Define force?

Force is defined as an agency which changes or tends to change the position of rest or of
uniform motion of a body. Force is vector quantity. So here we need to specify the magnitude
as well as the direction of force.

Define the terms statics and dynamics?

Statics:It is the branch of science which deals with bodies which are in rest
Dynamics: It is the branch of science which deals with bodies which are in motion.

Define the terms kinetics and kinematics?

kinematics: It is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without
reference to the forces which cause the motion
kinetics: It is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects with reference to
the forces which cause the motion

Define the terms rigid body and particle?

Rigid body: A rigid body is an idealization of a solid body in which deformation is
neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains
constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it.

Particle: It is defined as an object whose mass is concentrated at a point. This assumption is

made when the size of a body is negligible and is irrelevant to the description of the motion
of the body.

State Newtons law of motion?

Newtons first law: Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line unless it is compelled to change the state by the action of a force on the body
Newtons second law: Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it and it takes place in the direction of the force
F=ma
Newtons third law: It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

State newtons law of gravitation?

The force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
1.2
F=G( )
r2

Define principle of transmissibility?

It states that if a force acting on rigid body is shifted to any other point which is on the same
line of action of force without changing the direction, there occurs no change in the state of
the body.

Explain the principle of statics?

Law of Transmissibility
Newtons Laws
Parallelogram law
Triangle Law
Polygon Law

State and prove parallelogram law?

If two forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent
sides of a parallelogram then the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through their point of
intersection represents the resultant in both magnitude and direction.

Explain composition of forces?

It is defined as the union or combination of two or more forces into a single force.

Explain the resolution of forces?

The resolution of forces is exactly opposite to the composition of forces. Finding the
components of a given force in two given directions is called resolution of forces.

Explain the terms constraint, action and reaction?

Constraint: The restriction to the free motion of a body in any direction is called a
constraint.
Action: The direct of positive force which is caused by a body when it is placed on another
body.

Reaction: The reaction will be induced in a direction in which the support restricts the
motion of the body it supports.

Explain different types of supports and support reactions?

Frictionless support: the body is in contact with a smooth surface is known as frictionless
support. The reaction occurs normal to the surface at the point of contact.
Example: rod resting inside a hallow sphere.

Roller and knife edge supports: A roller and knife edge supports restricts the motion
normal to the surface of the beam AB.
therefore, the reactions R a and R b will act normal to the surface at the point of contact A&B.
Hinged support: The hinged restricts the motion both in horizontal as well as vertical
direction. therefore, there are two reactions X a & Y a acting on the beam at point A.

Fixed support: If the end A of beam AB is fixed in a concern, it restricts the motion of end A
in horizontal and vertical directions and also restricts rotation of beam AB about point A.
Therefore , reactions X a ,Y a &M a will be present at point A.

What is free body diagram? Give an example.

Free body diagram is a simplified portion of a structure showing forces, self weight & the
reactions at the point of the contact with the other bodies.
Example: The ball resting on a floor. The second figure is showing the FBD where the weight
of the body and the support reaction exerted by the floor are represented.

Explain the concept of solving equilibrium of concurrent forces in plane problems?

First resolve all the forces in x and y direction

Do summation of all forces in x and y directions i.e calculate (F x ) and , (F y )

Then resultant R= (Fx)2 + (Fy)2
(Fy)
For direction = tan1
(Fx)

Explain method of projection?

State and prove lamis theorem.

If a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces then each force is directly
proportional to the sine of the angle between other two forces.
let a,b,c be the forces acting at a point O as show in the figure.
let be angle between b&c
let be angle between a&c.
let be angle between a&b.

= =
sin sin

Define moment of a force?

Force can produce rotary motion besides producing a translatory or linear motion. Moment is
the measure of turning effect produced by a force on a body.
The moment of a force about a point is given by the product of force and perpendicular
distance of the point from the line of action of a force.
Moment=Force*perpendicular distance.

