Unix

Unix (/ju.nks/; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of

multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that
derive from the original AT&T Unix, developed start-
ing in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.[3]
Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T
licensed Unix to outside parties from the late 1970s, lead-
ing to a variety of both academic and commercial variants
of Unix from vendors such as the University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley (BSD), Microsoft (Xenix), IBM (AIX) and
Sun Microsystems (Solaris). AT&T nally sold its rights
in Unix to Novell in the early 1990s, which then sold
its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in Version 7 Unix, the Research Unix ancestor of all modern Unix
systems
1995,[4] but the UNIX trademark passed to the industry
standards consortium The Open Group, which allows the
use of the mark for certied operating systems compliant
with the Single UNIX Specication (SUS). Among these are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain
is Apple's macOS,[5] which is the Unix version with the text for storing data; a hierarchical le system; treating
largest installed base as of 2014. devices and certain types of inter-process communication
(IPC) as les; and the use of a large number of software
From the power users or programmers perspective, Unix
tools, small programs that can be strung together through
systems are characterized by a modular design that is
a command-line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to
sometimes called the "Unix philosophy", meaning that
using a single monolithic program that includes all of
the operating system provides a set of simple tools that
the same functionality. These concepts are collectively
each perform a limited, well-dened function,[6] with a
known as the "Unix philosophy". Brian Kernighan and
unied lesystem as the main means of communication[3]
Rob Pike summarize this in The Unix Programming En-
and a shell scripting and command language to combine
vironment as the idea that the power of a system comes
the tools to perform complex workows. Aside from the
more from the relationships among programs than from
modular design, Unix also distinguishes itself from its
the programs themselves.[11]
predecessors as the rst portable operating system: al-
most the entire operating system is written in the C pro- By the early 1980s users began seeing Unix as a potential
gramming language[7] that allowed Unix to reach numer- universal operating system, suitable for computers of all
ous platforms. sizes.[12][13] The Unix environment and the clientserver
program model were essential elements in the develop-
Many Unix-like operating systems have arisen over the
ment of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as
years, of which Linux is the most popular, having dis-
centered in networks rather than in individual computers.
placed SUS-certied Unix on many server platforms
since its inception in the early 1990s. Both Unix and the C programming language were devel-
oped by AT&T and distributed to government and aca-
demic institutions, which led to both being ported to a
wider variety of machine families than any other operat-
1 Overview ing system.
Under Unix, the operating system consists of many util-
Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for
ities along with the master control program, the kernel.
programmers developing software to be run on it and on The kernel provides services to start and stop programs,
other systems, rather than for non-programmer users.[8][9]
handles the le system and other common low-level
The system grew larger as the operating system started tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to
spreading in academic circles, as users added their own avoid conicts when programs try to access the same re-
tools to the system and shared them with colleagues.[10]source or device simultaneously. To mediate such access,
Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and the kernel has special rights, reected in the division be-
multi-user in a time-sharing conguration. Unix systems tween user space and kernel space.

1
2 3 STANDARDS

The microkernel concept was introduced in an eort to Salus credits Peter Neumann with the pun,[16] while
reverse the trend towards larger kernels and return to a Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, and
system in which most tasks were completed by smaller adds that no one can remember who came up with
utilities. In an era when a standard computer consisted the nal spelling Unix.[17] Dennis Ritchie also credits
of a hard disk for storage and a data terminal for input Kernighan.[15]
and output (I/O), the Unix le model worked quite well, In 1972, Unix was rewritten in the C programming lan-
as most I/O was linear. However, modern systems in- guage.[18] The migration from assembly to the higher-
clude networking and other new devices. As graphical level language C resulted in much more portable
user interfaces developed, the le model proved inade-
software,[19] requiring only a relatively small amount of
quate to the task of handling asynchronous events such as machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting
those generated by a mouse. In the 1980s, non-blocking
Unix to other computing platforms. Bell Labs produced
I/O and the set of inter-process communication mecha- several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to
nisms were augmented with Unix domain sockets, shared
as Research Unix. In 1975, the rst source license for
memory, message queues, and semaphores. In micro- UNIX was sold to faculty at the University of Illinois De-
kernel implementations, functions such as network pro- partment of Computer Science.[20] UIUC graduate stu-
tocols could be moved out of the kernel, while conven- dent Greg Chesson (who had worked on the UNIX kernel
tional (monolithic) Unix implementations have network at Bell Labs) was instrumental in negotiating the terms of
protocol stacks as part of the kernel. this license.[21]
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the inuence of
2 History Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of
Unix (BSD and System V) by commercial startups, in-
cluding Sequent, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, and Xenix. In
Main article: History of Unix the late 1980s, AT&T Unix System Laboratories and Sun
The pre-history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s Microsystems developed System V Release 4 (SVR4),
which was subsequently adopted by many commercial
Unix vendors.
In the 1990s, Unix-like systems grew in popularity as
Linux and BSD distributions were developed through col-
laboration by a worldwide network of programmers. In
2000, Apple released Darwin that became the core of the
macOS operating system.[22]
Unix operating systems are widely used in modern
servers, workstations, and mobile devices.[23]

