FORMULAE:

Virtual Work Theory:

Trusses: Beams & Frames:
nNL L mM m M

L
1*
AE
1*
0 Ei
dx 1*
0 EI
dx
also

Slope Deflection:
General Equation:
MN 2Ek 2 N F 3 FEM N

Non-continuous beams with far end pinned or roller supported:

MN 3Ek N FEM N

Where:
I
k
L L
and (N.B. is positive for clockwise rotation of the beam)

Stresses on inclined plane:

n x cos 2 y sin2 xy sin 2

x y
sin 2 xy cos 2
2

Principal Stresses:
x y
I
2

1
2
x y 2
4 2xy

x y
II
2

1
2
x y 2
4 2xy

2 xy
tan 2
x y

Max Shear Stress:

I II
max,min
1
2
x y 2
4 2xy max
2
also
x y
tan 2
2 xy
Strains on inclined plane:
xy
n x cos 2 y sin 2 sin 2
2

x y xy
sin 2 cos 2
2 2

FORMULAE:

Principal Strains:
x y
I
2

1
2
x y 2
2xy

x y
II
2

1
2
x y 2
2xy

xy
tan 2
x y

Max Shear Strain:

1
x y 2
2xy max
I II
2 max 2 2
also
x y
tan 2
xy

Mohrs Circle of Stress:

Radius
1
2
x y 2
4 2xy

x y
Center.Pt ,0
2

Shear Stress In Beams due to Torsion Loads:

TR

Torsional Constant:
 J 2R 3 t
Hollow Circular Shaft:
R 4
J
2
Solid Circular Shaft:

Shear Stress In Beams due to Shear Loads:

VQ

It

Fixed End Moments: