Section C SPECIAL SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 345Table of Contents Introduetion 1 EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL LOADS Basic Protection Requirements System Disturbances and Their Eifects Deviations in Votage and ther Basic System Coneitions savency Deviations Harmonics ‘Shared Responsibility 2. PROTECTION OF SYSTEMS WITH DISPERSED ‘STORAGE AND GENERATION How OSG Atects Distibution-System Operation SG-Utity interconnection ane Monitoring Practices, Recommondatone for Flying Functions Typical Potgction Sonemes Page 247 240 28 249 251 Bee 252 253 256 284 255 Specitic Protection Problems ‘Nuisance Fuse Blowing Coordination and Recloing Practices ‘slanging Equipment Overload Resonant Overvoltages Harmones Fluctuating Generation Four Principal Rules for OSG Proisction 3, PROTECTION OF SYSTEMS WITH, AUTOMATED DISTRIBUTION ‘Adantabityof Present-Day Switchgear Uoadbreak Switch for ‘Automated Distribution Systems ‘Appicalion with Reciosere to Automation Blends Old and New INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES REFERENCES AND CREDITS: 261 261 282An Introduction The subjectsin this section have been separated trom the ‘main overcurrent and overvoltage discussions because, asthetie implies, oy involve considerations that are not ‘necessarily of universal interest to readers of the manda ‘Aso, ho separate realmant helas ave repetition, since bot overcurrents and overvoliages are of concorn in coping with te effects of inustral loads and in protecting systems with dispersed generation Because automated distibution ie a highly dynamic subject, the discussion here consists of a single example of the use of special equipment on automated systome hilo emphasizing that existing switchgear is readly adaptable to the requirements of automation. The reader is encouraged to seek current information on special ‘equipment from reliable industry sources. Please remember that the arotection principles and procedures covered in detall in Sections A and 8 are Applicable to all of the Gonsitions discussed here. Any ‘Special precautions or additions ae clearly identified4. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL LOADS BASIC PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ‘The application of circuit protection ata substation with inaustnal Io20s follows the samme basic rules as at other tlt ovations to protect ll ereults and equipment fom bnormmalelecine disturbances. When ths isnot attain- ‘ble, ne Goal isto minimize he effects The primary pur pose of substation protection, therefore isto protect the ‘rai uty circ from the elcts of faults between the ttlty cieult eaker and service entrance equipment Fauits on the feedor should be clearod quickly, s0 that ther consumers served trom the source bus wil not be Sifted. There also, ofcourse, must be adequate protec- tion at the industrial service entrance, and the utiltys protection schema should provige back-up to this equip- fment for further assurance thata disturbance within the Dnt wilinotaftectother customers on the utlty system Figure 1C1 diagrams a protection schema in which the utility's ereult broaxer provides primary protection tothe main utity cieutt and serves as back-up to the breaker ‘or interrupter at the plant's service entrance. (Not all Schemes wil inelude the breaker labeled "Utlty? and fwnership ofthe “Plant” breaker will vary) Each feeder tethin the plan is protected so that problem areas can be isolated to minimize tir effacts on production, SYSTEM DISTURBANCES AND THEIR EFFECTS. System disturbances are usually transient in nature and are caused by shorl cculs. Although service may actu- ally or in essence be continuous, he resulting dip in Wattage may affect the operation of ceriain equipment \Winen the eisturbance fs severe enough to cause tigping fof tre cireult breaker and subsequent reclosing to restore ower, his stormed an outage. andthe effects on equip. mmant can be mich mate severe. Comploto stoppage of processes may occur that resutin oes of production and ‘considerable lose fo the incustria "To provide some understanding ofthe effects of uty system clsturbances on incustval Toads and of various related limitations and concerns, several tables are presented here from ANSI/IEEE Standard 242-1086, Rocommended Practice Jor Protection and Coordination ‘of industrial and Commercial Power Systems a volume Shenidentiedas tnelEEE buffbook "Table IC! iststhe Service deviation tolerances for load and control equip~ ‘ent. Table 2C1 identities typial causes of some of the ‘ost common disturbances, and Table 361 st the mink ‘um times required for restoration of srvice aftr loss of ‘oltage and some ofthe precautions hat shouldbe taken. This suggested thatthe tables be studied in deal as ne following text covers In genora terme, just afew points of particular interest Deviations in Voltage and Other Basic System Conditions Electric ponerservice toan industrial load mustbe able to meet the normal peak power demands, and to.d0 so with minimum deviations in both voltage and frequency. Ialso Should be relatively tree from voltage surges or cisto thon, mst maintain normal phase rotation in three-phase systems, and must not subject loads to single phasing Voltage deviations and lass of voltage can vary consic- erably in duration, depending on the type of cisturbance land the method used to restore service. Such disturb= ances ae very unpredictable and can cause einer asmal Noltage dip or a permanent fault resulting in isolation of partotthe system. Hiei vourGe umury souRce muireconone Umury incur BREAKER Grruseo mireRRUPTER an ous Puanr Uruzarion YOUTRGE DREaRER Figure 101 ‘Fipiel protection scheme tor utility feeder and Indus- ‘ral plant. 