State and prove theorem of Varignons principle of moments?

It states that the moment of resultant of number of forces about a point O is equal to the
algebraic sum of moment of individual forces about the same point O
let the two forces f1,f2 are acting at a point A so, making an angle of 1,2 w. r. t the x-
axis. The resultant is given by R which is making an angle with x-axis.
M R =M f1 +M f2
What are the properties of a couple?
1) Couple consists of a pair of equal and opposite parallel forces which are separated by a
definite distance
2) The translatory effect of the couple is zero
3) The rotational effect of a couple about any point is constant and it is equal to the product
of magnitude of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the two forces.
What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium?
A body is said to be under equilibrium if and only if (F x )=0, (F y )=0, (F z )=0 &
(M)=0.
where , (F x )=sum of all the forces acting in x-direction.
(F y ) = sum of all the forces acting in y-direction.
(F y ) = sum of all the forces acting in z-direction.
(M) = sum of moments of all the forces.

State the triangle law of forces and give an example?

If two forces acting simultaneously on a body represented by the sides of a triangle taken in
order, their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken in opposite order.

State the polygon law of forces and give an example?

It states that if a number of coplanar forces are acting at a point such that they can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, their
resultant is represented in both magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon
taken in opposite direction.

State lamis theorem?

If three concurrent forces are in equilibrium, magnitude of any force is proportional to the
sine of angle between the other two forces

Distinguish between couple and moment?

 Moment represents the turning effect of a force whereas couple consists of two equal and
opposite forces separate by some distance. Moment of force various from point to point but
moment of a couple is same about any point in the plane.

What is meant by force-couple system?

A system of coplanar non concurrent force system acting in a rigid body can be replaced by a
single resultant force and couple moment at a point known as force couple system.
 CENTROID AND AREA MOMENTS OF INERTIA
1) Define the terms Centroid and Centre of Gravity with examples.
A) Centroid is the point at which the total area of a plane figure is assumed to be concentrated.

It is represented by G

Centre of gravity of a body is the point through which the whole weight of the body acts and it is
represented by C.G.

The centre of gravity and centroid lie at the same point for most of the static conditions.

2) Define moment of inertia with an example.

A) The second moment of area, also known as moment of inertiaof plane area, area moment of
inertia, or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are
distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. It is obtained by the product of the area and square of the
perpendicular distance between the considered axis and the centroid of the area.

3) Define polar moment of inertia with an example.

A) I ZZ is called polar moment of inertia.

I ZZ =I XX +I YY.

4) State parallel axis theorm.

A)It states that if the moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis passing through centroid be
represented by I G ,then moment of inertia of the same area about a parallel axis about a
parallel axis AB which is at a distance from the centroidal axis is given by

I AB =I G +Ah2
Where h= perpendicular distance between centroidal axis and axes AB

A= Area of the section

5) State perpendicular axis theorm.

A) It states that if I XX and I YY is the moment of inertia of a plane area about 2 mutually
perpendicular axis X X and Y Y , then moment of inertia of same plane area about Z Z
Axis which is perpendicular and passing through intersection XX and YY is given by

I ZZ =I XX +I YY
6) State the Pappus-Guldinus theorms.
A) THEORM-1:

The area of the surface generated by revolving a curve (line) about a non-intersecting axis is
equal to the product of length of the curve (line) and the distance travelled by the centroid of the
curve (line) during the revolution

THEORM-2:

The volume of the solid generated by rotating a plane area about a non-intersecting axis is equal
to the product of area and the distance travelled by the centroid of the area during rotation.

7) Write the area and centroid formulae for all simple figures.
A) .
11) State and prove parallel axis theorm or transfer theorm .
A) It states that if the moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis passing through the
centroid be I G , then moment of inertia of the same area about a parallel axis AB which is at
a distance from the centroidal axis is given by

I AB =I G +Ah2
PROOF: Go through the class notes

14) State and prove perpendicular axis theorm.

