1 - Digital HE (v2) - System Overview

Digital Headend Operation
(Version 2)
Motorola General Business Information, Digital_HE (v2) - System Overview, Rev 2.5
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006
Page 0
Course Objectives
Identify the major components that comprise the headend

Define the function of the equipment in a digital headend
facility
Trace the in-band, out-of-band, and return signal paths
Add, change, and configure devices in the headend
Diagnose common error conditions and identify problem
resolution steps
Page 1
Agenda - Day 1
Registration / Introduction / Agenda Review
Section 1: Digital Headend System Overview
Section 2: Data Communications and Networking

Principles
Section 3: Out-of-Band Modulator (OM 2000)
Section 4: Advanced/Return Path Demodulator

(ARPD 1000/RPD 2000)
Page 2
Agenda - Day 2
Review of Day 1
Section 5: SmartStream Encryptor Modulator (SEM)
Page 3
Agenda - Day 3
Review of Day 2
Section 5: SmartStream Encryptor Modulator (SEM)

(cont)
Section 6: SmartStream Device Manager (SDM)
Page 4
Agenda - Day 4
Review of Day 3
Section 6: SmartStream Device Manager (SDM) (cont)
Section 7: Set-Top Box (STB)
Comprehensive Learning Exercise
Page 5
Digital System Overview
Page 6
Objectives
Name the benefits associated with digital technology

Trace the digital signal path through the system, from the
uplink facility to the customer home and back to the
Digital Addressable Controller (DAC)
Identify the primary function of each device in the digital
headend
List where Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation are
used
Page 7
Why Digital?
Increased channel capacity through digital

compression
Significantly more viewing options
Improved picture quality and consistency due to
robustness of the digital signal
Enhanced digital audio services
Electronic Program Guide (EPG) or Interactive
Program Guide (IPG)
A network platform for customer-driven products
and services such as Video on Demand (VOD)
Page 8
Digital System Overview Satellite
Transmission
1. At the uplink facility, channel programming signals are processed (encoded, encrypted,
compressed, etc.) for satellite transmission.
2. From a geostationary orbit 22,300 miles above Earth, a communications satellite receives
the signals in the C-band range of 5.9 to 6.4 GHz or Ku-band range of 14.0 to 14.5 GHz. A
transponder, on-board the satellite, handles the frequency conversion of the downlink
signal, in a range of either 3.7 - 4.2 GHz (C-band) or 11.7 - 12.2 GHz (Ku-band).
3. At the local digital headend facility, an Earth Station Antenna (ESA) receives the signals. A
Low-Noise Block downconverter (LNB) downconverts the digital signal to L-band (950 to
2150 MHz) and routes it to the signal processing equipment in the digital headend.
Page 9
Digital Headend Signal Flow
HFC Network STB
Analog
System
Analog System - provides scrambled and unscrambled analog services to both analog and
digital set-top terminals. The analog system is comprised of a separate analog addressable
controller and analog headend equipment.
Note: The analog controller addresses analog set-top terminals only. The digital addressable
controller addresses digital set-top terminals only.
Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Network series of fiber optic and coaxial cables (including nodes,
amplifiers, taps, etc.) that delivers data from the headend to the home.
Set Top Box (STB) tunes, decompresses and decrypts digital signals, and tunes analog
signals, then presents them for viewing. Most STBs are two-way RF (STARVUE module),
meaning communication is supported not only out to a STB but also back from that STB. Other
types of STBs in existence are one-way and two-way telephone (STARFONE module).
Digital Addressable Controller (DAC 6000) addresses and controls headend equipment
and STBs. The DAC 6000 authorizes STBs for services, manages channel maps, and controls
the encryption of services.
Remote Addressable DANIS DLS (RADD 6000) performs terminal operations including
purchase polling, code download, and power level polling.
KeyList Server (KLS) - verifies STBs and authenticates purchases. Its primary role is to
ensure system security.
Billing/Business System - a computer system that has a database of subscribers, their

services and their set-tops. It generates subscriber bills and is physically connected to the DAC
6000. The Billing/Business System sends instructions to the DAC 6000 for it to execute (ex:
authorize a service for a subscriber set-top).
Port Server receives serial commands from the Billing System and converts them to
Ethernet packets for transmission to the DAC 6000.
Page 10
Digital Headend Signal Flow
HFC Network STB
Analog
System
Out-of-Band Modulator (OM 1000) converts the control data digital input stream to an RF
output signal that is transmitted to customer STBs over an out-of-band (OOB) cable frequency
between 71 129 MHz. The OOB data stream can also include other types of information,
such as EPG/IPG data and downloadable objects.
Electronic Program Guide (EPG) Server sends guide data (indicating which programs are
on at what time) to the guide application in the set top boxes. [This can also be referred to as
an Interactive Program Guide (IPG) server.]
Return Path Demodulator (RPD 1000/2000) receives, demodulates, and processes