248TABLE 101 Electric Service Deviation Tolerances for Load-and-Control Equipment oevce Votagetover | on: pranay Consent . Ser aggro | —wase = ae" ca cone = ese inenctonnates — [Sit waa = [ext nto tocet | HRP Shes aE ee: en Brecteurtent col ropa Soh to 408 toré io ‘ial - |: acti a vet —= a Ean “ - | - [eeperage semen 2 =] = [eaten a “4 Z| of [Bete | wea, Brecsoue =| 2 |Site, woes aeemao —]=8 =) Saag a * * olage and requency devi. cherie: | inne aaa a a | a Staci aeernoreeuese * seca | - thas egeageer | =~ —— reer eae ee, Pe ieee Tae eT — aT [si Burr eens ston Hopaninnotons sear den toler ‘5h ranstormaronting __ | Raia Se Hargis [ees] ——(tapntan spore mu Harmar, eee) Boor ae deere am crimes] — [Seema aera etree pecrwoty seen wm | se |pmscunmeene Genartote, “eeentuts CREE Th HEED EG vance, | ~ bbe reduced by 5%. ° aan a Sexes] Hh] roa ane ieee SEES ea — = 7 ~ “ype Rarer ected ighnag arene age pote roe malod euahout the wae, Deviaon lerarca ie can- “EL sige teeta isons at Sie ea le NCEP EGE homens oleae cricae Sy comonamnnrs gon aeeyewanurmsnn eee acne arse yo Hela pe stave a ceatrentgaangeted eens, See eine Sl ee a emt eats ‘Seen en areca urn encanto cae ae re asain if Speen tear nanie Rens ee, Same Sneed 280Froquency Deviations Deviations in frequency trom the nominal system value may be undesirable for some loads, particularly comput. ‘rs. Howover, froquency devil n usualy is associated with some other system probiem and a drop In system voltage. It usually indicates that tna total load connected to the power source is greator than the capability of the systemto supply the load TABLE 201 Electric Power-System Disturbances Disturbance ‘Duration ‘Ect on Syston “Typical oase* Yoriage tov ‘Sioady io voltage Rimal gam voltage variation resting ange Fromtoad ensnges, Yotage swing (eyceste | 30% valane Mote startin, shock ade. Tarnaco aad Smit ‘waldo plane's coors OUghING SNES. Voriage vaneion® Unies “#1003 19 =50% vlogs omote system falls ewiching sures syeles lightning arokes, capacitor withing ‘vorage tioter vanabie Verage varations petitive votage swings or ansien. Votiago oes Temanimum | Down toO% votage war transmission syttam oastinuton ‘Syston faut ntwor syst aust VoranoTose Trin mBamum | Downie O% volage war sytem fauls or equipment falure feauring recosing orresynchroniing eration Woragoteese Extended =TooR vag Permanent Sowor ayeom faults, equipment {ature socontal bong of power creut i break Wortage wave-shane | -Varabie Fundamental orharmonic ‘Arcig faults, fereresonance, switching. Sitortion harman, voltage uote * 200% {fansents, wanslormor ron cor roaclr of aise Balas magnet ang eaurements, controled ‘ectiers commutator, are ascharge, fot" eeentarise motos. Vorage unbalance Sioa Upto 10% yortage variation among | Single-phase or unbaliiced ads on reo besos ofthres-shaseaystam "| phage syste ‘Single Basing ‘Branded ‘Down to vottage on one ‘Qpen conducio stsing wih snae-pole Brave ltnrce-prasesyetem | devices, use blowing cru braakr oF onset" aur Paver rection Varabie ‘Change tow of curent ‘Suppl eerom raul. oss of anemission changorchort cuts orogmee lings ayrehronaig power surgoa witching. Freauency change | varabie “Fito 2 ‘Loss aeration a lity suppl line ‘Rlsassrer at prope lets anna aration an ers “Soest SP aRSeg ie ray ated poor ane pene cae ea ee Wace ecg BEES mma ete vm cnc ge ees ye nsw so ereasby crea ers cresc 25Harmonies In this case, the disturbance on the system and related problems may originate within the industrial plant, a3 a Fesultof harmonic voltages or wavechape distortions ok lage levels athe indusina’ loads can appear tobe normal, {and yet here may be severe overheating ofthe generator or interference with communication or signal systams. Harmonic voltages can be amped i power factor eapac iors ao used within an industrial plant The shunt capa tanoe and source inductance form a parallel circuit that is “an extremely high impedance at a specific requency, and ‘offen this frequency coincides with harmonic current ‘generated by some load, such as rectifiers or sttie motor ives If supply transtormeors are nol required, harmonies ‘can produce interference atthe utlity substation SHARED RESPONSIBILITY 18s important that the uly take into consideration the characteristics and limitations of the industrial loads it is serving, and equally important that the industrial cus- tomer be familiar with and understand the protection schemes for both the substation and the supply ines. The lity not only mast protect its own system But also 60 ‘everything possible, including consultation as necessary {and the mutual establishment of standards, 10 provide ‘Quality service, with a minimum of interruptions, fo the ‘industrial. To sccomlish this the uty andthe industrial ‘must install circut protection for their respective systoms thats appropnateto the pnysical arrangement. the equi: ‘ment and processes to be protected, and the service Continuity needed. there is doubt as to naw an industrial ‘systom anc various loads wal behave 2s @ result af poss ble system disturbances, a study should be conducted. TABLE 301 Restoration of Service after Lose of Voltage inimum Timo io Method ian Tego Comments Fespegae crear : ‘orale reclosing ater temporary faut | 25 0 70.cyelos lotr oa oxst mat sugprt oan vag tore ate sonttea elec ne ‘toys tlie. her reclosing mus be delayed ether Ber Hed retosing Upto! for define ue ound resus plant votagotae ofereuitroabare or owt Manual orremete-contaieg feclosng afer mara islstion of cause Sideturbaneo fonacomenta uses Upto 1 hrorlonger decayed folese than 22% gf pol. or se recomended jemstcrerto preven Jacage ule Reloos Hovis mecca mits ANE' CSOs ‘Stritod vals “Warsterincomng ie to aerate ne mpresses voliage shold not excou 133 VUE Intonation ie delay may simile wmnacostary oar source trance under some coaaione “Automate fancter Uptos0eycles Manual ransior Upto89 nin Sian generators inconsumereytam ‘arable ‘Standby generation may be suicionto supsiy femeraeney or erica ease eho gor2. PROTECTION OF SYSTEMS WITH DISPERSED STORAGE AND GENERATION {an increasing number of customer-owned generators is fing connected to distribution systemsas.a result of the Pubhe Uilty Regulator Policias Act PURPA) 1978. When ‘he capacity of such dispersed storage and generation (OSG) bbocomes significant compared tothe feeder load capaci ty. several operating problems mayarisa. Some of the con 4. Safely of utility personne 2.Short-circut currents and coordination of overcurrent protective devices, 3. Overvotages 4 Ialanding the abiliy of 0SG facility tocontinue to pro- vide power to some loads afer being Isolated from the ity). 5. Harmonics. 