3 Standards

Ken Thompson (sitting) and Dennis Ritchie working together at

a PDP-11

when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell

Labs, and General Electric were developing an innovative
time-sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-
645 mainframe.[14] Multics introduced many innovations,
but had many problems. Frustrated by the size and com-
plexity of Multics but not by the aims, Bell Labs slowly
pulled out of the project. Their last researchers to leave
Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, M. D. McIlroy,
and J. F. Ossanna,[15] decided to redo the work on a much
smaller scale.
The name Unics (Uniplexed Information and Comput- The Common Desktop Environment (CDE), part of the COSE ini-
ing Service, pronounced as "eunuchs"), a pun on Multics tiative
(Multiplexed Information and Computer Services), was
initially suggested for the project in 1970: the new op- Beginning in the late 1980s, an open operating system
erating system was an emasculated Multics. Peter H. standardization eort now known as POSIX provided a

common baseline for all operating systems; IEEE based
POSIX around the common structure of the major com-
peting variants of the Unix system, publishing the rst
POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a sepa-
rate but very similar eort was started by an industry
consortium, the Common Open Software Environment
(COSE) initiative, which eventually became the Single
UNIX Specication (SUS) administered by The Open
Group. Starting in 1998, the Open Group and IEEE
started the Austin Group, to provide a common denition
of POSIX and the Single UNIX Specication, which, by
2008, had become the Open Group Base Specication.
In 1999, in an eort towards compatibility, several Unix
system vendors agreed on SVR4s Executable and Link-
able Format (ELF) as the standard for binary and object
code les. The common format allows substantial binary
compatibility among Unix systems operating on the same
CPU architecture.
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard was created to pro-
vide a reference directory layout for Unix-like operating
systems, and has mainly been used in Linux.
4 Components
See also: List of Unix commands
The Unix system is composed of several components
that were originally packaged together. By including the
development environment, libraries, documents and the
portable, modiable source code for all of these compo-
nents, in addition to the kernel of an operating system,
Unix was a self-contained software system. This was one
of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching
and learning tool and has had such a broad inuence.
The inclusion of these components did not make the sys-
tem large the original V7 UNIX distribution, consist-
ing of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of
the source code and documentation occupied less than 10
MB and arrived on a single nine-track magnetic tape. The
printed documentation, typeset from the on-line sources,
was contained in two volumes.
The names and lesystem locations of the Unix compo-
nents have changed substantially across the history of the
system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is consid-
ered by many to have the canonical early structure:
Kernel source code in /usr/sys, composed of sev-
eral sub-components:
conf conguration and machine-dependent
parts, including boot code
dev device drivers for control of hardware
(and some pseudo-hardware)
sys operating system kernel, handling
3
memory management, process scheduling,
system calls, etc.
h header les, dening key structures within
the system and important system-specic in-
variables
Development environment early versions of Unix
contained a development environment sucient to
recreate the entire system from source code:
cc C language compiler (rst appeared in V3
Unix)
as machine-language assembler for the ma-
chine
ld linker, for combining object les
lib object-code libraries (installed in /lib or
/usr/lib). libc, the system library with C run-
time support, was the primary library, but
there have always been additional libraries for
such things as mathematical functions (libm)
or database access. V7 Unix introduced the
rst version of the modern Standard I/O li-
brary stdio as part of the system library. Later
implementations increased the number of li-
braries signicantly.
make build manager (introduced in
PWB/UNIX), for eectively automating the
build process
include header les for software develop-
ment, dening standard interfaces and system
invariants
Other languages V7 Unix contained
a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable
arbitrary-precision calculator (bc, dc), and
the awk scripting language; later versions
and implementations contain many other
language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD
releases included Pascal tools, and many
modern Unix systems also include the GNU
Compiler Collection as well as or instead of a
proprietary compiler system.
Other tools including an object-code archive
manager (ar), symbol-table lister (nm),
compiler-development tools (e.g. lex & yacc),
and debugging tools.
Commands Unix makes little distinction between
commands (user-level programs) for system opera-
tion and maintenance (e.g. cron), commands of gen-
eral utility (e.g. grep), and more general-purpose ap-
plications such as the text formatting and typesetting
package. Nonetheless, some major categories are:
sh the shell programmable command-line
interpreter, the primary user interface on Unix
before window systems appeared, and even af-
terward (within a command window).
4 5 IMPACT

Utilities the core toolkit of the Unix com-

mand set, including cp, ls, grep, nd and many
others. Subcategories include:
System utilities administrative tools such
as mkfs, fsck, and many others.
User utilities environment management
tools such as passwd, kill, and others.
Document formatting Unix systems were
used from the outset for document preparation
and typesetting systems, and included many
related programs such as nro, tro, tbl, eqn,
refer, and pic. Some modern Unix systems also Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, principal developers of
include packages such as TeX and Ghostscript. Research Unix
Graphics the plot subsystem provided fa-
cilities for producing simple vector plots in
a device-independent format, with device-
specic interpreters to display such les. Mod-
ern Unix systems also generally include X11
as a standard windowing system and GUI, and
many support OpenGL.
Communications early Unix systems con-
tained no inter-system communication, but
did include the inter-user communication pro-
grams mail and write. V7 introduced the early
inter-system communication system UUCP,
and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1c
included TCP/IP utilities. Photo from USENIX 1984, including Dennis Ritchie (center)

Documentation Unix was the rst operating sys-

tem to include all of its documentation online in
machine-readable form. The documentation in-
cluded:

man manual pages for each command, li-

brary component, system call, header le, etc.
doc longer documents detailing major sub-
systems, such as the C language and tro

