Beruflich Dokumente
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SPECIFICATION
20February2007
Preparedby:__________________________________________________________________________
HM.Fan
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
D.Williamson,ModularCoilSystem(WBS14)Manager
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
B.Nelson,RLMforStellaratorCoreSystems(WBS1)DesignandProcurements
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
L.Dudek,RLMforStellaratorCoreSystems(WBS1)OnsiteFabrication
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
P.Heitzenroeder,PPPLMechanicalEngineeringDivisionHead
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
J.Levine,ES&H
Concur:______________________________________________________________________________
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Approvedby:_________________________________________________________________________
W.Reiersen,EngineeringManager
ControlledDocument
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
RecordofRevisions
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
TableofContents
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................1
2 Boltedjointdesignmethodology..........................................................................................................................1
2.1 Criticalstressareasofboltthreads[1]................................................................................................................1
2.1.1 Tensilestressareaoftheexternalthread(bolt)..........................................................................................1
2.1.2 Shearareaoftheexternalthread(bolt).......................................................................................................1
2.1.3 Shearareaoftheinternalthread.................................................................................................................2
2.2 Requiredlengthofthreadengagement[1]..........................................................................................................2
2.3 Preloadedbolts....................................................................................................................................................3
2.3.1 Recommendedpreload................................................................................................................................4
2.3.2 Methodsofapplyingandmeasuringpreload..............................................................................................4
2.3.3 Preloadrelaxation.......................................................................................................................................5
2.3.4 ApplicationSpecificTesting[2].................................................................................................................6
2.3.5 Retorquingofpreloadedbolts[2]..............................................................................................................7
2.3.6 Jointstiffness...............................................................................................................................................7
2.3.7 Changeinpreload.......................................................................................................................................8
2.3.7.1 Differentcoefficientsofthermalexpansionandtemperaturechange[3]...............................................8
2.3.7.2 Changeinelasticitywithtemperaturechange........................................................................................8
2.3.7.3 Creepinthejointmaterials.....................................................................................................................9
2.3.7.4 Externalload[3]......................................................................................................................................9
2.3.8 Relationshipbetweenboltfatiguelifeandboltpreload.............................................................................9
2.3.9 PreloadforBoltsinShear.........................................................................................................................10
2.3.10 BoltBending.............................................................................................................................................10
3 Designcriteria.....................................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Boltstrengthcriteria..........................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Jointstrengthcriteria.........................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Boltfatiguecriteria...........................................................................................................................................12
4 References............................................................................................................................................................12
5 Appendices...........................................................................................................................................................13
5.1 Screwthreadterminology.................................................................................................................................13
5.2 Unifiedthreadstandard.....................................................................................................................................13
5.2.1 Origins.......................................................................................................................................................13
5.2.2 Technicalinformation...............................................................................................................................14
5.2.2.1 Formandpitch......................................................................................................................................14
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
5.2.2.2 Gauging.................................................................................................................................................14
5.2.2.3 Classofthread.......................................................................................................................................15
5.2.3 Relatedinformation...................................................................................................................................15
5.2.3.1 Externallinks........................................................................................................................................15
5.3 Unifiedscrewthreaddimensions......................................................................................................................16
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
1 INTRODUCTION
Thepurposeofthisdocumentistodefinethemethodologytobeusedinevaluatingtheperformanceofaboltedjoint
on the NCSX project. The methodology is derived from engineering practices discussed in the referenced
documents. ThishandbookiscomplementaryandsupplementaltotheNCSXStructuralandCryogenicDesign
Criteria(NCSXCRITCRYO00).
DesignequationsaretakenfromthereferencedocumentsinwhichEnglishunitsareused.
