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1. Pour from each jar exactly one tenth of what it initially contains into
each of the other nine jars. At the end of these ten operations, each jar
will contain one tenth of what is inside each jar initially. Since the total
amount of milk remains unchanged, each jar will contain one tenth of
the total amount of milk.
2. Assign spatial coordinates to the unit cubes, each dimension ranging
from 1 to 10. If all cubes are in the same colour orientation, there is
nothing to prove. Hence we may assume that (i, j, k) and (i + 1, j, k)
do not. Since they share a left-right face, let the common colour be
red. We may assign blue to the front-back faces of (i, j, k). Then its
top-bottom faces are white, the front-back faces of (i+1, j, k) are white
and the top-bottom faces of (i + 1, j, k) is blue.
Now (i, j + 1, k) share a white face with (i, j, k) while (i + 1, j + 1, k)
share a blue face with (i + 1, j, k). Since (i, j + 1, k) and (i + 1, j + 1, k)
share a left-right face, the only available colour is red. It follows that
the 1210 block with (i, 1, k) and (i+1, 1, k) at one end and (i, 10, k)
and (i + 1, 10, k) at the other end has 1 10 faces left and right which
are all red.
Similarly, if we carry out the expansion vertically, we obtain a 21010
black with 10 10 faces left and right which are all red. Finally, if we
carry out the expansion sideways, we will have the left and right faces
of the large cube all red.
3. Suppose a = b. Then a + a2 = a(a + 1) is a power of 2, so that each of a
and a + 1 is a power of 2. This is only possible if a = 1. Suppose a 6= b.
By symmetry, we may assume that a > b, so that a2 + b > a + b2 . Since
their product is a power of 2, each is a power of 2.
Let a2 + b = 2r and a + b2 = 2s with r > s. Then 2s (2rs 1) =
2r 2s = a2 + b a b2 = (a b)(a + b 1).
Now ab and a+b1 have opposite parity. Hence one of them is equal
to 2s and the other to 2rs 1. If a b = 2s = a + b2 , then -b = b2 .
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