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DISCUSSION
A. ergonomics
The word ergonomics comes from the Greek, which ergos meaning work and nomos
which means the rules, the rules or the law, of the two words in the definition of freedom in
accordance with its development, which is a rule or rules are followed in the work
environment. Ergonomics is a term meaning the science and its applications are trying to
harmonize the work and environment of the people or vice versa with the aim of achieving
the productivity and efficiency of the highest through optimal utilization of human-
optimanya (Nurmianto, 1996). Ergonomics can be translated as the science learn about work
or the working system, including the workers, equipment and the workplace of workers
(Occupational Health and Safety second edition, 1994).
Many other definitions of ergonomics issued by experts in their fields, among others:
a. Ergonomics is the science or multidisciplinary approach that aims to optimize the man-
work system, in order to reach the tools, methods and work environment that is healthy,
safe, convenient, and efficient (Manuaba, A, 1981).
b. Ergonomics is the imu, art, and the application of technology to harmonize or balance
between all facilities used in both the long and the break with the capabilities and
limitations of human beings both physically and mentally so the overall quality to life to
be better (Tarwaka. Et al, 2004).
d. Ergonomics is the science and its applications are trying to harmonize the work and
environment of the people or vice versa with the aim of achieving the productivity and
efficiency of the highest through optimal utilization of human-optimal (Suma 'mur,
1987).
e. According Corleet and Clark (1995), ergonomics is the study of human abilities and
characteristics that affect the design of equipment and work systems.
g. According to Bridger (2003), ergonomics is the study of the interaction between man and
machine and other factors that influence it.
h. According to M anuaba (2004), ergonomics is the science, art and technology practices to
harmonize or balance between all facilities used both in the long and mentally so that the
quality of life for the better keseluruhn.
Based on the various definitions of the above, it can be concluded that ergonomics is
the study of multidisciplinary science that is rooted ranging from neurology, anatomy,
physiology, kinesiology, and biomechanics of the human body, psychology, hygiene,
anthropometry, computational mathematics, the (natural / artificial), engineering,
programming and process-oriented art and synergistic products with tools or machines are
used safely, comfortably and give their confidence high safety risk through specific methods.
b. Aim
The main objective is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of work, such as
repairing security and safety, reduce fatigue and stress, improve the comfort of
work, improve the quality of life in the working environment.
c. Approach
Systematic application of the relevant information regarding the advantages,
limitation, characteristics, behavior, and human motivation to design products and
procedures used and the working environment on the user-made goods.
Hendrick and Kleiner (2002), confirms that makroergonomi concerns the design
of the overall system work and the proposed model to help researchers as a guide in to
identified job prominent and variable levels of the organization to learn some theory or
model explicitly provide causal pathways and mechanisms of inter-system work.
The main aim to reduce mistakes made by employees (human error), through
labor requirements with relative physical capabilities and workplace design. Viewed from
the technological point of view, is the application of information needs of people for the
purpose of production of the goods made, and akticitas man as a working system in
achieving work objectives effectively and efficiently.
Ergonomics has fused with human culture since ancient megalithic, in the design and
manufacture of objects such as working tools and goods made in accordance with human
needs in his day. We can observe objects megalithic era, how these objects provide
information about the existence of implicit meaning of function and beauty.
First entered the modern lexicon when Wojciech Jastrzebowski in his 1857 article Rys
ergonomji czyli Nauki o pracy, na opartej prawdach poczerpnietychz Przyrody Nauki (The
Outline of Ergonomics, ie Science Work). The terms of ergonomic and then gaining
popularity after World War II, especially in Europe (the UK) by Hywel psychologist Murrel
in 1949 with a book entitled "Ergonomic".
c. Working conditions that can harm both in the short and long, or wreck a human
and otherwise working conditions that create comfortable human labor.
Ergonomics has a very big role in the work environment. This is evidenced by all
areas of work are always applying the concept of ergonomics. This ergonomic applied to
the world of work so that employees feel comfortable and secure in their work. With a
sense of comfort and security, the labor productivity will be increased. In general
ergonomics in the workplace will pay attention to the following matters:
b. Positions and movements of the body that are used when working
d. The effect of the above factors to the health and comfort of workers.
