MS
z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
z Power monitoring system from PCO
Building type High-rise building
Number of oors 10
Power required 1,800 kW
4

Only one electric utilities room
Central transformer supply close to Simple network conguration, low
required, easy and low-cost
load center power losses
operation of electric system
Transformer module with 2 630 kVA, Optimized voltage quality,
Voltage stability, lighter design
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 30 kA economical
Network
Smax = 1,000 kVA oors in the event of a fault, e.g. Increased reliability of supply
Floors: 8
Safety power supply
consumers
of the public grid
Medium-voltage Compact design, independent of
switchgear climate
Low-voltage main
distribution
lines)
Wiring / main route Cables voltage, power, e.g. for billing, central Cost transparency, cost saving
recording
Central power supply, busbars
Fig. 42/9
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4
nth oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

NPS Normal power
supply
FD Floor distribution
2nd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
boards
PCO Power company
or system operator
FF Fireghters 1st oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
HVAC Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning
LVMD
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main NPS SPS
distribution 1 2 G UPS
3~
SPS Safety power supply MS
z
UPS Uninterruptible
power supply Basement
z Power monitoring
system from PCO
Number of oors 10
4

Only one electric utilities room
Central transformer supply close to Simple network conguration, low
required, easy and low-cost
load center power losses
operation of electric system
Operation that is gentle on the
Transformer module with 2 800 kVA,
Optimized voltage stability user's equipment, economical
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 40 kA
equipment
Network
Smax = 1,500 kVA oors in the event of a fault, e.g. Increased safety of supply
Floors: 8 smaller the generator, the greater Safety power supply in acc. with
Safety power supply
consumers
of the public grid
switchgear climate
Low re load, indoor installation
Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with reduced losses Economical
without any special precautions
Low-voltage main
distribution
lines)
Safety, time savings during
voltage, power, e.g. for billing, central
restructuring
recording
Few branches in the distribution, small Minimized space requirements for
Wiring / main route Busbars to the sub-distribution boards distribution electric utilities room
Less space requirements for supply
Small, minimized rising main busbar
lines
Easy installation Cost saving
Transformers at remote location
Fig. 42/10
HVAC HVAC-SPS
3 4
4

NPS Normal power
supply
FD Floor distribution FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
2nd oor
boards
PCO Power company
or system operator
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning LVMD
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
distribution 1 2 G
3~ UPS
z
UPS Uninterruptible
z Power monitoring
system from PCO
Number of oors 10 to 20
Power required 1,500 kW; for 2 MW or higher, a relocation of the transformers should be considered even if the
number of oors is less than 10
1030 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
520 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Power system protection
Special requirements
Selectivity is aimed at
Good electromagnetic compatibility, high reliability of supply and operation
4

Short LV cables, low power losses, Economical, simplied re
Splitting into two supply sections
reduction of re load protection
2 transformer modules with
Optimized voltage quality,
2 + 1 630 kVA, Voltage stability, lighter design
economical
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 45 kA
Network Supply of important consumers on all
conguration oors in the event of a fault, e.g. Increased reliability of supply
Smax = 1,800 kVA Redundant supply unit:
cos = 0.85 Generator 800 kVA (30 %) (the
Safety power supply
consumers
of the public grid
switchgear climate
equipment from electromagnetic
Low-voltage main > splitting of PEN in PE and N
EMC-friendly power system interference (e.g. to prevent lower
distribution to the TS-S system (4-pole switches at
transmission rates at communication
the changeover points)
lines)
Measurement of current, voltage,
Wiring / main route Cables power, e.g. for billing, centrally per Central data processing
oor in LVMD
Distributed supply, cables
Fig. 42/11
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4

NPS Normal power
supply
FD Floor distribution FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
2nd oor
boards
PCO Power company
or system operator
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning LVMD
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
distribution 1 2 3 G
3~ UPS
z
UPS Uninterruptible
z Power monitoring
system from PCO
Number of oors > 20
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / > 20,000 m2
4

Short LV cables, low power losses, Economical, simplied re
Splitting into two supply sections
reduction of re load protection
2 transformer modules with Optimized voltage quality, eco-
3 630 kVA, Voltage stability, lighter design
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 45 kA nomical

Smax = 3,600 kVA during power failure of the public grid
Generator 2 500 kVA (30 %) (the
cos = 0.85 smaller the generator, the greater Safety power supply in acc. with
Floors: 25 Safety power supply
UPS 2 250 kVA (15 %) Supply of sensitive and important
consumers
of the public grid
Medium-voltage Compact switchgear; independent of Minimized space requirements; no