5 Impact
See also: Unix-like
The Unix system had signicant impact on other op- Plan 9 from Bell Labs extends Unix design principles, and was
erating systems. It achieved its reputation by its interac- developed as a successor to Unix
tivity, by providing the software at a nominal fee for ed-
ucational use, by running on inexpensive hardware, and
by being easy to adapt and move to dierent machines. contained machine services and devices (such as printers,
Unix was originally written in assembly language (which terminals, or disk drives), providing a uniform interface,
had been thought necessary for system implementations but at the expense of occasionally requiring additional
on early computers), but was soon rewritten in C, a high-
mechanisms such as ioctl and mode ags to access fea-
level programming language.[24] Although this followed tures of the hardware that did not t the simple stream
the lead of Multics and Burroughs, it was Unix that pop-of bytes model. The Plan 9 operating system pushed this
ularized the idea. model even further and eliminated the need for additional
Unix had a drastically simplied le model compared to mechanisms.
many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds Unix also popularized the hierarchical le system with
of les as simple byte arrays. The le system hierarchy arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by
5.1 Free Unix and Unix-like variants 5

Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had The TCP/IP networking protocols were quickly imple-
ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories mented on the Unix versions widely used on relatively in-
or sections, but they had a xed number of levels, often expensive computers, which contributed to the Internet
only one level. Several major proprietary operating sys- explosion of worldwide real-time connectivity, and which
tems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities formed the basis for implementations on many other plat-
also patterned after Multics. DECs RSX-11Ms group, forms.
user hierarchy evolved into VMS directories, CP/M's The Unix policy of extensive on-line documentation and
volumes evolved into MS-DOS 2.0+ subdirectories, and (for many years) ready access to all system source code
HPs MPE group.account hierarchy and IBMs SSP and
raised programmer expectations, and contributed to the
OS/400 library systems were folded into broader POSIX 1983 launch of the free software movement.
le systems.
Making the command interpreter an ordinary user-level
program, with additional commands provided as sepa- 5.1 Free Unix and Unix-like variants
rate programs, was another Multics innovation popular-
ized by Unix. The Unix shell used the same language
See also: Operating system Unix and Unix-like
for interactive commands as for scripting (shell scripts
operating systems
there was no separate job control language like IBMs
JCL). Since the shell and OS commands were just an-
other program, the user could choose (or even write)
his own shell. New commands could be added without
changing the shell itself. Unixs innovative command-
line syntax for creating modular chains of producer-
consumer processes (pipelines) made a powerful pro-
gramming paradigm (coroutines) widely available. Many
later command-line interpreters have been inspired by the
Unix shell. screenshots of Debian (top, a popular Linux distribution)
and FreeBSD (bottom, a popular Unix-like operating
A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its
system)
focus on newline-delimited text for nearly all le formats.
There were no binary editors in the original version
of Unix the entire system was congured using tex- In 1983, Richard Stallman announced the GNU (short for
tual shell command scripts. The common denominator GNUs Not Unix) project, an ambitious eort to create
in the I/O system was the byte unlike record-based a free software Unix-like system; free in the sense that
le systems. The focus on text for representing nearly everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study,
everything made Unix pipes especially useful, and en- modify, and redistribute it. The GNU projects own ker-
couraged the development of simple, general tools that nel development project, GNU Hurd, had not produced a
could be easily combined to perform more complicated working kernel, but in 1991 Linus Torvalds released the
ad hoc tasks. The focus on text and bytes made the system Linux kernel as free software under the GNU General
far more scalable and portable than other systems. Over Public License. In addition to their use in the Linux op-
time, text-based applications have also proven popular in erating system, many GNU packages such as the GNU
application areas, such as printing languages (PostScript, Compiler Collection (and the rest of the GNU toolchain),
ODF), and at the application layer of the Internet proto- the GNU C library and the GNU core utilities have gone
cols, e.g., FTP, SMTP, HTTP, SOAP, and SIP. on to play central roles in other free Unix systems as well.
Unix popularized a syntax for regular expressions that Linux distributions, consisting of the Linux kernel and
found widespread use. The Unix programming interface large collections of compatible software have become
became the basis for a widely implemented operating sys- popular both with individual users and in business. Pop-
tem interface standard (POSIX, see above). The C pro- ular distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
gramming language soon spread beyond Unix, and is now Fedora, SUSE Linux Enterprise, openSUSE, Debian
ubiquitous in systems and applications programming. GNU/Linux, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Mandriva Linux,
Slackware Linux, and Gentoo.
Early Unix developers were important in bringing the
concepts of modularity and reusability into software engi- A free derivative of BSD Unix, 386BSD, was released
neering practice, spawning a software tools movement. in 1992 and led to the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects.
Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the
that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for de- University of California and Berkeley Software Design
veloping software, norms which became as important and Inc. (USL v. BSDi) by UNIX Systems Laboratories, it
inuential as the technology of Unix itself; this has been was claried that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD
termed the Unix philosophy. Unix for free, if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has
been developed in several dierent product branches, in-
6 6 BRANDING

cluding OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD. les on program exit, and the decision to be desirable
Linux and BSD are increasingly lling the market needs to minimize the amount of code added to the basic Unix
traditionally served by proprietary Unix operating sys- kernel.
tems, as well as expanding into new markets such as the
consumer desktop and mobile and embedded devices.
Because of the modular design of the Unix model, shar- 6 Branding
ing components is relatively common; consequently, most
or all Unix and Unix-like systems include at least some See also: List of Unix systems
BSD code, and some systems also include GNU utilities In October 1993, Novell, the company that owned the
in their distributions.
In a 1999 interview, Dennis Ritchie voiced his opinion
that Linux and BSD operating systems are a continuation
of the basis of the Unix design, and are derivatives of
Unix:[25]

I think the Linux phenomenon is quite de-

lightful, because it draws so strongly on the ba-
sis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be the
among the healthiest of the direct Unix deriva-
tives, though there are also the various BSD Promotional license plate by Digital Equipment Corporation
systems as well as the more ocial oerings
from the workstation and mainframe manufac-
turers.