3. Scope of Ergonomics
Work activities in the office prosecuted in accordance with the capabilities and
limitations of employees. Therefore, the designers of system services perform various tasks
associated with this type of analysis, body movement is required and limits the ability to
receive the load. Judging from the practical interests, human resource management in the
industry are as follows:
b. Efforts to increase the capacity of the workers bodily harmony with the demands
of the job competencies, through education and specific training.
1. research Interface
Interface (between the device) that identify, analyze and review the information
on an environment and describe the symbols, signs, symbols, and numbers, maps,
and variable (time, distance) as well as other constants.
4. Work environment
4. Ergonomics methods
Several methods are commonly used by Stanton, N., Salmon, P., Walker G.,
Baber, C., And Jenkins, D. (2005), the Human Factors Methods; A Practical Guide For
Engineering and Design. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited are as
follows:
7. Task Analysis, a process that is rooted in the theory of activity; task analysis is a
systematic way describe human interaction with the system or process to
understand how they fit the demands of the system or process for their abilities.
The complexity of this process is generally proportional to the complexity of the
task is analyzed so that it can vary in cost and time involvement.
9. User Analysis (user analysis), this process is based on designing a user attribute or
operator needs, establish and define the characteristics and create a charm for the
user. This process is very appropriate for the beginning of the design process; user
analysis will try to predict the most common and characteristics that will be
assumed to have in common.
10. Wizard of Oz, the techniques used in mobile devices. Based on the Wizard of Oz
experiments, this technique involves the remote operator to control the operation
of the device in order to mimic the response of the actual computer program.
11. Methods of Analysis, the process of studying the appropriate workers' tasks step
by step investigation for performing the task. Each task is broken down into small
steps until every movement of workers described in detail. The possibility of
doing the job properly observed on repetitive tasks.
12. Study Time, which is the process of determining the time required for a worker to
complete each task. Study time is often used to analyze the work cycle.
13. Work Sampling, is a work method that samples at random to determine the
proportion of total time spent on a particular task. This process provides insight
into how often the workers perform tasks that can cause strain on their bodies.
System time specified is a method for analyzing time spent by workers on a
particular task. One of the most widely used system of predetermined time is
called Methods-Time-Measurement (MTM).
14. Cognitive Walkthrough, an inspection method uses evaluatornya can assign a user
perspective to the task scenarios to identify design problems. As applied to
makroergonomi, evaluators are able to analyze the usefulness of the system
design work to identify how well the system work is organized and how well
integrated workflow.
15. Kansei method, a method that turns the consumer response to new products into
the design specifications. As applied to makroergonomi. This method can
translate employee response to changes in the work system into design
specifications.
16. High Integration of Technology, organization, and People (HITOP), a manual
procedure is done step by step to implement technological changes in the
workplace. This allows managers to be more aware of the human and
organizational aspects of their technology plans that allow them to efficiently
integrate technology in this context.
19. Anthropotechnology, this method assumes the modification of analysis and system
design to be transferred to more efficient technology from one culture to another.
20. System Analysis Tool (SAT), a systematic method to perform trade-off evaluation
of alternative investment system work.
22. Macroergonomic Analysis and Design (MEAD), a method to assess the work
process systems by using a particular process step.
5. Principles of Ergonomics
Understanding the principles of ergonomics will facilitate the evaluation of any task or
job though science continues to progress in ergonomics and technologies used in the work is
constantly changing. The principle of ergonomic guidelines in applying ergonomics in the
workplace, where there are 12 ergonomic principles, namely:
Grouping field of study of ergonomics that fully grouped by Dr. Ir. Iftikar
Sutalaksana Z. (1979) as follows:
1. Work Faal, the field of study of ergonomics that examines the human energy
expended in a job. Objectives and fields of this study is to design a working
system that can minimize the consumption of energy expended while working.
2. Anthropometry, ergonomics is the field of study relating to the measurement of
the dimensions of the human body to be used in the design of equipment and
facilities that fit the wearer.
