Loop and effects
Abstract Solution of magnetic field mitigation problem for
the energy lines needs different strategies. In this study,
active loop technique for already existing lines is
investigated. Developed software for the study is based on
defined mathematical model including harmonic line
currents. Simulations were done to observe field values
with/without harmonic cases under the line, the effects of
position of loop are also examined. Then, simulation
graphics of the software are encountered and argued.
Index Terms Transmission lines, harmonic currents, active
loop, magnetic field reduction
1. INTRODUCTION
The interest to extremely low frequency (ELF)
magnetic fields produced by overhead power
transmission lines has increased day by day. Main reason
of this interest is connected with probable negative
effects of ELF fields. Lots of research activities have
been made to evaluate and reduce the magnetic fields
from overhead power transmission lines. Some
epidemiological studies have been carried out to find a
correlation between ELF magnetic fields and cancer [1
4]. However, laboratory studies have not enough
information about ELF magnetic fields and cancer. As a
conclusion, whether ELF magnetic fields from
transmission lines have harmful biological effects on the
human body or not are still a controversial issue [5]. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has opinion that there
are indications of possible adverse effects, although they
remain uncertain. WHO presents exposure limits as
precautionary principle [6]. WHO recommends that
government and industry provide the public with safe and
low cost ways to reduce exposures to electromagnetic
fields, which includes ELF magnetic field [5].
Reduction of magnetic field of lines can be done in some
different ways [7, 8, 9]: Changing of the load current of
the line, to build a compact line, moving away the phase
conductors (also line) from the interest area, shielding
using conductive or ferromagnetic material, phase
balancing, using 5 wire systems and using the Aerial
Bundle Cable can reduce the magnetic field of the line.
But it is difficult to apply all these methods for new or
already existent lines.
To compensate the power field with a
counteracting external field can reduce the magnetic field
in the interest area (Passive loop). A conductor loop is
installed near to the line in this technique. A current is
induced in the loop. This current creates a field that
partially cancels the original field. Passive loop
Technique is a good choice for already existent lines. The
main drawback of this method is that to obtain a
reasonable reduction of about 35 % with normal
application. But it is possible to increase the reduction
level by inserting series capacitor into the loop.
On the other side, it is known that harmonics
degrades the performance of power system. There can
have several negative effects on the operation of the
power system. In some cases, overhead energy lines used
in electrical transmission and distribution networks can
carry current with harmonics. Before this study, effects of
currents with harmonics on magnetic fields werent
studied. Simulations to understand the effects of loop
positions and current harmonics on the total magnetic
fields under the line were done for the first time in this
study area.
2. REDUCTION PRINCIPLE OF PASSIVE
ACTIVE LOOP TECHNIQUE
Passive or active loop is a good solution for the people
who live in a house under transmission lines. It can easily
be positioned as in figure 1. The main principle of
magnetic field reduction by passive loop is based on
Faradays induction law [10].
Faradays induction law says that induced V voltage in
each element of the passive loop due to the change in the
magnetic flux produced by transmission lines is given as
(1);
Magnetic fields of transmission lines pass
through the area enclosed by a conductor passive loop
wires. The electromotive force in the passive loop is
generated proportionally to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux. Magnetic field of passive loop due to the
current passing on it is against to transmission line
magnetic field. As a conclusion, Total field is reduced in
the related area.
In active loop case, loop current is controlled by
the designer. Loop is feed by a different alternating
current source (figure 2). Active loop design results are
more efficient than passive loops case. Simulations were
done to verify this condition.
Figure 1 Passive loop location under line
Figure 2 schematic active loop installations.
In most states, there are no federal standards limiting
occupational or residential exposure to electromagnetic
field of electric power transmission line. But some states
set standards for the width of right-of-ways (ROW) under
high-voltage transmission lines because of potential for
electric shock. Electromagnetic field exposure level limit
standards set by the ICNIRP [11] or different Phase currents of the line are;
authorization is useful to determine ROW width. ICNIRP
magnetic field limit values are shown in figure 3.

Figure 4 Line, loop and mathematical model

To reduce total Magnetic field intensity under
the power transmission line, rectangular loop can be
inserted under the line. The loop location is parallel to
line area. The algebraic sum of the vertical and
horizontal components at point P(x, z) due to the loop can
be defined in equations (6) and (7).