2 BOLTEDJOINTDESIGNMETHODOLOGY
2.1 Criticalstressareasofboltthreads[1]
Thecriticalareasofstressofmatingthreadsare:
2.1.1 Tensilestressareaoftheexternalthread(bolt)
Forsteelsofupto100,000psiultimatetensilestrength,thetensilestressareaoftheboltthreadA tis
2
0.9743
A D
t
4 n
where
D=basicmajordiameterofthethread(in)
n=numberofthreadsperinch
Forsteelsofover100,000psiultimatetensilestrength,thetensilestressareaoftheboltthreadis
2
E 0.16238
s , min
A
t
2 n
where
Es,min=minimumpitchdiameterofexternalthread(in)
2.1.2 Shearareaoftheexternalthread(bolt)
Theshearareaoftheexternalthread(bolt),whichdependsprincipallyontheminordiameterofthetappedhole,is
1
As L e K n , max 0.57735 n E s , min K n , max
2
where
Kn,max=maximumminordiameterofinternalthread(in)
Le=fastenerengagementlength(in)
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
2.1.3 Shearareaoftheinternalthread
Theshearareaoftheinternalthread(hole),whichdependsprincipallyonthemajordiameteroftheexternalthread,
is
1
A
n
L
e
D
s , min 0.57735 n D E
s , min n , max
2
where
Ds,min=minimummajordiameterofexternalthread(in)
En,max=maximumpitchdiameterofinternalthread(in)
2.2 Requiredlengthofthreadengagement[1]
Iffailureofathreadedassemblyshouldoccur,itispreferableforthebolttobreakratherthanhaveeitherthe
externalorinternalthreadstripbecausethefailureismucheasiertodetect.Inotherwords,thelengthofengagement
of matingthreads shouldbe sufficient tocarry thefull loadnecessary tobreak thescrew without the threads
stripping.
Ifmatinginternalandexternalthreadsaremanufacturedofmaterialshavingequaltensilestrengths,thentoprevent
strippingoftheexternalthread,thelengthofengagementshouldbenotlessthan
2 At
L e , min
1
K n , max 0.57735 n E s , min K n , max
2
Thisisequivalenttosayingthattheshearareamustbeatleasttwicethetensileareainordertoensurethatstripping
ofthethreaddoesnotoccur.(Thisvalueisslightlylargerthanrequiredandthusprovidesasmallfactorofsafety
againststripping.)
Iftheinternalthreadismadeofmaterialoflowerstrengththantheexternalthread,strippingoftheinternalthread
maytakeplacebeforethescrewbreaks.Todeterminewhetherthisconditionexists,itisnecessarytocalculatethe
factorJfortherelativestrengthoftheexternalandinternalthreadswhere
A T
s s
J
An Tn
where
Ts=tensilestrengthoftheexternalthread(bolt)material(psi)
Tn=tensilestrengthoftheinternalthread(hole)material(psi).
IfthefactorJislessthanorequalto1,thelengthofengagementisadequatetopreventstrippingoftheinternal
thread. IfJisgreaterthan1,therequiredlengthofengagementQtopreventstrippingoftheinternalthreadis
obtainedbymultiplyingtheminimumlengthofengagementLe,minbyJ.
Q J L e , min
Foraboltedjointwithatappedhole,ifthematerialoftappedholehaslowerstrengththanthebolt,thethread
engagementlengthshouldbeatleastequaltoQinordertopreventthestrippingofinternalthreadbeforethefailure
ofbolt.IfthethreadengagementlengthislessthenQ,themagnitudeoftheboltpreloadmustbereduced.
Equivalently,therearethreefailurestoconsider:
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
Threads strip at the roots of the bolt teeth (nut material is stronger, engagement is inadequate)
Threads strip at the roots of the nut threads (bolt material is stronger, engagement is inadequate)
Forthebolttobreakbeforethethreadsstrip,thefollowingtwoconditionsmustexist
T
s
T A A
s t s
2
T
n
T A A
s t n
2
Iftheboltdoesnotbreakbeforethethreadsstrip,thenthethreadswillstripattherootoftheboltteethif
Ts A s Tn An
Otherwise,thethreadswillstripattherootsofthenutthreads.
TheforceFrequiredtoeitherstripthethreadsofaboltornutorbreaktheboltis
T T
s n
F min Ts At , As , An .
