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4. Cross-section forces
Definitions
Cross-section forces
In 2D case, there are 3 cross-section forces, cf. Fig. 4.2:
axial force, tangent to the bar axis
transversal or shear force, in-plane perpendicular to the bar axis
bending moment, in-plane moment whose vector is perpendicular to the plane
z sign convention
Q Q N
M M Q N
M
N y N
x
Q
M
N axial force
Q transverse force
M bending moment
Usually, the bending moment is the most important cross-section force. So as a rule we always
determine its extreme values and their positions.
There are two ways to determine the cross-section forces:
1. with the balance equations for the chosen subset,
2. with the theorem on equivalence of internal and external forces.
Usually, the solution of a static problem consists in construction of cross-section forces diagrams
eventually.
Sign convention
The bending moment is positive when the undersides are tensioned.
The axial force is positive when its sense coincides with the positive sense of cross-section outward
normal.
The transverse (shear) force is positive when its sense coincides with the positive sense of axial force
turned by right angle clockwise.
The sign of bending moment depends on an arbitrary choice of the undersides. Because the sign is not an
objective quantity and serves for calculations only, it may be completely arbitrary and is ignored during all
verifications as irrelevant (even your mark of the sign, which has no sense, will be ignored).
Nevertheless, the bending moment diagram should be drawn on the tensioned side of a bar1.
The signs of axial and shear forces should be indicated in their diagrams.
Example
Q M
N
ql 2
zero at the free end to the value q length length/2 at the other end of the interval. The shear force is
2
linear and changes from 0 to ql . The axial force is zero.
We make second section at adjacent horizontal part of the structure, Fig. 4.5.
M
N
N
M Q
N
M
Now, the undersides are tensioned by constant bending moment, the shear force is zero and the axial force
is constant and positive (tension).
Repeating the reasoning we finally get the cross-section diagrams in the form as on Fig. 4.8.
M Q N
2
Because the entire beam is bent, it means rather that the bending is caused by forces applied at 3 points
3
General Rule
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Sample problems
Problem no 1
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
17 kN
1m 5m
Solution:
17 kN
RA x RB
Constraints reactions:
17 5 17 1
M B 0 : RA 14.17 kN , M A 0 : RB 2.83 kN
6 6
There are two characteristic intervals
0 x 1
M ( x) 14.17 x, M (0) 0, M (1) 14.17 kNm
Q( x) 14.17 kN
N ( x) 0
1 x 6
M ( x) 14.17 x 17 ( x 1), M (1) 14.17 kNm, M (6) 0
Q( x) 14.17 17 2.83 kN
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
Adam Pawe Zaborski strength of materials design exercises
14.17
14.17
2.83
Problem no 2
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
23 kNm
3m 2m
Solution:
23 kNm
RA x RB
Constraints reactions:
23
R A RB 4.6 kN ,
5
There are two characteristic intervals
0 x3
M ( x) 4.6 x, M (0) 0, M (3) 13.8 kNm
Q( x) 4.6 kN
N ( x) 0
3 x 5
M ( x) 4.6 x 23, M (3) 9.2 kNm, M (5) 0
Q( x) 4.6 kN
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
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9.2
13.8
4.6
Problem no 3
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
18 kN/m
4.3 m
Solution:
18 kN/m
RA x RB
Constraints reactions:
18 4.3
R A RB 38.7 kN ,
2
There is one characteristic interval
0 x 4.3
x2
M ( x) 38.7 x 18 , M (0) 0, M (4.3) 0
2
Q( x) 38.7 18 x, Q(0) 38.7 kN, Q( 4.3 ) -38.7 kN
The shear force changes the sign at the point:
38.7
Q( x ) 0 x 2.15 m