6. Fluctuating generation ‘These concerns encamaass both normal operating con ditions and faul conditions, and in some cases the utility land DSG owner may approach tem fom cifeent, or even Conflicting, points af view Both perspectives should be fiven attention, of course, in establishing criteria for DSG faaltias and operation. HOW DSG AFFECTS DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM OPERATION Conventional distrioutionsystem protection schemes and ‘eviees are designed for application on a radial system ‘with power flowing only in one direction and the substa- tion transformer serving a the system's only source of power These characteristics permit isolation of a fault by Interrupting the ereult at only one point. The claserto the ‘cauge ofthe abnormal condition the circuit is interrupted, the fewer customers willbe affected, which means that Service interruption can be minimized by caretul solec- ‘Hon and coordination of protective devices throughout the istribution system “The adaition of dispersed generation changes the ds: tnbution system from a passive one o an active one. That 's, ower may flow in more than one direction, with loads being supplied by more than one power source as shown ingigure 12. This of course compleates the basicroleot electric ules, which isto supply safe and reliable elec- tric power to theiecustomers. Historically, thas been rela tively easy to aocompish this, sinee utliteshave hac com- plete control aver the generation, transmission, and istribution of electric power With te addition cf dispersed Storage andgeneration devices, however uines notonger can exercise total contol aver all asgects of system oper Alon, bul they can and co lake steps, such asthe estab- lishment of minimum interconnection requirements, assure that the cispersed sources of elecric power wil ‘otadversely alc! thr systems. These requirements must satstyutiities'erteria regarding personnel safety. sory ice continuity. and service quality. S j dw, Lovo oA ~ 6 Sau sce Uity astriution systom with DSS. Personne! safety sof particular concern. During sched- tuled maintenance and repair as well as during emerge ties, utlities need to isolate or eenoraize appropriate portions of the circuit. To assure that ths 's done, they Imust know the location of al the power sources i thelr ‘system and have visible and lockable breaks to isolate tem. “Toaccommodate DSG. many utlties have made changes in thew detibution gractioes! for example, not allowing the use of single-phase protective devices between the ‘lily tranetormer and tmee-phase DSG. Also, recogniz~ ing the need for more time Tor OSG breakers to operate after a fault (up to one second), utlities may use longer reclosing intervals ‘One coneition sometimes overlooked by utilities isthe possibility of resonant overvoltages and the hiahreneray ischarge capabilty required from arrestes for this con- ‘ition. As clscussed below under “Resonant Overvolages, Satlon-class arresters may be required for connections Involving generators 100 KW or larger Inthe utlty-D8G relationship, protection mustbe recip- rocal. The utlty system and other loads must be protectes gaint the adverse effects of any undesirable conditions ‘on the DG side, and the DSG facility must de protectes ‘gainstany damage fromthe utlity (Reference 1). Asstat- ‘dealer. problams can ocour during normal operation or during faults. “The following discussions wil emphasize protection of the utity syetem from the DG, althouah DSG concerns will be mentioned when appropriate, First. wo wil tke & Took at seme of the current OSG-utity infereonnection {ane monitoring practicos, and then examine speci pro {ection problems and recommended solutions 253TABLE 102 LUtty Requiromonts for Connection of DS to Distribution System ‘OSG ype ad Rating (AT ond'3 Phase) Minimum Requirements —t0Kw TORW Oo RW teat iw Visbie Dpcarnast Beciceted arormer (at or below 480) Bese Roeser Four Outage ‘Qrerotane (5) Sreeotsge ar Nop Phase Seaverce V4) Zero Sequence IN Brecon Overeurent (67) Svereurent (84) outa Ground vga Ground aut 606/510) Uadoreegconéy 470) Voage Rosrint Overcurrent (34) AntcBiancing Msn Power Brectional Relay (2) ower Factor Corection Byrcrging ana (28) Phase Sequence (7) Block Close of OSG Int Dead Feeder Specty Grade 9! Relay Eagsmont ‘Sense Correct Unbalanee 26) Communications elem T 1 1 1 i T t t t = 8 § s 5 t t t s 5 8 8 8 g s § § s 8 8 § Teindkctongeyetatg”S_ syacvonon geremion Tavera. UndrsSviesHncion numer sore tren sw 2, DSQ-UTILITY INTERCONNECTION AND MONITORING PRACTICE: The normal practice n roosting he ditrbuton sytem from DSG facilities is to provide for sensing one oF 10 arametersas primary protection and one or more backup Darameters a8 secondary protection in ease the primary ‘rotection matunctions. These requirements vary trom ute 'y to tility, and only typical conigurations willbe aiscussed here’ Protection requirements vary aso with he size and type ‘fDSG device, andthe pointof connection withthe uty “Typical size breakpoints for protection requirements are Below 10. 10}Wt0 1001, TOOkWta 1 MM Above 1 MW. Table 1C2 shows typical uility-mandated minimum requirements for connection of the distabution system with OSG facilities involving various sizes of induetion and Synchronous gonerators and invertors. This information is based on tho interface requirements of 17 utes. Ingeneral, utility specifications cover all the equipment ‘needed for fault detection, including possible redundan- {y. a8 a safeguard wi both voltage sensing tnd current sensing Recommendations for Relaying Functions ‘The relay functions recommended for most three-phase ‘D8G installations that, the conditions and charactrte- tics that must be continuously monitored to assure Gelee tion of faults and other abnormalitis—are! + Overcurrent Unbalanced votage, Undervaitage/overvotage. ‘Over/under frequency ‘Synchronism check (for synchronous generator). The monitored corcitions and what such relaying accomplishes in DSG protociivesehemesare summarized In Tape 202. With the loct-ncted exceptions. the table applies to sinle-phaseas wol as three-phase generators TABLE 22 Recommended Protective Relay Functions for B86 Instalatione (Gingle Phase and Three Ph ‘Monitored Condition ‘Grervatge Unteroltane Excopt As Noted) T Batct Fats Preven Accent! Tetet Fits and “Rona oa Conditions | Draco vorage™ ‘eect Overond. Inert | "Fasls ond Extera faut (ftGenerstor Seophes Fast Curent Vents Fresuaney Phase) ‘re, linge fo Pernt Barling et Sprcsroncs | Svnenvonien | Genorate nd sre‘Typical Protection Schemes Ingeneral uty requirements are the least stringent for installations involving small gonerators(oelow 10 KV), Unless penetration 1s considerable ona single feeder. A ‘ypical minimum protection configuration is shown in Fig tre 202. The conditions ensracterstics being monitored fare current. by means of curtentsensing molded-case breakers, undervoliage (27), and overvatiage (58). (No: Ciretednumbersin the figures an in Tabla 1C2 are stand frdidentifcations for protective devices and characteris- ties 8 listed (9 ANSHIEEE C37 2.1979. The identifica tlons used in this section ave Iisted in Table SC2) ‘Scum ce [te Figure 202 Minimum protection scheme for with OSG, distribution system TaaLe ac2 Standard Device or Relay Mdentiications* Number ‘Foraion or Moritored Candion 2% Syachronien Check a erve 2 Drees % Peis eare. & verse Phase Curent Pia Prose Sequence tage 0 irstaonesce Overcurent 3 Time-Oalay Ovorcu"ont 2 Srowvatage 0 Burront Banoo & Sesto! Overcurent 7 __|_Diferertal Protective Atypical protection scheme fora medium-size generator (between 11 and 931) is shown n=igure 3C2. Note that some schemes may include 9 utlhty breaker, indicated by broken lines, for duplication of protection and to provide means for disconnection. The monitored conditions are fegatwve-sequence voltage (47). generator avercurrent (50/51), undervoltage (27), overvoltage (69), and tre auency (B') Table 262 shows he potential abnormal ties {and tho characteristics being monitored for thelr detoc- tion. Ifthe generator synchronous, a synchronizing relay (26) wil bo used together with a second set of PTS fn the generator side of breaker 2. With medium gonera- tors, some utes alow the use of molded-case breskers for overcurrent protection, as in the srall-gonerator example (Figure 202), instead of circuit breakers with Ci'sand relays For large Generators (usually between 100 KW and 1 MW) the protection requ rements may be extensive like the ones shown in Figure 4C2. This echeme not only 070 Vides generator protection but also protects the sysiem: Protection redundancy assures removal a the gonorator Under various abnormal conditions, For example, a fault fn the uty side of the dedicated transformer may be Setected by the time-cvercurrent devices (51/51N), the Undervotage relay (27), andthe reverse-power relay (32). © os Figure 3¢2. ‘Typical DSG protection scheme for a medium-size ‘generator. 255‘Typical DS6 protection requirements tora large goncration facility. Figure 4¢2.SPECIFIC PROTECTION PROBLEMS Asstated previous the addition of aisporsod electric pow rsourees toa dist bution system affcisublity operation uring both normal and abnormal conditions, Fatowing tre clscussions ot same of tho specific and most common prostemsand recommended slutions to those problems Nuisance Fuse Blowing Because most dstbution systoms aro radial, their pro= tection schemes lake advantage ofthe fact that curront flows only in one direction from the source (substation) towards the fault (Figure 802(4). The protective devices tre tmme-current coordinated so thatthe device closest fo the faults the one called upon to operate first anc teolate tne faut With fult-supporting DSG connected to the system, however, faults wil have additional shor {reuit current contibutions fom the substation that may Sect the coorsination (Figure s2C{B)), muy source conrRIaUTION oe OH © Figure 502. Short-cireuit current contributions during faults for a ullity alone, and for utility with OSG. Investigators have made analyses to determine the adh tional energy a tuseon the dstbution system would expe: rience duoto he dspersed sources (Reterence 1). Instead ‘of using the traditional tmeccurrent characterstc (TCC) ‘appraaen, they used the amount of enoray accumulated Tuse for @ given time the reason being the wide ‘Variation in current contngutions ofthe rotating machines during the frst cycles. This energy, olen expressed as ismathematicaliy Pt =s Fat In Figure 6C2, plots of ft vs. time fora 12.47-KV feeder with tree ciferent sizes of dispersed synchronous gon ‘erators (100, 1000, and 2000 KN}, and 2 100 T fuse tile fre compare with the plot for 8 12.47-8V Yeeder without ‘ispersed generation, The available fault current ie 2500, amperes. Figure 7C2 makes the same comparisons, ‘sssuming 1250 ampores of fautcurrent (Beeoabr Taudr Cunment ALAGLE) la cenerrwi toi CanEAArOR SHEE Sa oes : $ Stob FUSE « 3 vote : eo use| Fetes 7 WEES SO Cham pure 62 Fig iee-ohae ful on tres sizes of syetronaus machines and with avaiable fait current of 2500 ‘A FEEDER WHTHOUT ORPERSED GENERNTORS gretbenin oiwoenenaron Fuse MELTING ME pr FAULTLDOATION DL "hae Pos INSTANT OF FAULT FMS) Figure 702, for tiree-phase faults on throe sizes of synchronous ‘machines and with available fault current of 1250 amperes. 287‘The fuse Ftcharacteriticis nearly constant forthe time period considered. melting time is determined trom tne Intersection ofthe fuse Htwithstand curve and thecurrent Preurve. As can be seen, nuisance fuse blowing is ikely to eccur on feeders with 1000 KW of cispersed genere- tion. The 1000 KW of gonorating capacity does nathave to be concentrated in one sito bul can be spread over the feeder Trthe generators are connected tothe utility through a crounded-uye/delta transformer (wye fo utility), they would ‘contrinute toa sngle-ine-to ground fault. Thistypec! instal: lation atfecs the fuse melting time enormousty, withthe. {generator contributing only a porton ofthe extra energy nd the rest of it coming from the transformer, Its likely that this transformer wil remain oneraiaed when the gen= trator isutol service Figure 6C2 shows te Ftforasinglo- line-to-ground fault on three sizos of synchronous goner- sors connected trough a rounded:vye celta transiormet, 2 eauem encores, : eee Bertier aca lad 6 TIME FROM INSTANT OF FAULT ms) Figure 2. Flora singlestino-to-ground fault on three sizes of synchronous machines, Protection Cholees. ‘The problem of nuisance fuse blowing can be solved by properiy coordinating the protective devices to take into Consideration te infeed caused by the generator Thisean bbe accomplished by changing fuse sizes or selecting a OW Figure 9c2. ‘Short-crcuit current contributions during temporary fouls faster recloser (or relay) setting fr the intial trip opens: tion. Also, the total faull-current interrupting eapablity of the fuse shoula be veriio. “The utility shauld either be prepared to handle the ‘rounding transtormer effect in ts protection scheme or ‘should aveld the grounded-wye/delta connection for DS (Reterence 2). Coordination and Reclosing Practices Bocause most csinbution-sstom faults ae temporary tie ties rely on automate circuit reclosers or reclosing circu breakers to allow such faults fo clear themselves and thus ‘avoid unnecessary isolation of the faulted portion from the Test of he feeder One ofthe requis tos for this eystom 10 ‘Works thatthe feeder be racial, butof course tne adcition ‘oF DSG devices to the distribution system makes it loop System, Failureto disconnect the DSG before the stu: ityrectosingmay result ether n temporary faults not clear- ing because ot nfead fem the OSG, arin damage to 0G ‘evices and utlity equigment. Tn normal uit practice, when there is afeult a protec- tive device opens and recloses two or three times 50 that the fault will ener clear itself or become isolated on a relatively small portion of the system. To achieve ths a Combination of fst and delayed curves is used on relay? breaker combinations or reclosers. Fora temporary fault fon the system shown in Figure 9C2, the recloser ml open. fon afast curve to coat the fault, and i the OSG protective Sevicos do not sense the fault and react of, the tempo- ‘ary fault wil not be Isolated ana wll appear fo be perma. ‘ent. The rocloser wil then operate on a delayed curve, Allowing the fuse to blow Protection Choioes ‘The problem of generator infeed making 2 temporary fault appear permanent can be solved by having a fast. oiable ‘method of detecting faultcond tinea the utlity/generator interface, such as voltage sensing or current sensing. ‘landing isa posit, to utity’sreciosing scheme should 'be modified in order to block reclosing when voltage is present on the load side atthe breaker ‘The elapsed time between the frst opening andthe frst reclosing operation is usualy between one-hall and two seconde, Thistimespan should be enough the OSG pre Tective devices are able to detect the faull and function propery This may not always be the case, however, and Ulty engineers should make a judgment based on spe- Giic SG characteristics, including the numberof dspersec faolitieson a feeder thei si andlocation. and thei pro= tetive equipment. It's recommended that utities using hall-eecond intervals forthe frst reclosing extend them ‘on feeders with OSG devices.Islanding Islanding’ isthe ability ofa DSG facility to provide power to some loads ater boing isolated from the ily. Aroaut sitoforisanding stnatine 0SG be capable of selrexchation, suet as wth asynchronous generator orasel-commutated Inverter Line-commitated inverters ane induction machines {re nol capable of st oxctation allhougha power factor Capacitor bank can provide the reactive Dawe for excita tionof such equipmentand supportisianding atleast fora shot period of time. ‘The utility must be concerned about the possible con- sequences of islanding if there isa chance of is going Lncetected by the protective devices. Personnel safety and quality of service [voltage level and frequency) are the main teasons for concern. islanaingalone nota prob lem, provided the DSG facility isreconnoctod to the dst bution system only after utlty service has been restored and synchronization verified. Another concern is that ‘eciesing ofthe utty breaker may damage DSG devices. Protection Choices: The ideal protection scheme should nave a communics- tion link between the uilityrolays and the OSG device 0 avoidislanding that's when to ublty substation switshing {evice is opened. the OSG wil ls be cisconnected. even ifthe OSG relays do not detect the islanding situation. In practice, howover, such communieations equipment may Not be feasible, and in lieu fi, vollage and frequency ‘Sensing are used to detect islanding, When the generator ‘utput does not match tne load a the instant of toltion, both voltage and requency. or speed. wil vary significantly ‘enough to warrant isolation of the OSG in a shor peiod of time. In theory—and the argument can be made that it may happen= there could be cases whore neither vollage nor ‘equency change fast enough to be reliably detected Because of this passin, to avoid damage that may be ‘caused by closing out of phase, the utlity should block reclosing if voltage is present on the 'oad side of the ‘witching device Equipment Overload 8G devices connected through delta/dolta transtorm- ers fond fo force the untaulted phase vollage 1-73 per Unit during single-ine-to-around faults. For this reason, some utilities require thatthe generator be connected through an effectively grounded transtormer ‘There could be hich zero-sequence currents presentin the groundec-wye/delta bank under normal loading the ‘generator ana ite transformer are small with respect tO the capacity ofthe feeder. For example, Figure 10C2(A) shows 2 bank of three-percentmaedance distribution lransformers anda zero-sequence volage of two percent at the transformer connection point As incicaled in Figure 10C2(), ma circulating current inthe bank would bo 67 percent of the transformer rated current, which ‘may result in overheating of he transformer when added {o the wansformer load current, Protection Choices (One wayto solve te grounced-wye /deltatranstormerprob- Jem isto use a grounding impedance as shown in Figure 10C2(C) This impedance wil look high tothe system for faults but low from the generator. The reactance of this dovice should bo such thatthe X to ; ratio atthe high- \oltage terminals ofthe generator transtormer i t least 3.0 mith the generator and wransformer isolated from the distribution system. The single-tine-to-ground fault- Current contribution Irom the DSG with the grounding Impedance will be almost the same as wnen the trang former is connected dalta/delta zezen0 