2 2
2.3 Preloadedbolts
Highpreloadtensionincreasesjointstrength,createsfrictionbetweenpartstoresistshear,andimprovesthefatigue
resistanceofboltedconnections.Boltpreloadinjointsshouldbehighenoughtomaintainjointmembersincontact
andincompression.Lossofcompressioninajointmayresultinlooseningoffastenersunderconditionsofcyclic
loading,andreductionoffastenerfatiguelife.
2.3.1 Recommendedpreload
Thepreloadshouldbesettoavoidpermanentdeformationinthebolt.TherecommendedmaximumpreloadP 0is
P0 , max c u At S p , s
where
Sp,s=proofstrengthofbolt(psi)
cu=0.75forreusableconnections,0.9forpermanentconnections.
Theproofstrengthisthestressthatcanbetoleratedwithoutanypermanentdeformationandcanbeapproximatedby
85%oftheyieldstrength.
2.3.2 Methodsofapplyingandmeasuringpreload
Oncetherequiredpreloadhasbeendetermined,oneofthebestwaystobesurethataboltisproperlytensionedisto
measureitstensiondirectlywithastraingage.Thechoiceofmethodoftensioningshouldbebasedontherequired
accuracy and relative costs. The accuracy of various bolt preload application methods has been tabulated in
literature.ExamplesareshowninTable1andTable2.Significantdifferencesinrecommendedvaluescanbeseen.
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
Table1Accuracyofboltpreloadapplicationmethods[1]
Method Accuracy
By feel 35%
Torque wrench 25%
Turn-of-nut 15%
Preload indicating washer 10%
Strain gages 1%
Computer-controlled wrench
below yield (turn-of-nut) 15%
yield-point sensing 8%
Bolt elongation 3-5%
Ultrasonic sensing 1%
Table2Accuracyofboltpreloadapplicationmethods[2]
Method Accuracy
Torque measurement
Un-lubricated bolts 35%
Cad-plated bolts 30%
Lubricated bolts 25%
Hydraulic tensioners 15%
Preload indicating washers 10%
Ultrasonic (UT) measuring 10%
devices
Bolt elongation measurement 5%
Instrumented bolts 5%
Torqueisrelativelyeasytomeasurewithatorquewrench,soitisthemostfrequentlyusedindicatorofbolttension.
Unfortunately,atorquewrenchdoesnotmeasurebolttensionaccurately,mainlybecauseitdoesnottakefriction
intoaccount.Thefrictiondependsonbolt,nut,andwashermaterial,surfacesmoothness,degreeoflubrication,and
thenumberoftimesabolthasbeeninstalled.Fastenermanufacturersoftenprovideinformationfordetermining
torquerequirementsfortighteningvariousbolts.Ifthisinformationisnotavailable,themaximumandminimum
expectedpreloadsforboltdiameterinthejointcanbeestimatedusingtheequationsbelow[3].
T
P0 , nom
KD
P0 , max P0 , nom 1 u
P0 , min P0 , nom 1 u Prelax
where
P0,nom=nominalboltpreload
Po,max=maximumexpectedboltpreload(lb)
Po,min=minimumexpectedboltpreload(lb)
T=appliedtorque(inlb)
K=typicalnutfactor,0.11to0.15forlubricatedfastenersand0.2forunlubricatedfasteners,
D=nominalfastener(shank)diameter(in)
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
u=preloaduncertaintyfactor,typically25%
Prelax=axialboltpreloadloss(lb),typically5%ofPo,min
Asanalternativetothetypicalnutfactormethodofdeterminingpreload,thetorquepreloadrelationshipscanbe
determinedexperimentally. Here,thetorquepreloadrelationshipsare determinedbydirect measurementstaken
frominstrumentedjointspecimens.Statisticaldataisrecordedforthetorquerequiredtoachieveadesiredboltforce.
Preloadlosscanalsobemeasuredovertime.
Boltelongationisdirectlyproportionaltoaxialstresswhentheappliedstressiswithintheelasticrangeofthe
material.Ifbothendsofaboltareaccessible,amicrometermeasurementofboltlengthmadebeforeandafterthe
applicationoftensionwillensuretherequiredaxialstressisapplied.
