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1. Dimensiong of CTs
2. Error definitions
3. General design aspects
4. Linear cores
Protection class P
5P20 or 5P40 means:
Figure shows that the At 20*IN (40*IN) the error must be < 5%
error decreases when the
current increases. This
goes on until the current
In addition: at 1*IN fi<1%, i= +/- 60min.
and the flux have reached
a value (point 3) where
the core starts to
saturate. A further
increase of current will
result in a rapid increase
of the error. At a certain
current Ips (4) the error
reaches a limit stated in
the current transformer
standards.
Error definitions IEC 60044-1
Limitations:
- between 25% 100% of the rated burden
- valid for the highest ratio only
- valid for extended ranges (e.g. ext. 200%)
B : core induction
AFe : iron surface
Ns : windings
F : frequency
Error definitions
Rating-errorr [%]:
IS * ratio / IP
Is Ip
Phaseangle-error [min] : d
Phaseshift d of IS -> IP
60 Min = 1, 360= 1 period Is
burden 1x (proportional)
E.g.: 10 VA --> 30VA 3 x more weight of core
Primary current P, C, X class 1/x
E.g.: 10000A --> 20000A 50% weight of core
Is
Primary current M class 1/x ... 1/ x2 (small Ip)
E.g: 1000A --> 2000A 50% ... 25% core-weight
d
Measurement class 1/x
E.g: Kl 0.5 --> Kl 1 50% weight of core
Knee point voltage x
E.g: Vk 100V --> Vk 200V 200% weight of core
Secondary current 1
E.g: /5A --> /1A unchanged core weight
Design aspects
Burden
Ktd
Tp Ts
e e Ts
1 A typical value of Ktd is 1025
L
Ts
Rct Rb
Is Beside of knowing the real short-circuit currents, its
mandatory to know the transient values as Tp, t, tal
(tfr, t, tal). The values t, t,t tfr and the primary constant
During the last decades
the demands on current Tp are given from ddistribution-net configuration and the
transformers for
protection has increased protection relays'.
rapidly. Overcurrents in
power networks and also
time constants for the Some over dimensioning can be achieved with the
short-circuit d.c.
component are increasing.
secondary time constant Ts. Ts is very much dependent
Very short breaker tripping
times are stipulated and
from the burden.
achieved by fast operating Remark: wiring between burden and CT to be considered!
protective relay systems.
The relays must perform
measurements at a time
when the transient (d.c.
component) has not yet
died down
Linear cores Classes TPS / TPX
CTs in this classes are build of cores without air gap (low
magnetic stray field). Characteristic for this cores is the
enormous size and weight. The dimensions are forced
because of big Fe-cross sections needed to compensate the
Ual K sscKtd Rb Rct I n DC-component of the short circuit current.
Is The knee-point voltage Ual is calculated according:
Ual K sscKtd Rb Rct I n
Therefore its important to have
.. A normal protective
d
all parameters correctly given
core in a current
transformer will saturate from the customers.
very rapidly due to high
currents and remanent Ual is shown on nominal plate
flux. After saturation
occurs, the current
transformer output will be
distorted and the
TPS and especially TPX cores
performance of the relay are very seldom required.
protection system will be
affected. For protection
relays intended to operate
during a fault the core
output under transient
conditions is of
importance.