In the same interview, he states that he views both Unix

and Linux as the continuation of ideas that were started
by Ken and me and many others, many years ago.[25]
OpenSolaris was the open-source counterpart to Solaris
developed by Sun Microsystems, which included a
CDDL-licensed kernel and a primarily GNU userland.
However, Oracle discontinued the project upon their ac-
quisition of Sun, which prompted a group of former Sun
employees and members of the OpenSolaris community
to fork OpenSolaris into the illumos kernel. As of 2014,
illumos remains the only active open-source System V
derivative.
HP9000 workstation running HP-UX, a certied Unix operating
system
5.2 ARPANET
rights to the Unix System V source at the time, trans-
ferred the trademarks of Unix to the X/Open Company
In May 1975, RFC 681 described the development of
Network Unix by the Center for Advanced Computation (now The Open Group),[26] and in 1995 sold the related
business operations to Santa Cruz Operation (SCO).[27]
at the University of Illinois. The system was said to
present several interesting capabilities as an ARPANET Whether Novell also sold the copyrights to the actual soft-
mini-host. At the time Unix required a license from ware was the subject of a 2006 federal lawsuit, SCO v.
Bell Laboratories that at $20,000(US) was very expen- Novell, which Novell won. The case was appealed, but
sive for non-university users, while an educational license on August 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals
cost just $150. It was noted that Bell was open to sug- for the Tenth Circuit armed the trial decisions, closing
gestions for an ARPANET-wide license. the case.[28] Unix vendor SCO Group Inc. accused Novell
of slander of title.
Specic features found benecial were the local pro-
cessing facilities, compilers, editors, a document prepa- The present owner of the trademark UNIX is The Open
ration system, ecient le system and access control, Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems
mountable and unmountable volumes, unied treatment fully compliant with and certied to the Single UNIX
of peripherals as special les, integration of the network Specication qualify as UNIX (others are called Unix
control program (NCP) within the Unix le system, treat- system-like or "Unix-like").
ment of network connections as special les that can be By decree of The Open Group, the term UNIX refers
accessed through standard Unix I/O calls, closing of all more to a class of operating systems than to a specic im-