Theultrasonicmethodofmeasuringelongationusesasoundpulse,generatedatoneendofaboltthattravelsthe
lengthofabolt,bouncesoffthefarend,andreturnstothesoundgeneratorinameasuredperiodoftime.Thetime
requiredforthesoundpulsetoreturndependsonthelengthoftheboltandthespeedofsoundintheboltmaterial.
Thespeedofsoundintheboltdependsonthematerial,thetemperature,andthestresslevel.Forshortbolts(L/Dof
lessthan4:1)significantuncertaintymaybedominatedbytheuncertaintyingripandthreadlengthsthatdetermine
theeffectivelengthofthefastener.
Theturnofnutmethodappliespreloadbyturninganutthroughananglethatcorrespondstoagivenelongation.
Themethodofcalculatingthenutturnanglerequireselongationoftheboltwithoutacorrespondingcompressionof
thejointmaterial.Theturnofnutmethod,therefore,isnotvalidifthereisasignificantdeformationofthenutand
jointmaterialrelativetothatofthebolt.Thenutturnanglewouldthenhavetobedeterminedempiricallyusinga
simulatedjointandatensionmeasuringdevice.
2.3.3 Preloadrelaxation
Preloadrelaxationmayresultoveraperiodofminutestohoursafterthefirstapplicationofthepreloaddueto:
Excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads caused by local yielding
2.3.4 ApplicationSpecificTesting[2]
Applicationspecifictestingreferstotestconditionsthatcloselyresembletheactualconfiguration. Thepreload
uncertainties defined above can be used for small fasteners. Application specific testing is required for large
fasteners.Ingeneral,afastenerisconsideredlargeifithasadiameter>3/4. Anapplicationspecifictestmust
includethefollowingitems:
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
1. Preloadtests
a. Samelubricants
b. Samethreadform
c. Sameboltdiameter
d. Sametype/sizeoftightenedelement(nutorbolthead)
e. Samejointconfiguration
i. Thickness
ii. Material(s)
iii. Surfacefinish
iv. Washer(s)
v. Nut/nutplate/insert
f. Sametoolfortightening
2. Preloadlosstests
a. Samepreloadlevel
b. Samelengthofthreadengagement
c. Sameboltheadandnuttype/size/material
d. Sameboltdiameter
e. Samejointconfiguration
i. Material(s)
ii. Surfacefinish
iii. Washer(s)
iv. Numberofjointinterfaces
f. Sameanglebetweenbolthead/nutandjointinterface
3. CoefficientofFrictionTestsforFlangeandShimPlatesifnotavailablefromotherresource.
Caremustbetakentomaintainthecalibrationoftorqueandloadindicators. Preloadtestshallincludeboththe
throughboltjointandtappedboltjoint.Thepreloadlossshallevaluatetheshorttermpreloadrelaxationandcreep
ofthejointmaterials,butnottheeffectsofvibrationandthethermalcycling. Additionaljointstiffnessmaybe
determined either by analysis or an application specific test. Fatigue SN data may be obtained from the
manufacture.
The torquepreload relationships and the preload loss are determined by direct measurements taken from
instrumentedjointspecimens.Avalidapplicationspecifictestmustincludeanadequatesampleandanacceptable
statisticalanalysis.
2.3.5 Retorquingofpreloadedbolts[2]
Retorquingofpreloadedboltsusingtorquemeasurementsasthemeansofdeterminingthepreloadoftenresultsin
unexpected preload values. If torque measurements are used to determine the preload in bolts which have
undergoneoneormoreinstallationcycles,theyrequire
Applicationspecifictesting,or
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
Directmeasurementoranymethodthatdoesnotrelyontorquemeasurement.
An installationcycle isdefined asa procedure which produces a positivetorque (increases preload) and then
subsequentlyanegativetorque(decreasespreload)onabolt.Apreloadedboltisinitsfirstinstallationcycleuntilit
issubjecttoanegativetorqueforthefirsttime.Therefore,aboltthathaslostpreloadduetorelaxationbutasnot
beensubjecttoanegativetorquemayberetorquedandstillconsideredtobeinitsfirstinstallationcycle.
