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ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
1. retinal diseases
a. diabetic retinopathy
b. retinal detachment
c. age related macular degeneration
d. CRA occlusion
e. CRV occlusion
2. Glaucoma
3. Cataracts
4. Conjunctival disease
a. Conjunctivitis
b. Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage
5. Keratitis
a. Herpes simplex keratitis
6. Peri-orbital cellulitis
7. Uveitis
1. RETINAL DISEASES
1a. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
NON-PROLIFERATIVE PROLIFERATIVE
Earliest form Advanced form
Characterized by: Rapidly progresses into blindness
a. Dilation Of Veins As the damage progressessecretes
b. Microaneurysms angiogenesis factoroptic nerve getting
c. Retinal Edema covered by abnormal
d. Retinal Hemorrhages (not as vesselshemorrhages in the vitreous
dangerous as intra-vitreous because chambersight threatening.
they DONOT obstruct sight )
- PRESENTATION
a. Vision may decrease slowly or rapidly.
b. Vitreal hemorrhages may develop suddenly
c. Patient may complain of floaters in their vision.
- DIAGNOSIS
a. screening on annual basis
b. Fluorescein angiography - identifies vessels which should undergo laser
photocoagulation which selectively destroys focal areas of the retina and
diminishes the production of angiogenesis Factor which causes the
proliferative retinopathy.
- TREATMENT
a. Tight control of glucose, blood pressure(<140/90) and lipids (ldl<100, if CAD
ldl<70).
b. Proliferative retinopathy- immediate laser photocoagulation
1b. RETINAL RETACHMENT
- PATHOGENESIS:
o spontaneous and may result from trauma
o Predisposing factors: myopia and surgical extraction of cataracts.
o Traction can also occur from:
Proliferative retinopathy from diabetes
Retinal vein occlusion
Age related macular degeneration
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
o Blurry vision UNIlaterally w/o pain/redness
o Patient may complain of seeing floaters or flashes at the periphery of
vision.
o curtain coming down (retinal falls off the sclera behind it)
- DIAGNOSIS
o Ophthalmologic examination
- TREATMENT:
o Re-attach the retina by:
Leaning their head back to promote the chance that the retina will
fall back into place
Mechanical reattachment to the sclera surgically by
laser photocoadulation,
cryotherapy
injection of expansile gas into the vitreal cavity
buckle/belt can be placed around the sclera to push the sclera
forward so that it can come in contact with the retina
vitreous can be removed and the retina can be surgically attached
to sclera
1c. AGE- RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
- PATHOGENESIS
o MCC of legal blindness in older persons
o Formation of deposits of drusen (extracellular material collecting into
yellowish deposits), small granular subretinal deposits that are age
related
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DRY WET
- AKA atrophic - AKA exudative form
- Slowly progressive visual loss - Rapid distortions of vision over
in the elderly weeks to months
- DIAGNOSIS: Drusen on dilated - Abnormal growth of vessels from
eye exam the chroroidal circulation into the
- TREATMENT: zinc, V c/e, beta subretinal space
carotene leakagesubretinal fluid and a
localized exudative renal
detachment
- DIAGNOSIS: Fluorescein
angiography
- TREATMENT: VEGF inhibitors
(Ranibizumab/Bevacizumab)
1d. and 1e. CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION VS CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN
OCCLUSION
Surgery:
1. laser trabeculoplasty
2. surgical trabeculectomy
3. CATARACTS
- PATHOGENESIS
o Opacification of lens
o Slowly progressive blurry vision over months to years
o Glare from the headlights of cars is problem at night
o Color perception if reduced in general
o Ass/w cigarette smoking
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
o Mature easily visible of P.E
o Earlier stages slit-lamp
- TREATMENT
o Surgical removal with placement of intraocular lens
4. CONJUNCTIVAL DISEASES
- PATHOGENESIS
o Any infectious agent (bacterial, viral, fungal)
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
BACTERIAL VIRAL
- Unilateral - Bilateral
- Marked purulent discharge from the - Severe itching
eye - Enlarged preauricular lymphadenopat
- In the morning with crusted eyelids - Pupils are reactive and no photophobi
- Less itching
- Normally reactive pupil TREATMENT: symptomatically with topical
- Normal ocular pressure antihistamine/decongestants
- No impairement of visual acuity
5. KERATITIS
- PATHOGENESIS
o Infection/inflammation of the cornea
o Usually, due to trauma to the cornea with the inoculation of bacterial/fungal
elements
- PRESENTATION
o Severe pain in the eye
o Sensation that something is caught under the eyelid
- DIAGNOSIS
o Fluorescein staining with blue light - Characteristic dendritic pattern over the
cornea
- TREATMENT
o Oral acyclovir, famcuclovir, valacyclovir
o Topical trifluridin 1% solution
o Idoxiuridine
o NEVER USE STEROIDS- worsen the growth of virus and acts as a fertilizer
6. PERIORBITAL CELLULITIS
- PATHOGENESIS
o S. Aureus
o Streptococuus
o Invasion of dermis and subcutaneous tissue around the eye
- TREATMENT
o Antistaphylococcal penicillins (oxacillin/nafcillin)
o If allergic to penicillin
Cephalosporins (1st gen (cephazolin))
7. UVEITIS
- PATHOGENESIS
o Inflammation of the Uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
o Etiology systemic (psoriasis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, reiters, IBD)
- PRESENTATION
o Painful red eye with marked photophobia
o Pain occurs even when the light is shining in the unaffected eye (consensual
light reflex in which the affected pupil will constrict even when the light is
shined in the normal eye)
- DIAGNOSIS
o Slit lamp exam
o Keratic precipitates (inflammatory cells may accumulate on the inside of the
cornea from aqueous humor, aka accumulating snowfall.