upstream data from STBs and returns data to the RADD. Each RPD can support up to six (6)
demodulator modules.
Each digital headend receives programming and access control signals from the satellite via an
earth station antenna. The signals are downconverted using a low-noise block downconverter
(LNB), then processed for distribution to customers. Signal processing equipment used in the
headend facility can consist of the following:
Digital Satellite Receiver (DSR) receives a Quadrature Phase Shift-Key (QPSK) modulated
L-band input from an LNB and transcodes the signal to an ASI signal. The DSR also decrypts
the satellite signal.
Statistical Remultiplexor (Stat. Mux.) used for service multiplexing, grooming, video
transcoding, video splicing, ad insertion, and Internet Protocol (IP) encapsulation. Examples
include the Motorola TMX and BNP.
SmartStream Encryptor Modulator (SEM) provides non-statistical remultiplexing, real time
encryption, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, and upconversion capability. The SEM can also
output IP encapsulated services over Gigabit Ethernet (GigE).
SmartStream Device Manager (SDM) used to configure and status monitor headend
devices over a local area network (LAN).
Page 11
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Preferred modulation scheme for:

Audio and video transmission from the headend to the
customer premises
More bit-efficient than QPSK modulation, but less noise-

resistant
Types
64 QAM = 26.97 Mbps
256 QAM = 38.81 Mbps
Page 12
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Preferred modulation scheme for:

Satellite transmission
Out-of-band data transmission from the headend to the
customer premises
Data transmission from the customer premises to the
headend
Less bit-efficient than QAM, but more noise-resistant
Page 13
RF Channel Capacity
Analog RF tuned channel:

6 MHz of bandwidth
1 virtual channel
Digital RF tuned channel:
6 MHz of bandwidth
Several virtual channels, dependant on:
QAM modulation type (64 or 256 QAM)
Service type and bitrate [Standard Definition (SD), High
Definition (HD), Video-on-Demand (VOD), or audio only]
Amount of digital compression
Amount/type of statistical remultiplexing
Page 14
Signal Levels
Digital QAM and QPSK signals should be 6 dB (256 QAM)

to 10dB (QPSK & 64 QAM) below adjacent analog video
carriers.
Actual levels will vary depending on the location in the
system (RF combiner, set top box, etc.)
Page 15
Learning Exercise
1. Name 2 benefits that Digital Cable Technology has over

Analog
a. __________________________________________
b. __________________________________________
Page 16
Learning Exercise
2. Name the headend device that best matches the function

listed:
a. decrypts incoming L-band signals ________
b. receives upstream communications from STBs ________
c. used to configure and status monitor headend
equipment ________
d. transmits out of band information to STBs ________
e. outputs a QAM signal ________
Page 17
Learning Exercise
3. Name 2 places where QPSK is used in the digital

headend:
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
4. Why is QPSK the preferred method of transmission in

these locations?
Page 18
Learning Exercise
5. With digital compression, a single tuned channel will

support how many virtual channels?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 10
d. Varies by provider content
Page 19
Learning Exercise
6. What are the output characteristics of an OM 1000?

a. 64 QAM, 44 MHz IF
b. 64 or 256 QAM, 50-1000 MHz RF
c. QPSK, 71-129 MHz
d. QPSK, 950-1450 MHz
Page 20
Learning Exercise
7. If analog services at the RF combiner are measured at 60

dBmV, what signal level should the SEMs 256 QAM
output be at the same point?
8. Given the information in Question 7, what signal level

should the OMs QPSK output be at the combiner?
9. What is the valid signal level range for digital signals at

the set top box?
Page 21

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Digital Headend Operation

Identify the major components that comprise the headend

Registration / Introduction / Agenda Review

Section 1: Digital Headend System Overview

Section 2: Data Communications and Networking

Section 3: Out-of-Band Modulator (OM 2000)

Section 4: Advanced/Return Path Demodulator

Section 5: SmartStream Encryptor Modulator (SEM)

Section 5: SmartStream Encryptor Modulator (SEM)

Section 6: SmartStream Device Manager (SDM)

Section 6: SmartStream Device Manager (SDM) (cont)

Section 7: Set-Top Box (STB)

Comprehensive Learning Exercise

Name the benefits associated with digital technology

Increased channel capacity through digital

HFC Network STB

Billing/Business System - a computer system that has a database of subscribers, their

HFC Network STB

Return Path Demodulator (RPD 1000/2000) receives, demodulates, and processes

Preferred modulation scheme for:

More bit-efficient than QPSK modulation, but less noise-

Preferred modulation scheme for:

Less bit-efficient than QAM, but more noise-resistant

Analog RF tuned channel:

Digital QAM and QPSK signals should be 6 dB (256 QAM)

1. Name 2 benefits that Digital Cable Technology has over

2. Name the headend device that best matches the function

3. Name 2 places where QPSK is used in the digital

4. Why is QPSK the preferred method of transmission in

5. With digital compression, a single tuned channel will

6. What are the output characteristics of an OM 1000?

7. If analog services at the RF combiner are measured at 60

8. Given the information in Question 7, what signal level

9. What is the valid signal level range for digital signals at

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