2.3.6 Jointstiffness
Considerajointthatconsistsofanumberofelementsstackedontopofoneanother.ThegriplengthL gismeasured
fromthebottomoftheboltornut(ifused).Ifatappedholeisused,thegriplengthismeasuredtothemiddleofthe
engagementlength.Thestiffnessofanindividualelementkiisequalto
E A
i i
ki
Li
Lg Li
Where
Ei=theelasticmodulusoftheelement
Ai=theareaoftheelementintheplanenormaltothebolt
Li=thethicknessoftheelement
Wherethereisachangeinarea,e.g.throughaflange,itmaybeassumedthattheeffectiveareagrowsalonga45
angle.Alternatively,theequivalentcylindermethod[6]maybeusedtocalculatetheeffectivearea.Thesemethods
areapproximate.Finiteelementanalysisandtestingarebetteroptionsforevaluatingthejointstiffness.
Thestiffnessoftheboltresultsfromthestiffnessoftheboltshankandthestiffnessoftheboltthread.Aboltedjoint
canincludeanumberofseparatepartsandtheindividualpartstiffnesscanbecalculatedapproximately.Thejoint
stiffnesskjisrelatedtotheindividualstiffnessvaluesasshownbelow.
1 n 1
1
k k
j i
where
n=numberofelementsinthejoint
kj=jointstiffness(lb/in)
Thetotalstiffnessktis
k j kb
kt
k j kb
2.3.7 Changeinpreload
Theboltpreloadmaychangeduetoanumberofeffectsincluding
Differentcoefficientsofthermalexpansionandtemperaturechange
Changeinelasticitywithtemperaturechange
Creepofthejointmaterials
Externalload
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
2.3.7.1 Differentcoefficientsofthermalexpansionandtemperaturechange
where
i=thecoefficientofthermalexpansionfortheithelement.
ThechangeinpreloadPis
P k t Li th , i L g th , b .
2.3.7.2 Changeinelasticitywithtemperaturechange
Achangeinelasticitywithtemperaturecanresultinachangeinpreload.Letk t,0representthetotaljoint(boltplus
joint)stiffnessattheinstallationtemperatureandk t,1representthetotaljointstiffnessatoperatingtemperature.IfP 0
istheinstallationpreload,thechangeinpreloadPis
k
P t ,1
1 P0 .
k
t ,0
2.3.7.3 Creepinthejointmaterials
Creepisgenerallycharacteristicofsoftmaterialsormaterialsatelevatedhightemperature.Ifthecreepdeformation
c(anegativenumber)isknown,thechangeinpreloadPis
P k t c .
2.3.7.4 Externalload[3]
Forcommonjointdesignstheloadiscarriedsomewherenearthemidplaneofeachflange.Theloadingplanefactor
misdefinedastheratioofthedistancebetweenloadingplanesdividedbythetotalthicknessofthejoint.
Theresultingpreloadchangesontheboltandjointare
mk b
Pe , b Pe
kb k j
mk b
Pe , j (1 ) Pe
kb k j
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
2.3.8 Relationshipbetweenboltfatiguelifeandboltpreload
Fatiguelifeofaboltisdeterminedbythemagnitudesofmeanandalternatingstressimposedontheboltbyexternal
cyclicloads.Ifthereisnoboltpreloadinloadedboltjoint,theboltloadisequaltothejointload.However,if
preloadisappliedtothebolt,thejointiscompressedandboltloadchangesmoreslowlythanthejointloadasshown
inSection2.3.7.4becausesomeoftheloadisabsorbedasareductionofcompressioninthejoint.Thiscondition
resultsinaconsiderablereductionincyclicboltloadvariationandtherebyincreasesthefatiguelifeofthefastener.