Figure 3 ICNIRP magnetic field limit value

Mathematical results of the study present that the
components of the magnetic field of the loop and
3. MATHEMATICAL MODELING magnetic field of the three-phase line are nearly similar
The resultant magnetic field B at position r generated by by their form and opposite sign. Resultant vector of the
a steady current I is computed by means of the Biot components of the line and the loop is defined using
Savart law. The law includes a line integral: evaluated HVs, HHs symbol by the following equations:
over the path C the electric currents flows. In the Biot
Savart formula (1); r is the full displacement vector from
the wire element to the point at which the field is being
computed and is the unit vector of r. dl is a vector
whose magnitude is the length of the differential element
of the wire, in the direction of current, and 0 is the (7) and (8) equations were embedded into the
magnetic permeability constant. The symbols in boldface developed software. However, their outputs werent given
represent vector quantities. in the study. In addition to that, the magnitudes of the
vectors magnetic field power transmission line, the loop
In this work, a method based on numerical computation and the resultant-total field intensity are defined below by
of components of magnetic field is used as mentioned in order;
[12, 13]. Schematic representation of energy
transmission line is shown in below (fig 4) to explain the
mathematical model. Here, 1-2-3-4 refers the loop, h
refers distance between loop and the line, a=2d the width
of the loop, b the length of the loop (b>>a). Loop current
is defined as Iml=sin (wt-) by formula.
Energy line is assumed as a infinite conductor to find
the magnetic flux formula using Biot-Savart law. The
vertical (V) and horizontal (H) components of field at
point P(x,z) for the three-phase are mentioned below; Simulations were made with some assumption. Firstly,
Line and loop currents are assumed as pure sinus waves.
Line currents were assumed to be balanced. Secondly, the
line currents are assumed as distorted sinus waves with
harmonics. Distance parameters were selected suitable
for real line conditions.

Currents which are stated in (5) show the line currents

without harmonics. The line currents with harmonics are
mentioned by the equations (13), (14), (15) in below;
In the study, it is assumed that there are 3. and 5.
harmonic component in the line currents. Im13= Im23=
Im33=210 and . Im15= Im25= Im35=120 values are chosen for
simulations. All the other combinations of harmonic
levels are also tried. But they are not mentioned in the
paper due to the page limitation. General simulation
results for the other combinations are shortly explained in
conclusion.

Figure 6. Hs with harmonics for h=-2.

4.EFFECTS OF HARMONICS AND VARIOUS
LOOP POSITIONS ON THE TOTAL MAGNETIC
FIELD When the line currents consist of pure sinus waves, the
In this simulation; firstly, the line phase currents are magnetic field variation reaches maximum 3.12 A/m
value for h=-8 (fig 7). Maximum value of Hs is at time
assumed to be balanced and with a load of 650 ampere
point 15ms for this case.
per phase. Secondly, the line phase currents are assumed
to have harmonics. Equations related to this case are
given in (13), (14), (15). The magnetic fields at various
loop levels and mentioned harmonic level were calculated
for t and x variables. The distance between phases: 12 Figure 7. Hs without harmonics for h=-8.
meter, loop current: 270 ampere and angle of loop
current: 3*pi/2 are the data entered into the simulation
software for this calculation. The total magnetic field In the case with harmonic currents (fig. 8), Amplitudes of
variations 1 meter above the ground are shown on the magnetic field intensities are higher than that without
outputs graphics. Simulation range is adjusted between (- harmonics. Maximum value of Hs is 7.2636A/m at time
80 m., 80 m.) for x and (0 ms, 20 ms) for t. Height of points 8.3ms and 18.3ms.
transmission tower is assumed as 15 meter. All the
graphics are obtained for z=-14 meter (1 meter above the
ground). Calculated field variations are encountered with
the field graphics which have no harmonics as
propounded in [ 14 ].
The magnetic field variation of the line is the same for
all simulation cases because of unchanging phase
currents. As for loop magnetic field, it indicates different
variations in every case because of changing of loop
positions.

When the line currents consist of pure sinus waves, the

magnetic field variation reaches maximum 3.25 A/m
value for h=-2 (fig 5). Maximum value of resultant
magnetic field intensity (Hs) is 3.2522A/m at time points
7.1ms and 17.1ms. In the case with harmonic currents,
the magnetic field variation has wavy shape (fig 6). Figure 8. Hs with harmonics for h=-8.
Amplitudes of magnetic field intensities are higher than
that without harmonics. Maximum value of Hs is
7.7963A/m at time points 8.3ms and 18.3ms. All the graphics are obtained for z=-14 meter. Variation
of magnetic field intensity due to the line does not depend
on the field which is produced by the loop. The variation
surface of the line magnetic field intensity (with x and t )
is known for z= - 14 and its shape doesnt change unless
Figure 5. Hs without harmonics for h=-2. the line current changes.
 Magnetic field surfaces (for variation with x and t )
which are produced by the loop have different shapes in
every case as the positions of the physical loop changes.
As h (line to loop distance) increases, the physical loop
comes closer to the z= -14 point. In this case, it is
expected that the magnetic field intensity of the loop will
increase for z=-14. Simulation results obtained for this
study have shown that it is true. As a conclusion,
Resultant-total magnetic field variation surfaces also
change due to the reasons which are mentioned in the
previous paragraph.