plementation of an operating system; those operating sys-
tems which meet The Open Groups Single UNIX Spec-
ication should be able to bear the UNIX 98 or UNIX
03 trademarks today, after the operating systems ven-
dor pays a substantial certication fee and annual trade-
mark royalties to The Open Group.[29] Systems licensed
to use the UNIX trademark include AIX,[30] HP-UX,[31]
Inspur K-UX,[32] IRIX,[33] Solaris,[34] Tru64 UNIX (for-
merly Digital UNIX, or OSF/1),[35] macOS,[36] and a
part of z/OS.[37] Notably, Inspur K-UX is a Linux distri-
bution certied as UNIX 03 compliant.[38][39]
Sometimes a representation like Un*x, *NIX, or *N?X
is used to indicate all operating systems similar to Unix.
This comes from the use of the asterisk (*) and the ques-
tion mark characters as wildcard indicators in many util-
ities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix-
like systems that have not met the requirements for UNIX
branding from the Open Group.
The Open Group requests that UNIX is always used as
an adjective followed by a generic term such as system to
help avoid the creation of a genericized trademark.
Unix was the original formatting, but the usage of UNIX
remains widespread because it was once typeset in small
caps (Unix). according to Dennis Ritchie, when present-
ing the original Unix paper to the third Operating Sys-
tems Symposium of the American Association for Com-
puting Machinery (ACM), we had a new typesetter and
tro had just been invented and we were intoxicated by
being able to produce small caps.[40] Many of the oper-
ating systems predecessors and contemporaries used all-
uppercase lettering, so many people wrote the name in
upper case due to force of habit. It is not an acronym.[41]
Several plural forms of Unix are used casually to refer
to multiple brands of Unix and Unix-like systems. Most
common is the conventional Unixes, but Unices, treat-
ing Unix as a Latin noun of the third declension, is also
popular. The pseudo-Anglo-Saxon plural form Unixen
is not common, although occasionally seen. Trademark
names can be registered by dierent entities in dierent
countries and trademark laws in some countries allow the
same trademark name to be controlled by two dierent
entities if each entity uses the trademark in easily dis-
tinguishable categories. The result is that Unix has been
used as a brand name for various products including book
shelves, ink pens, bottled glue, diapers, hair driers and
food containers.[42]
7 See also
Comparison of operating systems and open-source
and closed-source software
List of operating systems, Unix systems, and Unix
utilities
Market share of operating systems
7
Operating systems timeline
Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Unix time
Year 2038 problem
8 References
[1] McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: anno-
tated excerpts from the Programmers Manual, 19711986
(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
[2] Ritchie, D. M.; Thompson, K. (1974). The UNIX Time-
Sharing System (PDF). CACM. 17 (7): 365375.
[3] Ritchie, D.M.; Thompson, K. (July 1978). The UNIX
Time-Sharing System. Bell System Tech. J. USA: Amer-
ican Tel. & Tel. 57 (6): 19051929. doi:10.1002/j.1538-
7305.1978.tb02136.x. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
[4] Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The
Santa Cruz Operation | Micro Focus. www.novell.com.
Retrieved 2015-12-20.
[5] Apple Inc. - UNIX 03 Register of Certied Products, The
Open Group
[6] Raymond, Eric (2003-09-19). The Art of Unix Program-
ming. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-13-142901-9. Retrieved
2009-02-09.
[7] Ritchie, Dennis M. (January 1993). The Development of
the C Language (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2015.
[8] The Elements of Operating-System Style.
[9] Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Cata-
log. 1984. UNIX was created by software developers for
software developers, to give themselves an environment
they could completely manipulate.
[10] Powers, Shelley; Peek, Jerry; O'Reilly, Tim; Loukides,
Mike (2002). Unix Power Tools. ISBN 0-596-00330-7.
[11] Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob. The UNIX Programming
Environment. 1984. viii
[12] Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). The Unix Tutorial / Part
3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace. BYTE. p.
132. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
[13] Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Cat-
alog. 1984. The best thing about UNIX is its portabil-
ity. UNIX ports across a full range of hardwarefrom the
single-user $5000 IBM PC to the $5 million Cray. For the
rst time, the point of stability becomes the software envi-
ronment, not the hardware architecture; UNIX transcends
changes in hardware technology, so programs written for
the UNIX environment can move into the next generation
of hardware.
[14] Stuart, Brian L. (2009). Principles of operating systems:
design & applications. Boston, Massachusetts: Thompson
Learning. p. 23. ISBN 1-4188-3769-5.
8 9 FURTHER READING
[15] Ritchie, Dennis M. The Evolution of the Unix Time-
sharing System (PDF). Retrieved 2017-01-09.
[16] Salus, Peter H. (1994). A Quarter Century of UNIX. Ad-
dison Wesley. p. 9. ISBN 0-201-54777-5.
[17] Dolya, Aleksey (29 July 2003). Interview with Brian
Kernighan. Linux Journal.
[18] Stallings, William. Operating Systems: Internals and
Design Principles 5th ed, page 91. Pearson Education,
Inc. 2005.
[19] The History of Unix. BYTE. August 1983. p. 188. Re-
trieved 31 January 2015.
[20] Thompson, Ken (16 Sep 2014). personal communica-
tion, Ken Thompson to Donald W. Gillies. UBC ECE
Website.
[21] Chesson, Greg (12 Nov 2014). Personal Communica-
tion, Greg Chesson to Donald W. Gillies. UBC ECE Web-
site.
[22] Loading. Developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
[23] Unixs Revenge. asymco. 29 September 2010. Re-
trieved 2010-11-09.
[24] Ritchie, Dennis (1979). The Evolution of the Unix
Time-sharing System. Bell Labs. Retrieved 2016-04-
30. Perhaps the most important watershed occurred dur-
ing 1973, when the operating system kernel was rewritten
in C.
[25] Benet, Manuel (1999). Interview With Dennis M.
Ritchie. LinuxFocus.org.
[26] Chuck Karish View prole More options. The name
UNIX is now the property of X/Open comp.std.unix |
Google Groups. Groups.google.com. Retrieved 2010-
11-09.
[27] HP, Novell and SCO To Deliver High-Volume UNIX OS
With Advanced Network And Enterprise Services. Nov-
ell.com. 20 September 1995. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
[28] Jones, Pamela. SCO Files Docketing Statement and We
Find Out What Its Appeal Will Be About. Groklaw.
Groklaw.net. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
[29] The Open Group. The Open Brand Fee Schedule. Re-
trieved 26 December 2011. The right to use the UNIX
Trademark requires the Licensee to pay to The Open
Group an additional annual fee, calculated in accordance
with the fee table set out below.
[30] The Open Group. AIX 6 Operating System V6.1.2 with
SP1 or later certication.
[31] The Open Group. HP-UX 11i V3 Release B.11.31 or
later certication.
[32] The Open Group. Inspur K-UX 2.0 certication.
[33] The Open Group. IRIX 6.5.28 with patches (4605 and
7029) certication.
[34] The Open Group. Oracle Solaris 11 FCS and later certi-
cation.
[35] Bonnie Talerico. Hewlett-Packard Company Confor-
mance Statement. The Open Group. Retrieved 2015-
12-08.
[36] macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac comput-
ers. The Open Group.
[37] Vivian W. Morabito. IBM Corporation Conformance
Statement. The Open Group. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
[38] Xie Ruohong. Inspur Conformance Statement. The
Open Group. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
[39] Xie Ruohong. Inspur Conformance Statement: Com-
mands and Utilities V4. The Open Group. Retrieved
2015-12-08.
[40] Unix. Catb.org. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
[41] Troy, Douglas (1990). UNIX Systems. Computing Fun-
damentals. Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company. p.
4. ISBN 0-201-19827-4.
[42] Autres Unix, autres moeurs (OtherUnix)". Cm.bell-
labs.com. 1 April 2000. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
9 Further reading
General
Ritchie, D.M.; Thompson, K. (JulyAugust 1978).
The UNIX Time-Sharing System. Bell System
Technical Journal. 57 (6). Archived from the origi-
nal on November 3, 2010.
UNIX History. www.levenez.com. Retrieved 17
March 2005.
AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64.
UNIXguide.net. Retrieved 17 March 2005.
Linux Weekly News, February 21, 2002. lwn.net.
Retrieved 7 April 2006.
Lions, John: Lions Commentary on the Sixth
Edition UNIX Operating System. with Source
Code, Peer-to-Peer Communications, 1996; ISBN
1-57398-013-7
Books
Salus, Peter H.: A Quarter Century of UNIX, Addi-
son Wesley, 1 June 1994; ISBN 0-201-54777-5
Television
Computer Chronicles (1985). "UNIX".
Computer Chronicles (1989). "Unix".
 9