FatiguelifeusuallypresentedintheformofSNdiagrams,whereSstandsforstressamplitudeandNfornumberof
cycleofappliedload.Thestressconcentrationpointsatthethreadrootsandtheheadtobodyfilletsarethemajor
factor,whichaffectfatiguelife.
2.3.9 PreloadforBoltsinShear
Joints required to resist shear are designed as either frictiontype or bearingtype connections. When shear
connectionssubjectedtostressreversal,severestressfluctuation,orwhereslippagewouldbeundesirable,AISC[4]
recommendsusingafrictiontypeconnection.
Inshearloadedjointswithmembersthatslide,thejointmemberstransmitshearloadstotheboltsinthejointand
thepreloadmustbesufficienttoholdthejointmembersincontactandwithoutadditionalslidingduringthestress
cycle.Therefore,theboltsaresubjectedtobothtensileandshearloadingsimultaneously.
Injointsthatdonotslide,shearloadsaretransmittedwithinthejointbyfrictionalforcesthatmainlyresultfromthe
preload.Therefore,preloadmustbegreatenoughfortheresultingfrictionforcestobegreaterthantheappliedshear
force.
Shearloadsarealsoproducedduetopreloadtorque.Theshearstressinducedintheboltduringapplicationofthe
preloadmustalsobeconsideredintheboltedjointdesign. Jointswithcombinedaxialandshearloadsmustbe
analyzedtoensurethattheboltswillnotfailintension,shearorcombinedtensionandshear.
2.3.10 BoltBending
Boltbendingmayresultfromdoubleshear,misalignmentduringassembly,useoflongspacers,pryingaction,or
fromflangesthatareseveralordersofmagnitudestifferthanthebolt.Inthelattercasetheflangetendstorotateas
arigidbody,forcingtheheadofthebolttorotatewhichappliesmomentloadingtothebolt.
3 DESIGNCRITERIA
Ingeneral,forpreloadedjointstoworkeffectivelytheymustmeetthefollowingcriteria:
Theboltmusthaveadequatestrength.
Thejointmusthaveadequatestrength
Theboltmusthaveadequatefatiguelife
Themaximumandminimumpreloadsmustbedeterminedtakingintoaccountthefollowingconsiderations:
Typicaluncertaintypreloadvalueortheapplicationspecifictest,
Positiveandnegativethermaleffects,and
Expectedpreloadloss.
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
TheallowablestresscriteriaaredefinedintheNCSXStructuralandCryogenicDesignCriteria[5].Theshearloads
andtensileloadsduetoboltpreloadandexternalloadsshallbecalculatedfromtheoreticalorempiricalequations
andthefiniteelementanalysis.
3.1 Boltstrengthcriteria
a. Thethreadengagementlengthoftheboltshallprovideadequatestrengthforthemaximumbolttension
duringinstallationandoperatingconditions
b. Maximumbolttensionshallbedeterminedfromthemaximumboltpreload,preloadloss,thermaleffects,
andtheexternalloads.
c. Ifpreloadprocedureinvolvesthebolttensionandbolttorque,thecombinedtensilestress(vonMises
stress)vm[1]andthemaximumshearstressmaxdeterminedbytheMohrscirclecanbecalculatedfrom
thefollowingequations.
vm 2
t 3
2
s
0.5
0.5
2
max t
2
4 s
wheretistheaxialappliedtensilestressandsistheshearstresscausedbythetorsionloadapplication.
d. Themaximumboltpreloadshallbelimitedbytheaxialtensileallowableofbolttensileareaandthebolt
threadsheararea.
e. Iftheboltissubjectedtobothtensileandshearloadingsimultaneously,thefollowingrelationshipmust
holdtrueforthemaximumboltaxialload[3]
2 3
R R 1
t s
whereRtistheratioofmaximumaxialloadtoaxialloadallowableandR sistheratioofshearloadtoshear
loadallowable.
f. If combined tension, shear, and bending are experienced, the following interaction equation must be
satisfied[3]
2 3
(R R ) R 1
b t s
whereRbistheratioofmaximumbendingloadtobendingloadallowable.
g. Alockingdeviceshallbeusedtopreventfailureduetoloosebolts.