we Les aaa Q « ad ann 8 wore 2, ents j = aioer pe For B= Se) oe w Figure 1002. Elect of zero-sequence voltage on grounded-wye/della DSG transformer bank o 258Resonant Overvoltages Another DSG effect of concer to the uty is resonant ‘vervoltages resulting trom the sation of asynchronous ‘generator with same capacitance (power-factor capacitors OF line capacitance) during @ single-lineto-groune fault TheeireutinFigure 11C2 showsasitualion inwhich reso~ ance ean be developed between the generator imped- ‘ance and the capacitor bank. Ifthe voage is allowed to fice unconstraned, will result is ingulation damage 058 Figure 1102, CGreult condition conducive to resonance during = single-ine-to-ground fault Protection Choices Some investigators (Reference 1) have found thet con- ventional sensing isnot fast enough to avoid equipment damage in the situation just described, and that surge Btresters are needed to protect against resonant over voltages. They recommend arester protection on both ori- ‘mary and secondary sides, with arestors sized to absorb the energy i te circuit or as mich a8 en cycles Small generators may be adequately protected wit distibution- Class arresters. However, because ofthe energy require- ments, generators T00kWandabove may require station- lass arresters Harmonies SG devices are sometimes connected tothe ubity sys tem through solid-state power converters, whose charac teristics are such that they result in substantia harmonics fn tho utility side. Harmonie eurtents flowing inthe sys tem cause voltage drops that distort the 60-Hz line vott- age, and the magnitude of these currents is largely inf enced ay the frequency characteristics of the feecer. Harmonic current magnification also may occur as @ resultof resonance when small capacitor banksare placed fn DSG seviees For this reason, the uly must bo cau- tious belore requiring powerlacior correction to OSGs that are lage VAR consumers, unless harmonic titers are Parlof the Bower factor corection scheme. Protection Choices A simple harmonic fiter isa series resonant combination fof an inductor and a capacitor tuned ata particular tre- ‘quency One otthe prosiems with he application a tors 's tha! they not only absorb the harmonic current from the earby source but also from other parts of the distribution systom, Therefore. iter design snoule becaretuly tailored to the particular DSG installation Regardless of tra source of harmonics, a single sup- pression scheme isificultio design for distribution food rs because of al the possible leading conditions. Fora 260 better understanding of his highly complex subject, please refer tothe discussion of harmonics under “Overvotages Sf System Origin" in Section 81 Fluctuating Generation “Another problem that may be experienced on distribution sysiems with large penetration of DSG devices is luctu- sting generation, suen a8 thet produces by wing geners- ‘ors during gusting conditions and by photovoltaic devices ‘ue to clouds. “The circuit used ina studied case involving fluctuating ‘generation ata wind farm (Reference Tis shownin Figure 1202. Hero voltage regulator is connected at tne eoder ‘midpoint to keep the voltage at the end ofthe feeder rele tively constant, but investigation revealed thatthe requle ‘ors inetfectivein achieving that goal Also, the veculator is subjected to an excessive number of operations in & short periog of ime. resulting in maintenance problems, of Figure 12¢2. Gusting ata wind generation tcity may cause {luetuation in genoration output Protection Choices ‘The deal—but not necessarily the most practical—solution to this problems an automated system that will etect the Undes'rable conditions andeithor init the maximum out. put ol the DSG until the fuctuations cease or disconnect {he OSG. In Hew ofthe the solution ie fuse a decieated feadar fr the wind farm. Since the main distibulion sy lomisinherentlytitfenough toresist the fuctuations, ony the loads an the feeder tel wil be affected FOUR PRINCIPAL RULES FOR DSG PROTECTION ‘while some speciic problems will obviously require spe- ‘il consideration, the main requirements or adequate pro- tection of distriotion systems witn DSG facies can be ‘Summarized in these four rules 41.Do nol uso single-phase intorrupting dovices botween ‘a titee-phase generatar and the utlty wanstormer 2, Locate interrupting devices between the OSGand feed- ‘oF capacitor banks to minimize concerns regarding res ‘onance and seit-excitation of induction generators. ‘8, Recoordinate branch fuses with upline reclosers if the {otal OSG generating capacity ona feeder exceeds 1000 ker 4.Check for harmonie distortion if the DSG is @ line- ‘conmulaed Inverter Power lactor-correction eapacitors may be needed and may be applied in conjunction with harmonic titer ‘This somewhat simplified summary presupoosos tha the interconnection requirements and transformer recommen: alions aiscusead above have been satistied3. PROTECTION OF SYSTEMS WITH AUTOMATED DISTRIBUTION {At the time ofthis manual updating, automated electrical ‘istrution eystoms aro in the tril stage. Without ques tion, the basi technology exists to accomplish automa tion a he distribution level, but total eres wll nave be delormined based on oxtensive cost analyses Opt- ‘hum use of facliies isthe pe'mary goal in mosernizat on programs that include nad management as wellas greater futomation monitoring and contro} the overall system, 1 to remote fears. fomation fo system protection, the area of concern is avercurrent protection, since surge aresters, the prinlpal means of achieving overvaltage protection, are essentially pessivo dewoes thattuncton only in vesporse to excessive voltage and theretore cannot themselves be Subjected to controls. The overcurrent devices of intrest Includealltypes of swichsear such as breakers, reclosors sectionalizers. and switches. Fusing equipment, on the ‘thor hand, sot appicabi to aufomated systems because ‘ofthe manual attention itrequires, ADAPTABILITY OF PRESENT-DAY SWITCHGEAR Since the focus here ison cistrbution-system protection we wil nol discuss such aspects ol automation as master Controls and methodsof communication radio. owerline tartior, ripple, telephone, etc). These co not affect the Basie