10 External links
The UNIX System, at The Open Group.

The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System at

the Wayback Machine (archived 8 April 2015)

The Creation of the UNIX Operating System at the

Wayback Machine (archived 2 April 2014)
The Unix Tree: les from historic releases

Unix at DMOZ
The Unix 1st Edition Manuals.

1982 lm about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken

Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred Aho, and more

A History of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolu-

tion: 1975-1984

BYTE Magazine, September 1986: UNIX and the

MC68000 a software perspective on the MC68000
CPU architecture and UNIX compatibility
10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
Unix Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix?oldid=764386840 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Kpjas, Lee Daniel Crocker, Tuxisuau,
Brion VIBBER, Mav, Zundark, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, Ap, Sjc, Amillar, Andre Engels, Graham Chapman, JeLuF, Christian List,
Aldie, Fubar Obfusco, LukeyBoy, Peterlin~enwiki, Shii, Ant, Maury Markowitz, Panairjdde~enwiki, Heron, Dwheeler, XTaran~enwiki,
Jim McKeeth, Spi~enwiki, Frecklefoot, Edward, RTC, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Kwertii, Alexr, Dante Alighieri, Nix-
dorf, Liftarn, Wapcaplet, Zeno Gantner, Gbleem, Iluvcapra, AquaRichy, 7265, CesarB, Ahoerstemeier, Cyp, Stan Shebs, Nanshu, Ty-
phoon, CatherineMunro, Plop, Angela, Kingturtle, DropDeadGorgias, Djmutex, Nikai, Evercat, Smay, Rl, Mxn, Darkonc, Darksyde,
Hashar, Mulad, Dave Bell, Jdstroy, Ike9898, Magnus.de, Paul Stansifer, Dysprosia, Jay, Greenrd, Zoicon5, Joshk, Maximus Rex, Tschild,
Furrykef, Grendelkhan, Jnc, Wellington, SEWilco, Omegatron, Wernher, Bevo, Xevi~enwiki, Shizhao, Joy, Khym Chanur, AnonMoos,
Flockmeal, Jim Mahoney, MrWeeble, Francs2000, Quist, Phil Boswell, Robbot, Hankwang, Iam, Owain, PBS, Scott McNay, Alrasheedan,
RedWolf, Nyh, Altenmann, Nurg, Treutwein, P0lyglut, Merovingian, Yosri, Blainster, Bkell, Hadal, JesseW, Wereon, Per Abrahamsen,
Tea2min, Jrash, David Gerard, Ancheta Wis, Somercet, Alerante, Kbahey, Gtrmp, Jhf, Arved, Juliand, Elf, Hylaride, Massysett, Luis
Dantas, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Lethe, Tom harrison, Lupin, Fleminra, Lussmu~enwiki, Qaramazov, Mcapdevila, Curps, Wikibob,
Jewarnica, Ssd, Sdsher, Guanaco, Masken, Jorge Stol, Mboverload, AlistairMcMillan, Macrakis, Bobblewik, Wiki Wikardo, Wma-
han, Chowbok, Bact, Mendel, Jonel, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, Joeblakesley, WhiteDragon, Wehe, DNewhall, Bumm13, Burgundavia,
Brian Mitchell, Karl-Henner, Sam Hocevar, Troels Arvin, Eiserlohpp, Pm215, Oknazevad, Mschlindwein, Zondor, Kate, Gazpacho, Mil-
lisits, Edave10, Mernen, Apalsola, Imroy, SkArcher, Discospinster, Leibniz, ArnoldReinhold, Smyth, YUL89YYZ, Redneon, HutchisonB,
Gronky, Lachatdelarue, Bender235, Kjoonlee, Niels Leenheer, Evice, RJHall, Ylee, *drew, Lankiveil, Mwanner, Richard W.M. Jones,
Spearhead, Linkoman, EurekaLott, Nickj, Bobo192, Longhair, Smalljim, John Vandenberg, Cmdrjameson, Reuben, Giraedata, Mark
Musante, SpeedyGonsales, Cavrdg, Sam Korn, Haham hanuka, Jonathunder, Tullius, EliasTorres, Schissel, Michael Dring, Gurre~enwiki,
Alansohn, Csabo, Guy Harris, Conan, Atlant, Andrewpmk, Jonathanriley, Swift, Dental, Snowolf, Gbeeker, Wtshymanski, Rick Sidwell,
Paul1337, Kdau, Stephan Leeds, Tony Sidaway, Ceyockey, Kay Dekker, Mahanga, Roland2~enwiki, Kelly Martin, Jannex, Lost.goblin,
Rocastelo, Ae-a, Uncle G, MattGiuca, Ruud Koot, WadeSimMiser, Apokrif, Cbdorsett, Jkid~enwiki, Damicatz, Pgilman, Eyreland, SDC,
Male1979, Zzxc, Bradd, Marudubshinki, Graham87, BD2412, Qwertyus, Chun-hian, Haikupoet, JIP, Reisio, Pittising, Ej, Wpuser0,
George Burgess, Wahkeenah, Colin Hill, Nneonneo, Mbutts, N-Man, Lairor, MarnetteD, Drrotmos~enwiki, JanSuchy, The Deviant, Sys-
temBuilder, SchuminWeb, Unixan, GnuDoyng, Jsheehy, Ewlyahoocom, Ryan Gardner, Bmicomp, Ahunt, BMF81, Chobot, DVdm, Feld-
Bum, Peterl, Gwernol, Banaticus, YurikBot, Eraserhead1, Hairy Dude, Geljamin, Dleonard, Epolk, Groogle, Chaser, Hydrargyrum, Gaius
Cornelius, Brec, Geertivp, NawlinWiki, Msikma, Sisir Koppaka, Daniel Simanek, Dogcow, Jpbowen, Jhessela, Moe Epsilon, Zwobot, Xom-
panthy, PS2pcGAMER, Wknight94, Georgewilliamherbert, Paul Magnussen, Zzuuzz, Lt-wiki-bot, Ninly, Icedog, , Zerodamage,
Brian Tvedt, Reyk, Lynbarn, GraemeL, Femmina, Janizary, Camje lemon, Rwwww, Tyomitch, Liujiang, That Guy, From That Show!,
Yuuki Mayuki, Johnmarkh, Ananthshrinivas, Ozzmosis, SmackBot, FocalPoint, Pippijn, MattieTK, Asinghal, Impaciente, Slashme, Knowl-
edgeOfSelf, KocjoBot~enwiki, Alex mayorga, Anastrophe, Delldot, Natebarney, Agarvin, Monz, Agentbla, Frymaster, Kievite, Btwied,
Aceofspades1217, Oscarthecat, Skizzik, Evilandi, Psiphiorg, Master Jay, Keegan, Rolfecat, DStoykov, ElTchanggo, Stevotower, Thumper-