8DJH, SF6 gas-insulated
switchgear climate maintenance required
Low re load, indoor installation
Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with reduced losses Economical
without any special precautions
distribution to the TN-S system (4-pole switches for
connecting the LVMDs)
lines)
Wiring / main route Cables voltage, power, e.g. for billing, cost Cost transparency, cost saving
center allocation
Distributed power supply, busbars
Fig. 42/12
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS
4

System discon- System discon- System discon-
necting point (b) necting point (b) necting point (b)
NPS Normal power

supply FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
3rd oor
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company
or system operator 2nd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FF Fireghters
HVAC Heating
Ventilation FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
1st oor
Airconditioning
MS Medium-voltage
switchboard
LVMD Low-voltage main LVMD
distribution
UPS Uninterruptible NPS SPS
power supply 1 2 3 G
3~ UPS
b 4-pole switch MS
z
for connecting
the LVMDs Basement
z Power monitoring
system from PCO
Number of oors > 20
Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / > 20,000 m2
4

Short LV cables, low power losses,
Splitting into two supply sections Low costs
reduction of re load
2 transformer modules with Optimized voltage quality, eco-
3 800 kVA, Voltage stability, lighter design
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik 60 kA nomical
Smax = 4,000 kVA Redundant supply unit:
cos = 0.85 Generator 2 630 kVA (30 %) (the
Safety power supply
UPS 2 300 kVA (15 %) Supply of sensitive and important
consumers
of the public grid
switchgear climate
distribution to the TN-S system (4-pole switches
for connecting the LVMDs)
lines)
Low re load, exible power Safety, time savings during
distribution restructuring
Few outgoing feeders in the Minimized space requirements for
Wiring / main route Busbars to the sub-distribution boards distribution, small distribution electric utilities room
Less space requirements for supply
Small, minimized rising main busbar
lines
Easy installation Cost reduction
4.3 Power Supply with regard to device are used as standard to ensure protection at the
Selectivity Evaluation (Examples) medium-voltage side.
With lower transformer outputs, circuit-breakers are only

Example 1: Supply from one transformer used if a high switching frequency is required, for example,
Fig. 43/1 shows a supply option using a transformer with or higher nominal voltages (e.g. 36 kV) are applied.
630 kVA / ukr = 6 %. Protection is ensured by means of HV
HRC fuses at the medium-voltage side. In this example, it is possible to configure a selective
installation at the low-voltage side by using LV HRC fuses
In practice, this configuration with a switch-disconnector up to 425 A and, if sub-distribution systems are lined up,
plus HV HRC fuse assembly is used for transformer output by grading the fuses with a factor of 1.6.
< 1,000 kVA. Full selectivity to low voltage cannot be
attained here. In particular in coupling connections to SPS The use of circuit-breakers in subordinate distributions or a
networks, selectivity is mandatory. Selectivity is attained combination of circuit-breaker and fuse could be critical
by using a low-cost medium-voltage circuit-breaker with when selectivity is required. Successful protection depends
protective device. on the type of circuit-breaker used (air circuit-breaker
4
(ACB), molded-case circuit-breaker (MCCB)) and the
For transformer outputs > 1,250 kVA (10 kV) or 2,000 kVA network configuration.
(20 kV), circuit-breakers with an appropriate protective
Circuit-breaker type 2
In (switch) = 630 A
Transformer current 50/1 A
N2XS2Y
10 m XLPE 3 x 25
Transformer
Sn = 630 kVA
ukr = 6 %
20/0,4 kV Dyn 5
Busbar
10 m
Circuit-breaker
In = 1000 A NPS
TN-S Un = 400 V
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Fuse Switch Disc. Fuse Switch Disc. Fuse Switch Disc.
In = 250 A In = 160 A In = 160 A In = 125 A In = 125 A In = 400 A
Busbar Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m