principles of distribution protection, whieh apply rogardiess of the degree or method of automation. The Switchgear devices discussed in Section Aas wall ‘ther eurtching devices can allbe used, with presumably ‘enhanced etfectiveness as 2 result of properly designed fsulomation 'AS the component that actually does the work of fault intorruption and isolation in overcuront protection, suite ‘9ear plays an important rle wn automated systems, Can ‘ventional switchgear is readily adaptable to automation bbocause the requirements generally involve a capability most of these cevices alreeay contain: that of being Femotely tripped and closed. Howover, with control ‘20uipmient becoming more versatile to sat'sty increasingly ‘more complex system operating requirements, 11s Obvious that switchgear eapabilies must also expand, To Tully utize present and future control equipment suitengear is being called upen to provide more than basic remote trip-and-close operations. Por example, recently inreuces microprocessor con: trols for reaiosers and other switchgear are capable of performing a varety of arithmetic, loge, ana timing fare tions Dispersed throughout system wth communication toand from 2 substation master computor, such contro, Ulilzing system software in concert with simiar controls ‘on voltage regulators and capacitor banks. can help oro- ‘ide a reaciy modified and expandable system with a high degree of automation LOADBREAK SWITCH FOR AUTOMATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Regardless othe specific of systom desion, most itching ‘operations on automated systems are generally for the 1urpose of achieving fait iolation or circu reconfiguration, ‘Tests and expermental installations of systems using a.80- ‘mated switchgear control nave shown a common need for ling curent information fault presence). often curing the absence of auxtiary power One switengear device that thas been developed inresponse to thisneed isthe MoGraw Edison Type F loasbreak switch lig discussed below to ‘demonstrate how a special designed device canbe blended. ‘ith conventional faultprotection operations to provide Stlectve system operstion under supervisory or autor ‘mated contro! ‘The throe-phase, gang-operated, loadbreak switch — {esigned for operation on supervisory-contrlled or auto: ‘mated distribution systems~'s shown in Figure 1C3. It ‘mploys vacuum interruption, with the three-pote inter ‘upterstructure enclosed in an oles tank ana coupled toa stored-eneray spring operating mechanism. Electr- cal ratings are lstad in Table 163. “wo saliont features equip this device to provide the switching operations needed on an automated distribu- fon feeder + Aault-sensing-and-indicating system permits the system ‘Sonirol te recognize the passage of faut-evel curent. + Energy stored lor multiple suitehing operations permits tripping and closing witnout the presence of auxllary power TaBLe 103, Fatings of Loadbreak Switch for Automated Distibution Systoms Nominal val wan toa am Velaae EY Continuous Curent oof Estdlrenk Current eon Figure 13 ‘Loadbreak switch for application on automated distribu: tion systoms. 261Application with Reclosers Using switches with fultinaication capability along with faultnterrupting reclosers, an automated radial feeder fan function as follows for rapid faut isolation and to minimize the extent the outage: 1. During normal operating conditions, all reclosers, ‘Sootonaliger, ang suitohes are closed and are sensing Tine current (Figure 23), = Figure 5¢3. Sito control commands switch B1 to open and rectoser Broclose. Figure 203, lull feeder with al roclosrs and switches closed. 2, When a persistent fault occurs at. recloser B operates tolockout clearing the fault (Figure 3C3) + andor eer 8 3 Feeder control recognizes that recioser B is open and interrogates wteh B1 (Figure 4C3). S re v La swat wer ‘gem INTERROGAES ves Suretan — Figure 403. Fautinatorinswten 84 ssponds to system interroga- 4. Because switch BT indicates a fault, contol recos- nizes that the tault must le bayond switch B1, an ‘opens ft to remove the faulted portion trom the feodor (Figure SC3), Recioser @ is then closed to restore service upto BI 262 With this mettod of operation, utizing fault-sensing loatbresk switches in conjunction with reclosers, sevice 7 oo _ Iorestored tothe unfaulted sections in minutes perhaps a Sia owas Suoe Seeones—rather than the longer time required to travel (© ‘hearea locate the fault andthen open the proper switch CONVERSION TO AUTOMATION BLENDS ‘OLD AND NEW [Rs ihe example [st ote ilustrates, extending sophist ated controls oF even full automation —to distribution ‘Systeme doesnot invelve wholesale replacement of existing Switehoear Special equipment can be applied witn great ‘ectiveness in conjunction with conventional reclosers Sndbreakers. The three.phase loadbresk switch and other oviees with characteristics and capabilities particularly Suited to automated syetoms are available and will be further expanded as needs are Identified and addressed. This is an extremely dynamic subject that requires up fotherminute examination of information from reliable Industry sources. “One sree receiving consiserable attention i the use ot microprocessor contols with existing breakers, reclosers, Soeticnalizers, and switehes. The controls need not nec- Seearly be limited to protect on-relatod functions, put father~2long with similar controls at voltage regulators, ‘capacitor banks, otc can serve as components in adata- fcquisthon complex hat generates te information needed {or automated contol ofall aspecis of power distribution, ‘esedo continuous monitering af conditions throughout the system Timust be remembered, however thatthe basic princi plas of overcurrent protection, including all the require ments for coordinating protection devices installed in Series, stilapply. Please reter to tne appropriate subjects inSeciion AIndex of Figures and Tables FIGURE Effects of industria! Loads 11 Typical protection scheme tor utlity feeder ane industrial plant Protection of Systems with Dispersed Storage and Generation 102 _ Utility distribution systom with DS 262 Minimum protection scheme fora dicrbution system with OSG 362 Typical DSG protection scheme fora medium-size ganerator 4402 Typical DSG protection requirements fora large generation facility C2 Short-circut current contioutons during faulis for a vlty alone, and for utilty with OSG 662 Yor tree-phase faults on three sizes of syncnronous machines and with available fault current of 2500 amperes 702. Ptfor three-phase faults on three sizes ot synchronous machines and with avaliable fault eyrent of 1260amacres C2. tTorasingle-lino-to-ground fait on three sizes of synchronous machines 9862 Snort-crcult current contributions during temporary faults 1062 _Effect of zero-sequence voltage on grounded-wye/Celta DG transformer bank 1162 Gireult conditions conducive o resonance during a single line-to-ground faut 1202 Gusting ata wind generation facility may cause fluctuation in generation output Protection of Systems with Automated Distribution 103 Loadbreak switch for automated distibution-system application . 