3.2 Jointstrengthcriteria
a. TheseparationofapreloadedjointmustnotoccurduetoanexternalloadP e.Separationoccurswhenthe
decreaseintheloadonthejointPe,j(perSection2.3.7.4)exceedstheminimumpreload.
b. Themaximumaxialboltloadshallbeusedtocalculatethebearingstressunderthebolthead,nut,washer,
andtheinsulationmaterial.
c. Thewashershallbebigenoughtospreadthemaximumpreloadontheflangeortheinsulationmaterial.
Thusthewasherthicknessshallprovideenoughstrengthforthebendingandshearstressunderthebearing
load.
d. Theminimumboltpreloadshallbeusedtocalculatethefrictionforce.
e. Theallowablecoefficient offriction(a)mustalwaysbedeterminedinaconservativemanner.Testing
underrepresentativeconditionsshouldbeperformedinordertodeterminetheallowablecoefficient of
friction.
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
f. Frictioncoefficientextremesmustbeconsideredasanticipatedupsetconditionsinthedesign. Friction
coefficientextremesshallbedeterminedasfollows:
a max a 0.15
Forallowablecoefficientsoffrictionabove0.45,use
2
a a
min
3
4
a max a
3
g. Iftheboltisloadedinshear,bearingstressmayoccurastheboltispressedagainstthesideofthebushing.
Theallowablebearingstressshallbelimitedtotheyieldstrengthattemperature.
h. Inshearloadedjoints,withmembersthatslide,thejointmemberstransmitshearloadstotheboltandthe
minimumpreloadmustbesufficienttoholdthejointmembersincontactandwithoutadditionalsliding
duringthestresscycle.
3.3 Boltfatiguecriteria
Thepreloadstresslevelandthecyclicstressvariationshallprovideacceptablefatiguelife.
4 REFERENCES
[1]Oberg,E.,Jones.F.,Horton,H.,andRyffel,H.,MachinerysHandbook,27thEdition,IndustrialPressInc.,New
York,2004
[2]CriteriaforPreloadedBolts,NSTS08307,Rev.A,NASA,1998
[3]Chambers,J.,PreloadedJointAnalysisMethodologyforSpaceFlightSystems,NASATechnicalMemorandum
106943,1995
[4]ManualofSteelConstruction,AISC,SeventhEdition,1970
[5]NCSXStructuralDesignCriteria,NCSXCRITCRYO00,NCSXSpecification,Nov.292004
[6]Bickford,JohnH.,AnIntroductiontotheDesignandBehaviorofBoltedJoints,3rdEdition,MarcelDekker,Inc.,
NewYork,1995
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HandbookforBoltedJointDesign NCSXCRITBOLT00
5 APPENDICES
5.1 Screwthreadterminology1
5.2 Unifiedthreadstandard2
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TheUnifiedThreadStandard(UTS)definesastandardthreadformandseriesalongwithallowances,tolerances,
anddesignationsforscrewthreadscommonlyusedintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Ithasthesame60profileas
the ISOmetricscrewthread usedintherestoftheworld,butthecharacteristicdimensionsofeachUTSthread
(outer diameter and pitch) were chosen as an inch fraction rather than around millimeter value. The UTS is
currentlycontrolledbyASME/ANSIintheUnitedStates.
5.2.1 Origins
The standard was originally adopted by the Screw Thread Standardization Committees of Canada, the United
Kingdom,andtheUnitedStatesonNov18, 1949in Washington,D.C.,andappliedtoscrewthreadsusedinthe
abovecountrieswiththehopetheywouldbeadopteduniversally.ThestandardwasnotwidelytakenupintheUK,
whocontinuedtousetheirownBA(BritishAssociation)standardandthenmigratedto ISOmetricscrewthreads.
TheoriginalUTSstandardmaybefoundinASA(nowANSI)publication,Vol.1,1949.
UTSconsistsofUnifiedCoarse(UNC),UnifiedFine(UNF),UnifiedExtraFine(UNEF)andUnifiedSpecial
(UNS).