ward, Snori, Jerome Charles Potts, Chisophugis, Lexlex, Letdorf, Nbarth, DHN-bot~enwiki, MercZ, Krallja, Scwlong, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, Drkirkby, Frap, Chlewbot, WikEditor, Rrburke, Squigish, SundarBot, Jaimie Henry, Khukri, MisterCharlie, Fewiii, Dren,
Warren, DylanW, DenisRS, Lus Felipe Braga, Jklin, Cpugeniusmv, Acdx, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Kukini, SashatoBot, Harryboyles, At-
tys, Bizzako, Brujo~enwiki, Gobonobo, Vrza, Minna Sora no Shita, Joelo, Xofc, SPho3nix, Scetoaux, Hulmem, Loadmaster, Ems2,
SQGibbon, Robert Bond, Brainix, Aarktica, Ryulong, Prunk, MTSbot~enwiki, Infologue, Wwagner, Sonic3KMaster, Iridescent, Peter M
Dodge, CzarB, JoeBot, JDubman, Twas Now, GDallimore, Daniel5127, Chetvorno, IJK Principle, Sakurambo, Ahy1, Unixguy, Raysonho,
Mineral, Makeemlighter, Xose.vazquez, Kylu, Michael B. Trausch, Hga, Arruah, ChristTrekker, A876, UncleBubba, Gogo Dodo, Travel-
bird, Dr unix, Starship Trooper, Blackjack48, GeneralDuke, Ultimus, SkonesMickLoud, Headbomb, Marek69, NorwegianBlue, Electron9,
Zzthex, Stualden, Ideogram, EdJohnston, Greg L, Druiloor, Genegorp, AntiVandalBot, Widefox, Guy Macon, Cbrucker, Xeroxxx, Pro-
log, Robzz, Jj137, Maksud, Isilanes, Postlewaight, Semifreddo, LegitimateAndEvenCompelling, Z-vap, Bigjimr, NapoliRoma, MER-C,
Geobio, Nickvikeras, Sethpen, Reverendnathan, Xeno, GoodDamon, .anacondabot, SteveSims, DRHagen, Andreas Toth, Akuyume, Phar-
illon, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Crimperman, Avjoska, JamesBWatson, SHCarter, Praveenp, Tedickey, Schily, DAGwyn, Martinkb, Foxb,
Wwmbes, Allstarecho, Sue Gardner, Gludwiczak, Calltech, Paliku, NMaia, Gwern, MartinBot, Aaron.baker, Rettetast, Unix jaick, R'n'B,
V.petcu, Tgeairn, Bogey97, Nbauman, Theo Mark, Mcg3o, Bluebiru, Cpiral, Davidm617617, Dlgauthier, SpigotMap, Sup889, WinkJu-
nior, Girl2k, Utanapishti, Raise exception, NewEnglandYankee, Marktuson, 83d40m, Gwen Gale, Seemywiki, Sakthivinayagam, Fultus,
VolkovBot, Numberp, Philip Trueman, Chomsky1, PGSONIC, TXiKiBoT, Dolcecars~enwiki, Dojarca, Blaclef, Couilles007, Technopat,
Hqb, Ryan shell, Anonymous Zebra, Macslacker, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseric, Mauror, Robbier, Liberal Classic, Zoef1234,
Synthebot, True ozzy, !dea4u, Insanity Incarnate, Laval, FlyingLeopard2014, EmxBot, Mdmi, Kbrose, SieBot, Mora.klein, YonaBot,
Ufykgj, YourEyesOnly, Caltas, Icktoofay, Jerryobject, Leeman056, Toddst1, Flyer22 Reborn, Zutme, Dalvizu, Oxymoron83, CodeTalker,
PointDread~enwiki, Oniscoid, DixonD, Kalidasa 777, H1nkles, Brian Geppert, COLDshiver, ImageRemovalBot, John Doe42, Martarius,
ClueBot, Apacheguru, Ignorance is strength, 4Minesweeper, DrParkash, LizardJr8, Trivialist, Jfblanc, Carsoman, DragonBot, Rbakels,
Jusdafax, Georgeyardley, Lartoven, Tyler, Dralconz, Jotterbot, Yes-minister, BOTarate, La Pianista, Gnowxilef, Andy16666, Horselover
Frost, MelonBot, Azrael Nightwalker, SF007, DumZiBoT, Darkicebot, XLinkBot, Ptfbending, Bradv, WikHead, Airplaneman, Dsimic,
FatBear1, IsmaelLuceno, Addbot, Man with one red shoe, Mckinley99, Ghettoblaster, DougsTech, Tanhabot, Ronhjones, Scientus, Fluer-
nutter, MrOllie, Glane23, Pclunixos, Jake7401, AgadaUrbanit, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Secundus Zephyrus, Gail, Zorrobot, Jar-
ble, Felisone, Luckas-bot, Yobot, JackPotte, Fraggle81, Galio, Nallimbot, KamikazeBot, Retro00064, 4th-otaku, AnomieBOT, Jim1138,
Galoubet, CraigBox, Flewis, Materialscientist, CasperBraske, HughesJohn, Citation bot, GB fan, Xqbot, Timir2, Wikante, CoolingGib-
bon, Christopher Forster, Locos epraix, Khaderv, RibotBOT, Bugefun, =Josh.Harris, Shadowjams, DenisKrivosheev, Tobby72, Mark
Renier, Alan D~enwiki, Enonx1, Pshent, Redrose64, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Trijnstel, LittleWink, 10metreh, Skyerise, Red-
Bot, Jbp66~enwiki, Cullen12, Unixandthings, Serols, SpaceFlight89, Jandalhandler, Full-date unlinking bot, Redbeanpaste, Jauhienij,
Dr.Szlchedzki, Mmeerman~enwiki, Jake3373, ItsZippy, Lotje, Minikola, Zvn, MFNPeas, Morgensindelar6.9, Seahorseruler, Dash am-
bikesh, Jesse V., Mattrod666, RjwilmsiBot, Siwanoy, *nix, Charanreddyk, PsychicShades, EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96,
Nima1024, WikitanvirBot, Kercker, Vindigenous, Hoeky9, Dcirovic, Reborg, IBoy2G, Kkm010, Shuipzv3, GoldRenet, Aeonx, H3llBot,
Ernstkm, Caspertheghost, Demonkoryu, Eltony uy, W163, L Kensington, Donner60, Truewww, Ego White Tray, ChuispastonBot, Unixis-
better, Lunarkat211, Voomoo, Sonicyouth86, Faramir1138, Mikhail Ryazanov, ClueBot NG, PatchesTheCaveman, Matthiaspaul, Eneko-
Gotzon, TheOpenFreeFan, Miroumilou, Ghostly reader, Widr, Hlm Z., Helpful Pixie Bot, Karabulutis252, Lowercase sigmabot, Jagoly,
Mazandar, Ajraju7, Wiki13, Lifeformnoho, Nsda, Mm32pc, PartTimeGnome, Eman2129, Rvfh, Mocahante, Hippopotamus777, Venera
11.2 Images 11

