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Populations
Examples
Accessible population
Examples
Samples
Sampling frame = a list of all the elements in the population from which
the sample is drawn
Examples
Simple random
Bingo #=s
Stratified random
Proportional
15% seniors
25% juniors
25% sophomores
35% freshmen
Disproportional
Example
Procedure
Systematic
A random sampling process in which every kth (e.g. every 5th
element) or member of the population is selected for the
sample after a random start is determined
Example
Characteristics
Not every element of the population has the opportunity for selection in
the sample
No sampling frame
Population parameters may be unknown
Non-random selection
Restricts generalization
Quota
E.g. 50 males & 50 females; recruit the first 50 men and first 50
women that meet inclusion criteria
Handpicked subjects
Snowball
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Sample Size
Descriptive studies need large samples; e.g. 10 subjects for each item on the
questionnaire or interview guide
As the number of variables studied increases, the sample size also needs to
increase in order to detect significant relationships or differences
A minimum of 30 subjects is needed for use of the central limit theorem (statistics
based on the mean)
Power Analysis
Power analysis = a procedure for estimating either the likelihood of committing a Type II
error or a procedure for estimating sample size requirements
Type I error
Type II error
Type I & Type II Errors In the real world, the In the real world, the
actual situations is actual situations is
that the null that the null
hypothesis is : hypothesis is :
True False
Gamma measures how wrong the null hypothesis is; it measures how strong the
effect of the IV is on the DV; and it is used in performing a power analysis
The textbook discusses 4 ways to estimate gamma (population effect size) based
upon:
Testing the difference between 3> means (ANOVA) - eta squared 2for
small effects 2 = .01; medium effects 2 = .06; large effects 2 = .14
Level of significance criterion = alpha , use .05 for most nursing studies and your
calculations
Power = 1 - (beta); if beta is not known standard power is .80, so use this when
you are determining sample size
Population size effect = gamma or its equivalent, e.g. eta squared 2; use
recommended values for small, medium, or large effect for the statistical test you
plan to use to answer research questions or test hypothesis
Mathematical formulas and computer programs can also be used for calculation of sample
size
Sampling error = The difference between the sample statistic (e.g. sample mean)
and the population parameter (e.g. population mean) that is due to the random
fluctuations in data that occur when the sample is selected
Sampling bias
The difference between sample data and population data that can be
attributed to faulty sampling of the population
Random selection = from all people who meet the inclusion criteria, a sample is
randomly chosen
Random assignment
See Polit & Hungler, pg. 160-162 for random assignment to groups and
group random assignment to tx. using a random numbers table
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