18
The extreme value of the bending moment is:
2.15 2
M (2.15) 38.7 2.15 18 41.6 kNm
2
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
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41.6
38.7
38.7
Problem no 4
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
42 kN/m
5.5 m
Solution:
42 kN/m
RA x RB
Constraints reactions:
42 0.5 5.5 5.5 / 3 42 0.5 5.5 5.5 2 / 3
RA 38.5 kN , R B 77 kN
5.5 5.5
There is one characteristic interval
0 x 5.5
42 x 3
M ( x) 38.5 x , M (0) 0, M (5.5) 0
5.5 6
42 x 2
Q( x) 38.5 , Q(0) 38.5 kN, Q(5.5) 77 kN
5.5 2
The shear force changes the sign at the point:
x2
Q( x) 0 7.64 38.5 x 3.17 m
2
The extreme value of the bending moment is:
3.17 3
M (3.17) 38.5 3.17 7.64 81.5 kNm
6
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
Adam Pawe Zaborski strength of materials design exercises
81.5
38.5
x = 3.17
77
Problem no 5
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
16 kN
5.2 m
Solution:
16 kN
MA
RA
x
Constraints reactions:
R A 16 kN, M A 16 5.2 83.2 kNm
There is one characteristic interval
0 x 5.2
M ( x) 16 x 83.2, M (0) 83.2 kNm, M (5.2) 0
Q( x) 16 kN
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
83.2
16
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Problem no 6
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
32 kNm
4m
Solution:
MA 32 kN
RA
x
Constraints reactions:
R A 0, M A 32 kNm ,
There is one characteristic interval
0 x4
M ( x) 32 kNm
Q( x) 0
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
32
=0
Problem no 7
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
4.8 kN/m
4.3 m
Solution:
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4.8 kN/m
MA
RA x
Constraints reactions:
R A 4.8 4.3 20.64 kN, M A 20.64 2.15 44.38 kNm ,
There is one characteristic interval
0 x 4.3
x2
M ( x) 20.64 x 44.38 4.8 , M (0) 44.38 kNm, M (4.3) 0
2
Q( x) 20.64 4.8 x, Q(0) 20.64 kN, Q( 4.3 ) 0
The shear force is equal to zero at the free end, so there is minimal value of the bending moment:
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
44.38
20.64
Problem no 8
Construct the diagrams of the cross-section forces for the beam in the figure.
14 kN/m
3.3 m
Solution:
14 kN/m
MA
RA x
Constraints reactions:
R A 14 3.3 / 2 23.1 kN , M A 14 3.3 0.5 3.3 / 3 25.41 kNm
There is one characteristic interval
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0 x 3.3
x 2 14 x 3
M ( x) 25.41 23..1 x 14 , M (0) 25.41 kNm, M (3.3) 0
2 3.3 6
14 x 2
Q( x) 23.1 14 x , Q(0) 23.1 kN, Q(5.5) 0
3.3 2
The shear force is equal to zero at the free end, so there is minimal value of the bending moment:
N ( x) 0
Diagrams of the cross-sections forces:
25.41
3
23.1
2
Workshop theme
Write down the cross-section forces functions for 8 basic cases of simple beams.
Review problems
Practice the cross-section forces diagram for 8 basic cases at arbitrary position of the axes and loading
signs. Exercise the solutions of these cases so you can draw solution for particular case within 2-3 minutes.
Addendum
Hints
Tip: There are two typical students errors:
an incomplete section; section does not determine the subsets properly, in effect the subsets are not
disjoint
a section without suitable internal forces or cross-section forces
Glossary
locus m.g.p., miejsce geometryczne punktw (zbir wszystkich takich punktw, e...)
section przekrj
subset podukad
disjoined subsets ukady rozczne
cross-section przekrj poprzeczny
prismatic bar prt pryzmatyczny (o staym przekroju)
internal forces siy wewntrzne
cross-section forces siy przekrojowe
cross-section proper coordinate system ukad wasny przekroju poprzecznego
undersides spody
axial force sia poduna, sia osiowa
Adam Pawe Zaborski strength of materials design exercises