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OUTPUT DEVICE
It is used to transfer processed
information from the computer to
the user in a way required by the
user.
MEMORY UNIT
It stores instruction and data and provides
them to the various other units as and when
required. It is basically the working memory
of the computer system. This memory unit is
volatile, i.e. it is temporary memory and
nothing can be stored here permanently. The
information is stored in the main memory as
long the computer is switched on or as long
as it is required by the computer.
CONTROL UNIT
Controls the various operations
within a computer. It basically
manages all the other units and
devices of the computer system. It
does so by transmitting timing and
control signals to the various devices
and units.
ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT
It performs the various arithmetic
and logical operations on the data
stored in memory, as dictated by the
instruction.
There are various basic circuits to
perform these operations.
SECONDARY STORAGE
It stores the various data, information
and programs permanently for future
retrieval. The information is
organised in such a way to retrieve it
in minimum time whenever required.
The stored information remains as
long the user wants it.
BUS
These are a set of connecting wires
used for setting interconnection
between the various devices in the
system. Each set of bus has a specific
function to perform like carrying
data, carrying control signals and
addresses.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DATA FLOW CONTROL FLOW
SECONDARY
STORAGE
CONTROL
UNIT
ARITHMETIC
& LOGIC UNIT CPU
KEYBOARD
A keyboard on a computer is almost identical to a keyboard on a
typewriter. Computer keyboards will typically have extra keys,
however. Some of these keys (common examples include Control,
Alt, and Meta) are meant to be used in conjunction with other keys
just like shift on a regular typewriter. Other keys (common examples
include Insert, Delete, Home, End, Help, function keys,etc.) are
meant to be used independently and often perform editing tasks.
Keyboards on different platforms will often look slightly different
and have somewhat different collections of keys. Some keyboards
even have independent shift lock and caps lock keys. Smaller
keyboards with only math-related keys are typically called
"keypads".
Although the typing portion of the computer
keyboard is identical to a standard typewriter,
computers have several additional keys that
perform different functions.
Pointing Device
A pointing device is any hardware component that allows a user to
input spatial data to a computer. CAD systems and Graphical User
Interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the
computer using physical "gestures" - point, click, and drag -
typically by moving a hand-held mouse across the surface of the
physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements
of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of
the mouse pointer and other visual changes.
While the most common pointing device by far is the mouse, other
kinds include trackball, touchpad, pointing stick, lightpen, various
kinds of digitizing tablets which use a stylus, and even a special
"data glove" that translates the user's movements to computer
gestures.
MOUSE
A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk
surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one
or more actions to take from that position. It is a handheld pointing
device for computers, involving a small object fitted with one or more
buttons and shaped to sit naturally under the hand. The underside of the
mouse houses a device that detects the mouse's motion relative to the
flat surface on which it sits. The mouse's 2D motion is typically
translated into the motion of a cursor on the display.
Common mouse actions include:
clicking the mouse button to select an object or to
place the cursor at a certain point within a document;
And in order to read the bar code, there are a wide variety of
readers available, each designed for a specific purpose.
The advantages are that the bar code provides timely, error free
information that can be used to validate receipt, movement or
counting of products. It reduces key entry time, transcribing time
and almost all errors.
Black and white stripes, such as those shown below,
are often seen on packages of snacks, foodstuff, and
sundries stacked on supermarket shelves or
convenience stores - these are known as "Bar Code".
The bar code can also be found on industrial
products, or on delivery request forms for home and
office deliveries - their uses are wide ranging.
OMR
OMR (Optical Mark Reading) is the process to detect the presence
of intended marked responses. A mark or response position as it is
often called, registers significantly less light than the surrounding
paper. In order to be detected by the a mark has to: Be positioned
correctly on the paper Be significantly darker than the surrounding
paper OMR ususally refer to a technique that uses special hardware
equiped with light sensors that capture the reflection or absence of
reflection on paper.
Advantages of OMR readers :
OMR has a better recognition rate because fewer mistakes are made by
machines to read marks than by reading handwritten characters.
Large volumes of data can be collected quickly and easily without the need
for specially trained staff.
The cost of inputting data and the chance of data input errors can be
reduced because it is not necessary to type the details for data entry.
Digital video It allows a user to input video images Video image input
camera into the computer in digital form.
Output devices
used to produce information to users
in the form of hardcopies
(printed output) or screen display.
VDU or MONITOR
A monitor, also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU) or a display
screen, is the physical unit where the CRT, or other image-projection
means and other related parts are placed. It is a separate unit
connected to the computer via cables. One distinguishable part of a
monitor, the screen, is a glass surface on which images produced by
the computers video adapter are displayed. The size of a screen is
measured from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner. Common
screen sizes are 14, 17, 19 and 21 inches.
CGA : Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) was introduced by IBM in 1981. It was capable of
providing four colors and displaying images at a maximum resolution of 320x200 pixels.
SVGA : Super VGA provides greater resolution than VGA. Typically, it can support a
palette of up to 16,000,000 colors. The number of colors that can be displayed at the same
time in a certain computer, however, may be limited by the amount of its video
memory. Most PCs now support the SVGA display. Depending on its size, an SVGA
monitor can provide one of the following resolutions:
800x600 pixels
1024x768 pixels
1280x1024 pixels
1600x1200 pixels
XGA : Extended Graphics Display (XGA) was introduced in 1990. The newer version of
XGA offers a good resolution of 800x600 pixels in 16,000,000 colors (true color) and
1024x768 pixels in 65,536 colors.