Seyranyan, WiseSAM23, ANI MARTIROSYAN, Peterbartoli, BattyBot, Tkbx, Abhilash Mhaisne, Sachin31131, Kushalbiswas777, Co-
dename Lisa, Richardmstallman, RazvanLNX, UNOwenNYC, Lolo Lympian, PinkAmpersand, 12boshod, AutomaticClown, The French
Rat, Myconix, Dannyniu, Babitaarora, Comp.arch, Huihermit, Ginsuloft, JGG13, Rotaryphone111, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Harry.as43,
Tonga2010, OMPIRE, Unician, Jay patar, NetworkOP, Eric0928, KasparBot, JJMC89, BBQ, Edx, CAPTAIN RAJU, Studentaccountant-
ghost4, Slovebz, Adkuijpers, Spolglans, Ugultopu, RobbieIanMorrison, GreenC bot, Ellyawidarto, 99arobe, DrStrauss and Anonymous:
862

11.2 Images
File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png License:
LGPL Contributors: http://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/wiki/LinuxBuild/ Original artist: ?
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nal artist: ?
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License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Huihermit
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Huihermit
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wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Ken Thompson (sitting) and Dennis Ritchie at PDP-11 Original artist: Peter Hamer
File:Ken_n_dennis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Ken_n_dennis.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.catb.org/~{}esr/jargon/html/U/Unix.html Original artist: Unknown<a href='https:
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BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: KHanger
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BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Levenez Unix History Diagram, Information on the history of IBMs AIX on ibm.com Original artist: Eraserhead1,
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