A) It states that if I XX and I YY is the moment of inertia of a plane area about 2 mutually
perpendicular axis X X and Y Y , then moment of inertia of same plane area about Z Z
Axis which is perpendicular and passing through intersection XX and YY is given by

I ZZ =I XX +I YY
PROOF: Go through the class notes

What is uniform motion?

If the velocity of body does not change with time, then the motion is called as uniform motion.
UNIT III
TRUSSES:

1. What is symmetrical section?

The size and shape of the object is same to the left or right or both sides of the axis, the
section is known as symmetrical section.
2. State structure.
Structure is composed of several bars or rods jointed together in a particular fashion.
Members under tension is called tie. Members under compression is called strut.
3. Differentiate Truss and frame.
Truss Frame
Truss is defined as number of members Frame is defined as number of members
riveted together to carry the horizontal, welded together to carry the horizontal,
vertical and inclined loads in equilibrium. vertical loads in equilibrium.

4. Differentiate the perfect and imperfect frames?

Sl.No. Perfect frame
1 Perfect frame have sufficient frame or
enough members to carry the load. It
satisfies the formula n= 2j-3.
2 Eg. Triangular frame.
3 n=3, j=3 n=2j-3 3=2x3-3, 3=3
Imperfect frame
Imperfect frame have less or more members
to carry the load than the required numbers.
It does not satisfy the formula n= 2j-3.
Eg. Square frame
n=4, j=4 n=2j-3 4=2x4-3, 45

5. Differentiate the deficient frame and redundant frame?

Deficient frame Redundant frame
If the number of members are less than the If the number of members are more than the
required of members. n < 2j-3 required number of members. n > 2j-3

6. Define plane truss and space truss. Give some examples.

A plane truss is a two dimension truss structure composed of number of bars hinged together
to form a rigid frame work, all the members are lie in one plane. Eg.: Roof truss in industries.
 A space truss is a three dimension truss structure composed of number of bars hinged
together to form a rigid frame work, all the members are lie in different plane. Eg.:
Transmission line towers, crane parts.
7. What are the methods used to analyze the plane & space frames?
Analytical method
1. Method of joints 2. Method of sections (method of moments) 3. Tension co-efficient method.
Graphical method.
8. What are assumptions made in the analysis of a truss?
1. In a frame or truss all the joints will be pin jointed.
2. All the loads will be acting at the joints only.
3. The self-weight of the members of the truss is neglected. Only the live load is considered.
4. The frame is a perfect one.
9. Give relation between the number of members and joints in a truss and explain its
uses.
n=2j-3, where n= number of members, j= number of joints. This relation is used to find the type
of the frames. Perfect frame is only solved by method of joints.
10. What are the hints to be followed while analyzing a cantilever truss using method of
joints?
There is no need to find the support reactions.
The analysis is to be started from the free end where there is a maximum of two unknown
forces, using the condition of equilibrium Fx = 0 and Fy =0.
All the members are assumed to be tensile.
Consider tensile forces as positive and compressive as negative.
The force convention is, upward force assigns positive sign and downward force assigns
negative sign.
11. What are the types of framed structures? Explain each type?
(1)Efficient or perfect structure: A structure is said to be perfect. It satisfies the equations
n=2j-3 n=no of member j=no of joints.
(2) Deficient or imperfect structure: A structure is said to be deficient, when n<2j-3.
(3) Redundant frame: If a structure is said to be redundant, when n > 2j-3.
12. What is cantilever truss? What is simply supported truss?
If one end of the truss is fixed and the other end is free, it is called a cantilever truss.
 If the truss is supported with one hinged support and one roller support then that truss is
called simply supported truss.
13. What are the conditions of equilibrium used in the method of joints? Why?
The conditions of equilibrium used in the method of joints are, Fx = 0, Fy =0. One of the
assumptions is all the joints are pin jointed, there is no moment. The equilibrium condition
Mx =0 is not used.
14. Explain with examples the statically determinate structures.
If the structure can be analyzed and the reactions at the support can be determined by using
the equations of static equilibrium such as Fx = 0, Fy =0 and Mx =0, then it is called as a
statically determinate structure. Example: Simply supported beam, pin jointed truss or frame.
15. Differentiate the statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate
structures.
S.No. statically determinate structures statically indeterminate structures
1 Conditions of equilibrium are sufficient Conditions of equilibrium are insufficient
to analyze the structure to analyze the structure.
2 Bending moment and shear force is Bending moment and shear force is
independent of material and cross dependent of material and independent of
sectional area. cross sectional area.
3 No stresses are caused due to Stresses are caused due to temperature
temperature change and lack of fit. change and lack of fit.
UNIT IV
FRICTION :

