School of Engineering and

Computing

Division of Energy Systems

Engineering

SESSION: 2009/2010 DIET: First

Advanced Engineering Mechanics - Structures

Level: M

Module Code: MMH206614 ~(ESDM503)

Module Leader: Dr David R Gordon

DATE: 14 January 2010 DURATION: 3 Hours

TIME: 1400 - 1700

CANDIDATES SHOULD ATTEMPT THREE QUESTIONS

All Questions Carry Equal Marks

PLEASE READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY

MATERIALS TO BE SUPPLIED/ALLOWED:
Question Paper (Supplied)
DATASHEET Q.1 (attached)
DATASHEET Q.3 (attached)
DATASHEET Q.4 (attached)

WORKSHEET Q.2 (Supplied attached at the end of the examination paper)

WORKSHEET Q.3 (Supplied attached at the end of the examination paper)
Blank Examination Script (Supplied)
Dictionary (Allowed)
Calculator (Allowed)

Students for whom English is not their first language are permitted to use a
Standard English/Foreign Language dictionary, e.g. French/English,
English/French. Please ensure that the dictionary does not contain any notes or
other materials and note that electronic dictionaries are not permissible.
Q.1 The semi submersible ocean monitoring instrument buoy, shown in Figure Q.1(a),
consists of a thin sphere of radius a and thickness t, and has a very high stiffness ring
welded around the equator providing radial displacement only constraint and is
primarily used for mooring purposes.

Using the information supplied and DATASHEET Q.1:

i) Determine the stress resultants M , N , in terms of the external pressure p,

radius a and thickness t for the region adjacent to the ring considering the
pressure to be uniform as indicated in Figure Q.1(b).
[15]
ii) Derive the maximum total meridional stress in terms of the nominal membrane
stress levels remote from the ring and evaluate the stress concentration factor
effect as a consequence.
[6]
iii) If it is necessary to have small openings in the vessel to access instrumentation
explain, without calculation, how far away from the equator they should be
positioned and why?
[4]
Useful Membrane Information:
;
w 1 pa
= 0.3; for a sphere.
a E 2t

Figure Q.1(a)

pr= p

Figure Q.1(b)
Q.2 The frame structure ACDEB is expected to plastically collapse with the imposed
loading indicated in Figure Q.2. The cross sectional properties of the frame exhibit the
same fully plastic bending moments of resistance (MP) uniformly throughout. Although
there are several possible modes of failure for this frame, it has previously been identified
that SWAY collapse is the most likely failure mechanism. Determine:

i) the magnitude of MP, based upon an upper bound mechanism

(Compatability) analysis for plastic collapse, considering SWAY only with
plastic hinges at D & E;
[12]

ii) the magnitude of MP, based upon a Lower Bound (Equilibrium) analysis for
plastic collapse, considering SWAY only with plastic hinges at D & E. Use
can be made of WORKSHEET Q.2.
[13]

80kN

6m

40kN
E
25kN

5m
C

Pin Joint B

3m
A Pin Joint

3m

8m 6m

Figure Q.2
 Q.3 The schematic image of a cracked bicycle pedal crankshaft is indicated in Figure Q.3a.

The maximum pedal load W equals 800N and occurs at a crank angle of . The load
2
variation during each revolution is shown against crank angle in Figure Q.3b. The
crankshaft cross section is given in Figure Q.3c and shows a crack depth a of 10mm. The
un-cracked second moment of area of this cross section is 10620 mm4. Based only on
bending conditions and given the Data provided, the supplied DATASHEET Q.3, and
WORKSHEET Q.3:

i) determine all parameters and complete the table provided in Worksheet Q.3 for the
10mm crack depth and the load factor against fracture;
[15]
ii) evaluate the critical crack length ac;
[5]
iii) determine the anticipated number of cycles to failure.
[5]
2
Data: Yield strength Y = 500 MN/m
Fracture Toughness C = 0.1mm.
Youngs Modulus E = 200GN/m2.
da
4 10 12 K m / cycle
3
Paris ~ Erdogan equation =
dN