The International Organization for Standardization's ISO metric screw thread preferred series, based on round
millimeterdimensions,isthestandardthathasbeenadoptedworldwideandhasdisplacedallformerstandards,
includingUTS.IntheUSA,whereUTSisstillprevalent,over40%ofproductscontainISOmetricscrewthreads.
Oftheabovementionedcountries,theUKhascompletelyabandoneditscommitmenttoUTSinfavouroftheISO
metricthreads,andCanadaisinbetween.
1
Retrievedfromhttp://tpub.com/content/draftsman/14040/css/14040_52.htm
2
Retrievedfromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard
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5.2.2 Technicalinformation
5.2.2.1 Formandpitch
UTSthreadformandpitchtechnicalspecificationsarecurrentlycontrolledbyASME/ANSIindustrystandardsin
theUnitedStates:
ASME/ANSIB1.12003UnifiedInchScrewThreads,UN&UNRThreadForm
ASME/ANSIB1.10M2004UnifiedMiniatureScrewThreads
ASME/ANSIB1.151995UnifiedInchScrewThreads,UNJThreadForm
P=1/TeethPerInch
H=0.866025*P
H1=0.541266*P
d1=d+1.082532*P
d2=d+0.433013*P
D=d
D1=d1
D2=d2
5.2.2.2 Gauging
Ascrewthreadgaugingsystemcomprisesalistofscrewthreadcharacteristicsthatmustbeinspectedtoestablish
thedimensionalacceptabilityofthescrewthreadsonathreadedproductandthegauge(s)whichshallbeusedwhen
inspectingthosecharacteristics.
CurrentlythisgaugingUTSiscontrolledby:
ASME/ANSIB1.21983GaugesAndGaugingForUnifiedInchScrewThreads
ASME/ANSIB1.3M1992ScrewThreadGaugingSystemsDimensionalAcceptabilityInchMetricScrewThreads
TheseStandardsprovideessentialspecificationsanddimensionsforthegaugesusedonUnifiedinchscrewthreads
(UN,UNR,UNJthreadform)onexternallyandinternallythreadedproducts.Italsocoversthespecificationsand
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dimensionsforthethreadgaugesandmeasuringequipment.Thebasicpurposeanduseofeachgaugearealso
described.Italsoestablishesthecriteriaforscrewthreadacceptancewhenagaugingsystemisused.
5.2.2.3 Classofthread
Aclassificationsystemexistsforeaseofmanufactureandinterchangeabilityoffabricatedthreadeditems.Most(but
certainlynotall)threadeditemsaremadetoaclassificationstandardcalledtheUnifiedScrewThreadStandard
Series.Thissystemisanalogoustothefitsusedwithassembledparts.
Classes1A,2A,3Aapplytoexternalthreads;Classes1B,2B,3Bapplytointernalthreads.
Class1threadsarelooselyfittingthreadsintendedforeaseofassemblyoruseinadirtyenvironment.
Class2threadsarethemostcommon.Theyaredesignedtomaximizestrengthconsideringtypicalmachineshop
capabilityandmachinepractice.
Class3threadsareusedforclosertolerances.
Threadclassreferstotheacceptablerangeofpitchdiameterforanygiventhread.Thepitchdiameterisshownasd2
inthefigureabove.Thereareseveralmethodsthatareusedtomeasurethepitchdiameter.Themostcommon
methodusedinproductionisbywayofaGoNoGogauge.
Atableofpitchdiametersandthreadclassescanbefoundhere.
5.2.3 Relatedinformation
ISOmetricscrewthread
BritishStandardWhitworth
BritishAssociationscrewthreads
WrenchMostcommontoolusedtoloosen/tightenscrews.
Nationalpipethread
5.2.3.1 Externallinks
UnifiedCoarsestandardanddrillsizes
UnifiedFinestandardanddrillsizes
InternationalThreadStandards
SpannerJawSizesAdditionalinformationandspannerjawsizetable.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard"
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5.3 Unifiedscrewthreaddimensions3
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