55 m Cu 1(3x35//16) Cu 1(3x50//25) Cu 1(3x50//25) Cu 1(3x50//25)
Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1(3x35//16) M Ventilation 2
3~ P Machine 1 P Machine 2 Capacitor
In = 100 A In = 100 A In = 100 A Qn = 250 kvar
Ventilation 1 Un = 400 V Un = 400 V Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
M 3-pole 3-pole 3-pole
3~ In = 100 A
Un = 400 V
TN-S Un = 400 V 3-pole Equipment
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 160 A In = 160 A
Cable/Line 30 m Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1(3x35//16) Cu 1(3x35//16)
Machine 3 Machine 4
M
3~
In = 100 A M
3~
In = 100 A
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
3-pole 3-pole
Fig. 43/1: Supply from one transformer
In terms of selectivity evaluation it is always recommend- Example 2:
able to perform a network calculation at an early planning Supply from two transformers and tie breaker
stage. The following example for power supply (Fig. 43/2)
demonstrates a higher power demand which is covered by
Assessment of a worst case scenario in the power system two transformers with 630 kVA each. The busbars at the
(feeders close to the transformer, remotest feeders, device level of the low-voltage main distribution are isolated by
combinations (circuit-breaker / fuse ) is often sufficient to means of a tie breaker.
get a rough idea.
The advantage is that if one busbar system is faulted, parts
Whats important to know is that a selectivity evaluation of the installation can still be used.
and its results are only true for the devices considered in
the calculation. When different products or device A tie breaker also makes sense for limiting short-circuit
combinations are then used for project implementation, currents for the busbar system when higher transformer
the calculation must be performed again, as devices from outputs are involved (in normal operation, the tie breaker is
different manufacturers may deviate from the original open). This layout is economical (cheaper devices / systems),
results in their tripping characteristics or tolerance bands provided that it can be ensured that systems are not
4
of the characteristic curve. operated in parallel. In addition, network dimensioning in
terms of a selective grading of devices is enhanced.
Pn = 160 kW
Sn = 200 kVA
Un = 400 V
Cable/Line 20 m
Cu 1 (3x185/185/95)
Non-automatic
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 250 A In = 315 A
Generator
Circuit-breaker of type 2 Circuit-breaker of type 2 TN-S Un = 400 V
In (switch) = 630 A In (switch) = 630 A Fuse Switch Fuse Switch
Transformer current 50/1 A Transformer current 50/1 A Disconnector Disconnector
10 m XLPE 3x25 2 m XLPE 3x25 In = 125 A In = 125 A
Transformer Transformer
Cu 1 (3x50//25) Cu 1 (3x50//25)
Sn = 630 kVA Sn = 630 kVA
ukr = 6% ukr = 6%
20/0,4 kV Dyn 5 20/0,4 kV Dyn5
Ventilation Pump
In = 100 A In = 100 A
Cable/Line 20 m
Circuit-breaker
Busbar 10 m Busbar 10 m Un = 400 V Un = 400 V

Cu 1 (3x95//50)
In = 1000 A
3-pole 3-pole
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 1000 A In = 250 A In = 1000 A
TN-S Un = 400 V TN-S Un = 400 V
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker

In = 160 A In = 400 A In = 125 A In = 32 A In = 400 A In = 32 A
Busbar 55 m Cable/Line 5 m Cable/Line 30 m Busbar 55 m Cable/Line 5 m