Crack found in this region

A
800 N

200mm
A

2
Figure Q.3a 5mm Crack depth
a
800 N

W 18mm X X

5mm
3
2
2 2 10mm
For the un-cracked crankshaft
Figure Q.3b IXX = 10620 mm4 Section A-A
Figure Q.3c
Q.4 i)

iii) A design specification for a component stipulates a continuous and aligned carbon-
fibre reinforced epoxy resin composite having a modulus of elasticity (E 1) of at least
160 GN/m2 in the direction of fibre alignment. The maximum permissible density for
the composite is 1500 kg/m3. Using the data in Table Q.4, determine the allowable
range of fibre volume fraction that can be used to achieve the above specification.
[8]

iv) Due to manufacturing difficulties, it was decided to use short fibre instead of
continuous fibre in the above composite. Given that the length efficiency parameter
L is 0.85 for the short fibre and that the alignment is unaffected, estimate the
percentage increase in the fibre volume fraction required for the composite
specification in part iii).
[5]

Table Q.4

Material Density / kg m-3 Young's Moduli /GN m-2

Carbonfibre 1850 420
Epoxy 1200 3.5
Q.5 (a) The flat circular plate shown in Figure Q.5 has an outside radius a and
is subjected to a uniform pressure of q (N/m2) on one side as shown. Given that the
plate is simply-supported completely around the outside edge, derive functions to
compute, at any given radius r:

i) the slope of the plate;

ii) the radial curvature of the plate;

iii) the deflection of the plate.

[12]

(b) The flat circular steel plate shown in Figure Q.5 is used in a process plant and has
an outside diameter of 120 mm and a thickness of 6.35 mm. During service, a
uniform pressure of 345 kN/m2 is applied to one side of the plate.
Given that the plate is simply-supported at the outside edge, and using the data
provided, derive an expression to calculate the maximum deflection of the plate, and
calculate its value.
[13]
Data:

For the plate material, E = 207 GN/m2 and = 0.3

Formulae:

d 1 d dw Q
Differential equation for circular flat plates: . r.
dr r dr dr D

Et 3
Flexural stiffness: D
12(1 2 )

d 2 w dw
Radial bending moment: M r D 2
.
dr r dr

r=a

Figure Q.5

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

Figure Q.1
 DATASHEET Q.1
EDGE SOLUTIONS FOR A THIN SPHERE LOADS AT LOWER EDGE

2
a
4 3(1 2 )
t
 DATASHEET Q.3
Geometric Correction Factor F for Stress Intensity Factor K I a F
B

M M
a
W

a

W
 DATASHEET Q.4

Density of a composite:
c iVi
i

Fibre orientation and length correction factors applied to tensile

modulus:
E1 L O E f V f E mVm
Where:
L length correction factor for short fibres L = 1 if >crit.

o fibre orientation factor

Orientation o
unidirectional 1
biaxial 0.5
45o 0.25
random (in- 0.375
plane)
random (3D) 0.2
 Matriculation Number
(This Worksheet, if used, should be attached to your Examination Paper when submitted to the Invigilator)

WORKSHEET Q.2
80kN

6m

40kN
E
25kN

5m
C

Pin Joint B

3m
A Pin Joint

3m

8m 6m

80kN

D D

40kN
E E
25kN

C C

B B
FREE REACTIVE

A A

MA MB MC MD ME
FREE

REACTIVE
Matriculation Number:
(This Worksheet, if used, should be attached to your Examination Paper when submitted to the Invigilator)

WORKSHEET Q.3
FAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM (FAD)

a a
F( )
a(mm) W W KI Kr y (mm) S(mm3) Mpr(Nmm) Sr
0 0 0.24
5 0.27 0.3
7 0.33 0.37
10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
15 0.54 1.12

5mm Crack depth a

18mm y
X X

5mm

10mm