Lecture 1

Q- A haploid cell
Has only one chromosome
Has one complete set of chromosomes
Is either missing or has one extra set of chromosome
Never undergoes mitosis
In humans is usually a somatic cell

Haploid cell has one complete set- 1n (for humans, n=23)

Aneuploidy cells have incomplete sets of chromosomes (2n+1, 3n-1)
Somatic body cells in humans are diploid

A cell in the G0 stage:

Has withdrawn from the cell cycle
Is in the process of dividing

Is not replicating or diving in G0 state

Lecture 3

Meiosis allows

The generation of genetic variation among offspring

The generation of new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome
The transmission of equivalent genetic information from generation to
generation
The genetic contribution of two individual parents to each offspring
All of the above.

Crossing over allows new combinations of alleles on same chromosomes

Makes sure dont increase ploidy number

A diploid somatic cell has 2n=20 chromosomes. At the end of mitosis, each
daughter cell would have chromosomes. At the end of meiosis 1, each
daughter cell would have ___ chromosomes. At the end of meiosis II, each
daughter cell would have ____ chromosomes.

2n=20, 2n=20, 1n=10

2n=20 , 2n=10, 1n=10
1n=10, 1n =10, 1n=10
2n=10, 2n=20, 1n=20
2n=20, 1n=10, 1n=10
In meiosis 1 2n=20, go from having two chromosomes to having one
chromosome. Even though have two sister chromatids there the cell is
considered to be haploid.

Problem
In purple people eaters, one horn is dominant, no horns are recessive

Cross with purple people eater heterozygous for horns and purple people
eater that does not have horns

D d no horns dd , have horns Dd

d Dd dd
d Dd dd

genotypes- 1:1 Hh: hh

phenotype 2:2 = 1:1 horns : no horns

q If the green pea pod allele (G) if dominant to the yellow allele (G) a cross
between two heterozygous makes
green and yellow

If a mouse has a dominant phenotype- P_ how would you determine if it is

homozygous (PP) or heterozygous (Pp)?
A. cross it to a homozygous dominant mouse
B. cross it to a mouse with the dominant trait but similarly unknown
genotype
C. cross it to a mouse with the recessive trait
D. cross it to heterozygous dominant mouse
E. it cant be determined.

In rice, plants homozygous for the recessive allele sd1 are relatively short in
structure. Plants homozygous for a dominant allele, Xa4, corresponding to a
second gene located on a different chromosome are resistant to bacterial
blight.

If a farmer crosses a plant homozygous for sd1 with a plant homozygous for
Xa4 (assume the plants are isogenic0 which is correct?

Isogenic- if one plant is short the other one is tall. For resistant- one is
resistant and other is not.
a. progeny is monohybrids
b. the progeny will be dihybrids. have two traits that we are crossing.
Monohybrid is one trait
If a farmer crosses a plant homozygous for sd1 with a plant homozygous for
Xa4 which is correct?
A. The progeny will be resistant to bacterial blight and of normal height
B. The progeny will be true breeding
C. The progeny will be homozygous for both sd1 and Xa4 loci
D. The progeny will be susceptible to bacterial blight and will be

Parental plant that is resistant to bacterial blight is assumed to be tall

(homozygous)

Resistant is homozygous dominant- all plants will be resistant to bacterial

blight

In a cross between two individuals BbGG Bbgg, what ratio of phenotypes

would be expected in the offspring if the two genes show independent
assortment?

1:2:1
9:3:3:1
1:1
3:1
2:1

Bb * Bb = Bb and one BB bb
GG * gg = Gg 4/4

Bb * 4/4 Gg = 12/16 BbGg

bb * 4/4 Gg = 4/14 bbGg

12:4 = 3:1

not a dihybrid cross because each parent has one locus where they are
homozygous (GG and gg)

How many different types of gametes can be formed by the genotype

AaBbCc?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
e. 32
2^3 = 8 look at number of heterozygous genes- 2^n where N is
number of heterozygous pairs

What is the probability that two parents who are heterozygous for the
recessive trait of albinism will have two albino offspring?
a.
b.
c. 1/8
d. 1/16
e. 1/32

1/4aa * aa = 1/16

if either the first OR the second child has albinism = + = 1/2

CH4

In a plant species if the B allele (blue flowers) and the b allele (white
flowers) are incompletely dominant (Bb is light blue) what offspring
ratio is expected in a cross between a blue flowered plant and a
white flowered plant?

c. all light blue

cross is BB * bb which would yield Bb (light blue) offspring.

If a mother has type A blood and her son has type O blood, what are
the possible blood types of her sons father?

O only
A or O
B or O
A, B, or O
Any blood type
For son to be OO he must inherit a O allele from each parent. Mom
must be AO and dad needs to give a O allele so can be AO, OO, BO

In the purple penguin, a series of alleles occurs at the p locus on an

autosome. All alleles affect the color of feathers: pd = dark-purple,
pm = medium-purple, pl = light-purple and pvl = very pale purple
(almost white). The order of dominance is pd > pm > pl > pvl. If a
light-purple female, heterozygous for very pale purple, is crossed to
 a dark-purple male, heterozygous for medium purple, the ratio of
phenotypes expected among the baby penguins would be:

b. 1 dark: 1 medium

if have 2 yellow individuals and cross them. Get yellow progeny and
black progeny.
Have 30 yellow and 15 black. 30:15 is 2:! Ratio. That means
homozygous dominant is lethal.

A cross between two short tailed mice results in offspring in the

ratio of 2/3 short tailed and 1/3 long tailed. The best explanation for
this result is that

B there is a recessive lethal allele.

A a * A a = 1 AA, 2 Aa, 1 aa
Must be recessive because if it is dominant- AA and the two Aa will be
affected.
2:1 is missing lethal class.

Ratio for dominant lethal would be: 3 have it 2 Hh/ 1 HH and 1 hh

Q Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a recessive X-linked allele. A

man with this disorder _.
a. Could have inherited it from either parent
b. Must have inherited from his mother
c. Must have inherited it from both parents
d. Can pass it along to all of his children
e. Can pass it along to only his sons.

Can pass it only to daughters. Cant pass along to sons.

In a certain breed of dog, the alleles B and b determine black and brown
coats respectively. However, the allele Q of a gene on a separate
chromosome is epistatic to the B and b color alleles resulting in a gray coat.
(q has no effect on color). If animals of genotype Bb Qq are intercrossed,
what phenotypic ratio is expected in the progeny.

f. 12 gray, 3 black, 1 brown

BbQq * BbQq