Printer
In computers, a printer is a device that accepts text
and graphic output from a computer and transfers
the information to paper, usually to standard size
sheets of paper. Printers are sometimes sold with
computers, but more frequently are purchased
separately. Printers vary in size, speed,
sophistication, and cost. In general, more
expensive printers are used for higher-resolution
color printing.
Personal computer printers can be distinguished as impact or non-impact
printers. Early impact printers worked something like an automatic
typewriter, with a key striking an inked impression on paper for each printed
character. The dot-matrix printer was a popular low-cost personal
computer printer. It's an impact printer that strikes the paper a line at a time.
The best-known non-impact printers are the inkjet printer, of which several
makes of low-cost color printers are an example, and the laser printer. The
inkjet sprays ink from an ink cartridge at very close range to the paper as it
rolls by. The laser printer uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror to
attract ink (called toner) to selected paper areas as a sheet rolls over a
drum.
Dot Matrix printer :
A Dot Matrix printer is an impact
printer that forms characters as a
series of dots. The print head
contains a grid of pins which form
a character. This heads stamps on
to the paper through an inked
ribbon to produce a character (for
example, "H") that is made up of
dots.
The print heads can have from 9 to 24 pins in them. The more
pins the print head has, the better the quality of the printed
output. Printers with 24 pins produce letter quality output. The
quality of the printed output is measured in dpi (dots per inch).
The higher the dpi, the better the quality of the printed output.
Ink-Jet printer :
An inkjet printer is any printer that places
extremely small droplets of ink onto paper to
create an image. If you ever look at a piece of
paper that has come out of an inkjet printer, you
know that:
The dots are extremely small (usually between 50
and 60 microns in diameter), so small that they
are tinier than the diameter of a human hair (70
microns)!
The dots are positioned very precisely, with
resolutions of up to 1440x720 dots per inch (dpi).
The dots can have different colors combined
together to create photo-quality images.
Laser Printer :
A Laser printer uses a laser beam to print. The laser creates an image on a
drum inside the printer. This picks up toner and prints the image on to the
paper like a photocopier does.
The main advantages of laser printers are speed, precision and economy. A
laser can move very quickly, so it can "write" with much greater speed than
an ink jet. And because the laser beam has an unvarying diameter, it can
draw more precisely, without spilling any excess ink.
The four printer qualities of most interest to most users are:
Color: Color is important for users who need to print pages for presentations or maps and
other pages where color is part of the information. Color printers can also be set to print
only in black-and-white. Color printers are more expensive to operate since they use two
ink cartridges (one color and one black ink) that need to be replaced after a certain
number of pages. Users who don't have a specific need for color and who print a lot of
pages will find a black-and-white printer cheaper to operate.
Resolution: Printer resolution (the sharpness of text and images on paper) is usually
measured in dots per inch (dpi). Most inexpensive printers provide sufficient resolution for
most purposes at 600 dpi.
Speed: If you do much printing, the speed of the printer becomes important. Inexpensive
printers print only about 3 to 6 sheets per minute. Color printing is slower. More expensive
printers are much faster.
Memory: Most printers come with a small amount of memory (for example, one megabyte)
that can be expanded by the user. Having more than the minimum amount of memory is
helpful and faster when printing out pages with large images or tables with lines around
them (which the printer treats as a large image). Large volume of information are printed
with the help of a print spooler which uses the printer memory efficiently to complete the
print job.
Plotter
A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from
a computer to make line drawings on paper with
one or more automated pens. Unlike a regular
printer, the plotter can draw continuous point-to-
point lines directly from vector graphics files or
commands. There are a number of different types
of plotters: a drum plotter draws on paper wrapped
around a drum which turns to produce one
direction of the plot, while the pens move to
provide the other direction; a flatbed plotter draws
on paper placed on a flat surface; and an
electrostatic plotter draws on negatively charged
paper with positively charged toner.
Comparisons between different output devices:
Output Device Description Usage
Dot-matrix printer It is a noisy, low speed and quality Printing multiple hardcopies in
printer. one strike
Inkjet printer It is a quiet, quite high speed and Printing documents, graphics
quality printer.
Laser printer It is quiet, high speed and best Printing high quality documents
quality printer. and graphics
The BIOS traditionally was built into the ROM chip during the
manufacturing process. Later technology let ROM be
programmed after the manufacturing processbut only once.
Now an increasing number of computers have ROM that can be
erased and reprogrammed and a user can customize the BIOS
instructions to suit his needs.
RAM and cache work together to match CPU speed, thereby ensuring the
efficiency of your computer. The amount of RAM in a system is in direct
relationship to the speed at which an application will run. Generally, having more
RAM means accessing the hard drive less frequently resulting in smoother, faster,
more efficient performance.
PROM : The PROM or the programmable ROM is the type
in which data are electrically stored by the user with the aid
of specialized equipment. Some PROM can be written to only
one time.
RAM ROM
The MMU also records whether a page has been modified since it
was last paged in. If it has not been modified then there is no need
to copy it back to disk and the space can be reused immediately.
Backing store or Storage Device
It is a secondary storage with large capacity used to
store programs and data permanently for future use.