4. Sensing, which is the field of study of ergonomics that is closely related to the
problem of human senses, both senses of sight, smell, taste and so on.
In practice, in evaluating a work system is ergonomic, five areas of study are used
synergistically to obtain an optimal solution so that the entire field of ergonomic studies
is an integrated system that is solely aimed at improving the human condition workers.
1. Work position
Consists of sitting and standing position, sitting where the feet are not
weighed down with body weight and a stable position during work. While
standing position where the vertical position of the spine and the weight is
concentrated in balance on two legs.
2. Work process
The workers can reach work equipment in accordance with the position of
working time and in accordance with the size anthropometrinya. Anthropometric
measure must be differentiated from the west and east.
3. Layout Workplace
Display should be clearly visible when performing work activities. While
the prevailing international symbol is used more than words.
4. lifting Load
A variety of ways in the weight lifting, with head, shoulders, hands and
back. Weight that is too heavy can cause spinal injuries, muscle tissue and joints
due to excessive movement.
9. Ergonomics risks
Ergonomic risk is a risk of causing injury due to work, it includes the following matters.
e. Vibration machines.
B. Work physiology
Work physiology, the field of study of ergonomics that examines the human
energy expended in a job. Objectives and fields of this study is to design a working
system that can minimize the consumption of energy expended while working ( Dr. Ir.
Iftikar Z. Sutalaksana, 1979 ).
The muscles are one of the most important organ especially for physical work.
Muscles worked with the contractions and limp. Strength is determined by a large
number of fibers, and the rapid contraction force contracted. Before contraction (shrinks),
blood between muscle fibers or outside vessels pinched muscles, so that blood
circulation, so also the exchange of substances is disrupted and it thus became the cause
of muscle fatigue. Thus, wrinkles that are interspersed pelemasan, called the dynamic
contraction, it is appropriate for the operation of muscles.
Thus for example the works of pedaling, bicycle, play. wheel, hit the bell, hoeing
and lain.lain. Working continuously from a muscle, though is dinamic, always followed
by fatigue, which need to rest for recovery. On the basis of the fact that, when a break in
the work or after work is very important. Muscle fatigue physically among other things as
a result of metabolic waste substances such as lactic acid, CO 2 , and so on. However,
fatigue, according to the mechanism of action, is not only determined by the state of the
muscles themselves, but there is a psychological mental component that often also a big
influence. The muscles are exhausted would indicate a lack of strength from it, increases
the length of time later contractions and relaxes time, decreased coordination, and muscle
shaking ( tremor ).
Muscle and bone are two very important tool in the work. Wrinkles and relaxation
of the muscles to the bones transferred into movements of flexion, abduction, rotation,
supination and lain.lain. Thus the importance of both of these tools as a whole, then
developed the science of biomechanics, the science of the movement of muscles and
bones, that with pengetrapannya expected, in order to force the smallest achievable work
as much as possible. Biomechanics provide insights about the movements and the use of
force on the neck and head, spine, arms, hands, legs, fingers and so on.
Muscles and bones are the most important factors for body measurements, height
and size of the body or its parts. These measures also determine the physical capabilities
of the workforce. Equipment and machinery necessary harmony with the measures so as
to work as much as possible. Then developed ilrnu called anthropometry, the science of
body measurements, either in a state of static or dynamic. Which is very important for the
work are the sizes:
Standing height, shoulder height, high elbow, hip height, the front and long
sleeves.
Seat height, the length of the upper arm, forearm and hand length, knee height,
distance curve of knee-gar is back, knee-distance curve of the foot.
Division of work
a. physical work
Energy expenditure is relatively more, than mental work requires effort and
considerable energy and physical labor are distinguished or divided into two kinds,
namely:
1. static work
2. dynamic work
generate motion
b. mental Work
Relatively little energy expenditure and the work is relatively lighter than the
physical work that requires more energy and quite difficult to mngukur exhaustion.
The work of man is influenced by various factors, among others:
In addition to the division of labor, there are also the criteria that can be used to
determine the effect of work on people in a working system. Those criteria are:
1. criteria Faal
3. Criteria's work