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Every doubling of the distance will reduce the noise level by 6 dB.
E.g., if 65 dB is measured at the boundary, 5 m from the centre of
the road (the source) it will reduce to:
59 dB at 10m
53 dB at 20m
47 dB at 40m
These should be
positioned in such
a way as to fit in
with any
advantageous
effect of local
topography.
SCREENING:
A given barrier will be most effective when it is as near to the source as
possible.
Second best position will near the building to be protected.
Least effective half-way between the source & the building.
Screening can
rarely be relied
on as a positive
means of noise
protection.
Diffraction: the
bending of waves
around small
obstacles. The fact
that we can hear
sounds around
barriers involves
both diffraction and
reflection of sound.
PLANNING:
Planning of building is governed by a number of factors noise
protection should be one such factors.
Importance of noise control aspect will depend on the particular design
task: e.g., dominant in case of a school class room near motor highway.
Dampening
effect of this
system can be
improved
appreciably by
placing a
porous
material in the
air space.
3. CAVITY RESONATORS / RESONANT ABSORBERS:
A cavity resonator is virtually a container with a small opening in
which absorption takes place by resonance of air in the chamber.
The classic example of a resonator is the Helmholtz resonator, which
has the shape of a bottle.
NOISE CLASSIFICATION:
From the origin point of view, noise may be of two types:
(a) Outdoor noises: caused by road traffic, railways , aero
planes, lifts, moving machinery, machines in nearby factory/building
etc.
(1) Air borne sound: sounds which are generated in air & which
is transmitted in air directly to human ear. Such a sound travels from
one part of the building to the other, or from outside the building to
inside by (i) openings, or by (ii) forced vibrations set up in walls,
ceilings etc. possess less power continues for a long duration.
The time during which the sound persists is called reverberation time
of sound in the hall it is the period of time in seconds, which is
required for sound energy to diminish by 60 dB after the sound source
has stopped.
SABINES EXPRESSION FOR REVERBERATION TIME:
Prof. W. C. Sabine found that reverberation time of a room varies
inversely as the effective surface area and directly as the volume of the
room.
This time is independent of the position of the source and the listener
and the shape of the room.
t= 0.16V
s + s + ..
t = 0.16 V = 0.16 V
s A
Where,
t = reverberation time in seconds
, ,.= absorption coefficient of individual units (walls, floor, ceiling)
s, s,..= area of individual absorbing surfaces
A = Total absorbing power in expressed m sabines
REVERBERATION TIME & ACOUSTICAL QUALITY
Such a
construction
provides good
insulation against
impact sound.
2. Timber floor floating construction:
Floors constructed of wooden joists sound insulation becomes
more difficult particularly in case of heavy mechanical impact sound.
Figure shows
the method of
insulating
existing
wooden
floors.
A further
improvement
in the
insulation of
such floors is
achieved by
sand pugging.
3. Timber floor floating construction:
Figure (below) shows the method of insulating new timber floors.
A further improvement in the insulation of such floors is achieved by
pugging or deadening material in the air space between the wooden
joists.
Either sound absorbent
type materials , e.g.,
mineral wool or other
materials like sand
/ashes are used.
Efficiency of pugging
depends on the weight
of the material used.
Sand pugging - atleast
100 kg/mis used.
Mineral wool pugging
ateast 15 kg/m is used
thin wall of 10 cm thk.
4. Timber floor with suspended ceiling and air space:
Helps to improve insulation of both air-borne & structure-borne
sound.
For
concrete
floors metal
hangers/
acoustic clips
may be used
to support
the floor
below.
WINDOWS:
Weak points in building envelope from noise insulation point of view
(same as thermally).
Their performance can be
improved by :
Ensuring airtight
closure by using
gaskets
Using double (triple)
glazing
Placing absorbent
material in the space
between the two
panes distance
between two panes
should be minimum
150 mm and
preferably 200 mm.
VENTILATORS
Ventilators can also create problem in sound insulation.
The ventilating duct is curved or shaped in such a way that there is
no direct straight line path left for the sound.
As the shape induces multiple sound reflections within this duct, all
internal surfaces are lined with a highly absorbent material.