Cu 1 (3x240//120) Cu 1 (3x35//16) Cu 1 (3x240//120)
Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1 (3x4//4)
Capacitor P Ventilation Capacitor
Qn = 250 kvar In = 100 A Qn = 250 kvar
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
M Machine 4
3-pole 3~
In = 28,6 A
TN-S Un = 400 V TN-S Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
3-pole
Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker
In = 125 A In = 40 A In = 32 A In = 32 A
Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1 (3x35//16) Cable/Line 30 m
Cu 1 (3x4//4)
P Pump Cu 1 (3x1,5//1,5) Cu 1 (3x4//4)
In = 100 A M Machine 3
3~
Un = 400 V In = 28,6 A
3-pole M Machine 1 M Machine 2 Un = 400 V
3~ 3~
In = 28,6 A In = 28,6 A 3-pole
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
3-pole 3-pole
Fig. 43/2: Supply from two transformers and coupling (tie breaker)
Example 3: Note:
Redundant power supply / safety power supply with A network calculation at the planning start is highly
generator recommended. The following should be verified:
If a redundant power supply system is desired or stipu-
lated, the networks are coupled by cables or busbars 1. During normal operation, the normal power supply
(Fig. 43/3). For safety reasons, installation components system feeds the safety supply equipment (transformer
must be erected separately, surrounded by suitable fire circuit-breaker ON, tie breaker ON, generator circuit-
barriers. The regional expert (TV, expert, Association of breaker OFF).
Property Insurers, etc.) should be involved in the imple-
mentation planning at an early stage. Is the transformer output sufficient to cover the power
demand of the NPS and SPS?
The connection to the public power supply system (NPS =
normal power supply) is made by a circuit-breaker feeder 2. When the switchgear is operated as described in para-
in the redundant power supply system (SPS = safety power graph 1, the maximum short-circuit current applied on
supply), which provides protective functions and enables the SPS busbar is shaped by the transformers.
separate operation of installation components.
4
Is the breaking capacity of the devices connected in the
A corresponding feeder circuit-breaker on the NPS side SPS sufficient?
allows for disconnecting and protecting the cable / busbar
line. Two circuit-breakers are required as a coupling be- 3. In case of a fault on the NPS busbar, the generator takes
tween the NPS and SPS networks. over power supply of the connected equipment (trans-
former circuit-breaker ON or OFF (depending on the
The design of the transformer circuit-breakers, tie breakers fault), tie breaker OFF, generator circuit-breaker ON).
and generator circuit-breakers (3-pole or 4-pole) depends In this operating condition, the minimum short-circuit
on the power system design (distance of NPS / SPS), the current of the generator is critical.
grounding concept and the power system philosophy of
the inspecting body (TV, expert, etc.). Siemens recom- Is the minimum short-circuit current sufficient to meet the
mends the use of 4-pole devices when distances between tripping times required in case of a fault (5 seconds for
NPS and SPS are greater than 50 m. This way, the power stationary loads (machines), 0.4 seconds for non-
systems are decoupled (also refer to section 9.1, Electro- stationary loads (equipment connected to power outlets),
magnetic Compatibility (EMC)). alternatives for protection according to DIN VDE 100
Part 410 (local equipotential bonding, touch voltage
The configuration of the SPS should be kept as simple as < 50 V) have not been taken into account in this case)?
possible in view of the selectivity requirement. Complex
power supply systems, combinations of circuit-breaker and 4. The power system may also have to be rated and
fuses as well as line-ups of sub-distribution systems should verified to meet the maximum required voltage drop
be avoided, if possible. specification.
G Generator
Cable / Line
20 m
From Network
LVMD GPS
Circuit-breaker 1.1 Circuit-breaker 1.2

In = 1000 A In = 1000 A
TN S = 400V LMVD SPS
Fuse switch Fuse switch

disconnector disconnector
Cable / Line Cable / Line

30 m 30 m
Smoke extraction Elevator for re ghters

Number of poles 3+n Number of poles 3+n
Un = 400 V Un = 400 V
Fig. 43/3: Redundant power supply / safety power supply

with generator

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Power Distribution Planning in Commercial, Instititional and Industrial Buildings

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Chapter 4

Power Distribution Planning in

Distribution Systems . Use low-loss transformers (operating costs)

4 . Involve the responsible experts / public

UPS (see section 5.8)

. Simplification of operational management by

. Compliance with applicable standards and project- ... GB: BS

CENELEC European Committee for PAS Pacic Area Standards

Table 41 / 1: Representation of national and regional standards in

The interrelation of the different standardization levels is

4.1.2 Network Congurations

An optimal network configuration should particularly meet

The following characteristics must be determined for a Ring-type or meshed systems

a) Simple radial network b) Radial network with c) Radial network with

No power g12 n1 g1n

Permanent supply Voltage dip or supply interruption: No supply interruption

Fig. 41/3: Radial topology variants

Safety power Supply of life-protecting facilities in case of

. Tunnel lighting, aireld lighting

Table 41 / 2: Supply types Fig. 41/4: Supply types

1 Smax b. Rotating UPS comprising: motor / generator set and

In infrastructure projects, the constellation depicted in

. Type of connection to ground of the system:

. Type of current used: The type of connection to ground of the medium-voltage

Branches Main grounding Branches

Fig. 42/2: EMC-friendly power system, centrally installed (short distances)

Wiring As soon as the initial plans are drafted, it is useful to deter-

. Cable laying . Reliability of supply

A protective device has a current-limiting effect if it shows Q1

When series-connected protective devices cooperate for

Back-up protection: Fig. 42/4: Selective tripping

The provision is that Q1 is a current-limiting device. If the

Fig. 42/5: Back-up-conditioned fault tripping

Low building, type 1:

Fig. 42/6 Elevators

NPS Normal power supply

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benet

NPS Normal power supply

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benet

4 nth oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n1)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n2)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n3)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n4)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

2nd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

NPS Normal power supply

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benet

(n1)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n2)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n3)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n4)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benet

(n1)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n2)th oor FD-NPS FD-SPS FD-UPS