2C3_ Radial feeder with al reclovers and switches closed S03 Fault occurs at F and sclesredby recloser 8 4463. Fault indicator in switch 81 responds to system ntorrogation = ‘503 Systom control commands switch Bt fo open and closer B to close TABLE Effects of Industria! Loads 1C1 Electric service deviation tolerances for load-and-control equipment 2C1 ~ Elocvic powersystom disturbances C1 Restoration of service ater loss of voltage Protection of Systems with Dispersed Storage and Generation G2 __Ulilty requirements for connection of DSG to cistnbution system 262 Recommended protective ely functions for DSG installations «. 5C2 Standard device orrelay entifications Protection of Systems with Aulomated Distribution 103 Ratings of loadoreak switch for automated distribution systems, Page 249 285 256 2s7 287 261 262 "262 262 250 251 262 254 254 261 28REFERENCES AND CREDITS “Talcoritycources indicted y retorence numbers inthe ee please gaitarca nh praparabon otis manuel ut which atheroma ‘aroma covespnans nuntarunder ne aspeprateseconheading _ randby nuns toapass: prions athe rt Release” ow ihe Stas mcdes mies tains pred Secgrond en aye tn ftnape emt use Section A: Overcurrent Protection 19. €.T.Gjossan8. Thapar “Curent Asym: 7. FE Owen ans. R Clnkeroad, "Spe Bath Clare, Creut Anaye tac Power" netyinfesance heatave Ccas—T, Polecton of UD Gasie ystems, Par ‘Syotoma, Wi dob Woy andone, New ‘EL Wansactns, Pell Power Appa: Gabe alfenuation ane Protection nea ‘ats and Systems, ol 80, December ostaints" IEEE Transacors POW 2. EdthClthe, Great Anais of AG Power Gt Paes 60 BE opsratus and sytome. vovrre PAS 37 ‘Shae lI rn Way ae Sars, New 20, Keri National Standarce nattue, __ agen Ta0- 1927 yagi TOTS rae CF ottees, Reora Suet ACHigh’ 8. 6.8. Korshew. Gl Gara anc KB 8. Finn and. D Ears Symmeves! _ Yotage Creu reo Stora sein Wi Osde Surge Aree Conporens, MeGtaw Hil BooxCD, New 21. American Astral Standers Inaivie, _t'on Oehtalon Syess” Pred at Sem, arco 1868 Requremens or Aomese _IEEE-PES WrarPowarMoctng “a3 Nit 4D Stevenson... Elements of Power Grcuit Asclosers or huarating Curent G22. New or, NY TOE saps ok System anes FaithEckon Mecram Systane, ang 7.00197" epsom _ (EEE Famsaclons ibonk Co. New or 1982 toe 8. 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Stugy a Analyt Tosh BoreSysemergecing eoaraalne | Yo. es ne fee pr EE hares ower {ne Subcom 2» Deeaprert ane IEEE Stancara 1411986, Recon Aapartus and Spiers, August 68 ‘esaron ll Roper No ‘ended Practeotor Eerie Pour ish 12. hwestgnions end Euston ot Ughnig 6 Eaon leu nate ho Bal Te Button tor Indust Ponts (EEE Red" Prtacive Mahace lr Den Creu, shone Syston. Engesring Repotsoftte Book Part Appleaton ana Evaluation Tse ‘ow Subcammitee on Developmen and 28, "hepa andCoowinatono!Redoesr, Farce Rabb EEE Mansactors on Power ‘Recah Val Rept No.3 Seclonalzors, and Fuses icEE Ttorsl Apporms ana Sytem, Aug 1859 9, Rome Cabie UB conical Mana, Tors Cowen, Pabechon No EMOTE? SPUR, ¥9. “Sage Placer of Cate Somnecid Di alan ome Cala Co, tibston Equpment on Usdertoune Sre ‘ars! EEE tamactone, Power aepaes 10, IBGE Power Group, Conterenen Regard ang sysioma, Vol PAS- 89. No. 2 (coc'Pwh snd Cantares Resort Sup Siemens ue Species Four eal Cortes an Units Gein Stor Lagann GE Panearion7a86) 14. Oop S & Keston rd Smith, {Pa drcrem Calor ley 26 1a. ombuleanSEvVGE Paws S00%E8,'* SbeacchnpOsttngcn Tasers Tok 11. 2Ramo gs Rumney Fetée snd Ap Te LonSige Laren Surone” octtes st Wareria Macon aa, Sesonseaon, 2, Regt. Andeen andl Korg, EEE ES hanes tana Haneeioh een an er os ‘pentwarsciluirg ashes’ Cains Colrmee”s9 15101. haw rane 12. LF buma © cami A Boyan owUM Nova ore Reg 295 {Avapa89-sospoc ior eee nese ticetsage: rortomer Egowaing mn 3. AVA Sagtnt the Beqaey Osrovion basen Powe Dare Wy aa Sane Nera Oi Curertiagntuser itgrinrs States 1. Edson ec neuo arabe et Tee al Seusues be Mansctors on Section G: Special System brenesjeum.trgmeorngneporacina Dower apparian and Syne Nouns Geaelearaitoas Riot sebeammitae on Oerceemen ans PASSA ulyiaugual 872, Pages RG Gopan Prdzcen ol Gece Den tach 8 Res 3 Beate Son yet wm Gepores Sease and 1. EE Commitee Rope “Appleton ol & circa Mansrieson ana Detiowion Game asn O50) ee bascon BANC Prost felys amiBeveesi Dares: etrnce Soak Wasinghouce Eerie Cone Sesoroer ots ExrGieuis Ee fancacioneon Power Corunion Foun Eater soca Earm 2. Keb. tee Se Chase aC, Cuan, ‘ovare ara. Sye, Osaser eee, iran nersoage Govan anor eortose sone 510A emstong. 0. Shing and F —— gactng Dieie’ Goma we 15 Bua! cain Adnesanon ten Vovar“wlce Soe on Buanon Creams Se oma We S12 Gui fy tags Sectoratarg Una Consturton“IEEETaneatonson_seiotoen ave tert ans ouors SvaverfueltheneSpnreytrch oss Power Apparatus ana Systeme, vor arama teoe pee sear seoe 16. BA Guten iresway Creat recy, PAS¥6, Nov: Feornry 86" Pages 8. DA Gor Ebeita Dertssn Poke ‘bint anor how fo Tos Bait fon Proiems wintnetnoreowecon a 1, CReionmmae"Agrnty: Pat. %e Carin G TUbcu and Aron. Sra Sosenes Cosa fetes Ps ice tkaaegn Rome spine} ha reBmgrbaclewpins — sealretormansBa sts Girt 1971; Parl The Une Second Weed "BE Naeaotensan ower ops, SonealOarkzens Newey OK Sree! Quarter 1971, ratus and Systems, Vol. PAS-6, 16.1986, Se 10. ETB.Guesanaht Kunzenor"cur Nb Rowe Sa Pes 50 1607 fant Aoymaty sa Rasta Fentones tesa arson Fr Pe Deaamtr 0 Pagon 827206, 2 —— - |