1. Define friction.
Friction is a force which is developed at the contact surfaces between the two bodies in order
to resist the movement of one body over the other body.
2. What are the types of friction?
i) Static friction
ii) Dynamic friction (a) Sliding friction (b) Rolling friction (c) Pivot friction
3. Define co efficient of friction?
It is the ratio of frictional force to normal reaction at point of impending motion.
Ff
= = tan( )
N
The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two surfaces of contact and this ratio is called coefficient of friction.
Coefficient of friction, = F/N
Where F = Force of friction
N = Normal reaction

4. What is angle of repose?

It is the angle of inclined plane from the horizontal at which the body tends to slide down is
called as angle of repose.
The maximum inclination of the plane on which a body, free from external forces, can repose is
called angle of repose.
Angle of repose is equal to angle of friction. =

5. What is angle of friction?

At the contact surface, two reaction force of friction F and normal reaction N acts and
combined graphically to get the reaction R which acts at angle with normal called angle of
friction.
tan = F/N =

6. What is angle of limiting friction?

At the point of impending motion the angle between the resultant force and normal reaction is
called as angle of limiting friction. It is denoted with
 Ff
tan( ) = =
N
7. What is limiting friction?
It is the maximum value of the friction at which the body just starts to move.
At the point of impending motion Flim = F f = * N

8. State the laws of dry or coulomb friction.

1)The total frictional force that can be developed is independent of the magnitude of the area
in contact
2) The total friction that can be developed is proportional to the normal force transmitted
across the surface of contact.
3) For low velocities, total amount of frictional force that can be developed is practically
independent of velocity.
4) The force necessary to start the motion is greater than the force necessary to maintain the
motion.
5 ) The direction of frictional force on a surface is such as to oppose the tendency of on
surface to slide relative with other.
9. Define Cone of friction:
The inverted cone with semi central angle equal to limiting frictional angle , is called
cone of friction.
UNIT V
VIRTUAL WORK:

1. Define Virtual Work and write down its units.

If we assume that the body, in equilibrium, undergoes a very small imaginary displacement
(virtual displacement), some work will be imagined to be done. Such an imaginary work is
known as virtual work.
Virtual work=Force * Imaginary distance along the direction of force.
Units: Newton * meter, kgf * m
2. State the principle of virtual work.
If a system of forces are acting on a body and the body is in equilibrium, if the body is imagined
to undergo a small displacement consistent with geometrical conditions, then the algebraic
sum of the virtual work done by the forces on the body is zero.
3. What are the forces that can be neglected while applying principle of virtual work?
The following forces may be omitted while applying principle of virtual work:
i. Tension produced in an extensible string.
ii. Reactions at smooth pins and hinges.
iii. Reactions between the body and any surface on which the body rolls without sliding.
iv. Forces normal to the direction of motion.
v. The mutual action and reaction between the two bodies whose equilibrium is being
considered together.
vi. For most of the problems solved by virtual work method, it is assumed that there is no
friction in hinges, bearings or along sliding surfaces.