Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Black Panther Party. The Hall-Hoag Collection , Brown University,
blogs.brown.edu/hallhoag/2013/06/25/black-panther-party/. From this website, we
collected two photographs from the Free Huey movement, of various protesters rallying to
free Huey P. Newton from prison. These images helped add the protest element that the
Party was known for to our website.

THE BLACK PANTHERS PANDORA MIXTAPE. Independent Lens, Independent

Television Service,
www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/the-black-panthers-pandora-mixtape/ This playlist of
music from the 1960s and from the Black Panther Party helped us decide what audio to put
on our website. It also helped us to realize that music was a big part of the blacmk power
movement.

Blake, John. What the Black Panthers Taught Donald Trump. CNN, Cable News Network, 17
Feb. 2016, www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/us/black-panthers/. This collection of photos of BPP
members and activities helped us add a visual element to our website. This was categorized
as primary due to the photos all being from the time period.

Bloom, Joshua, and Waldo E. Martin. Black against Empire: the History and Politics of the
Black Panther Party. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2013. Black Against Empire
was written by a former Panther, Waldo E. Martin, Jr. The book gave us a different view of
the Party than the other sources we read and researched--a political standpoint. The Black
Panthers were not only a revolutionary group, they were a political party as well, and this
book goes into depth on the politics of the Party, helping create a well-rounded view of the
Panthers.

by Roz Payne. Newsreel,

BPP - the Black Panther Party - Photographs
www.newsreel.us/panthers/. This collection of photos of BPP members and activities
helped us add a visual element to our website. It also helped us to understand just how
dedicated the Panthers were, and how far their impact was reached.

Brown, Elaine, and Christopher Muhammad. THE FBIs BLACK HATE GROUP
COINTELPROs. 22 Oct. 2016, Oakland, James Moore Theatre, Black Panther Party 50th
Anniversary. This lecture/panel from Elaine Brown at the Black Panther Party 50th
Anniversary gave us more insight as to a former Panther (Elaine Brown)s perspective on
COINTELPRO. We were able to understand that the Panthers did indeed feel manipulated,
but they also understood that they were not the only ones being manipulated, as many other
groups were being victimized as well.
Brown, Elaine, and Dr. Judson Jeffries. The Genius and Legacy of Huey P. Newton. 22 Oct.
2016, Oakland, James Moore Theatre, Black Panther Party 50th Anniversary Conference.
This lecture/panel from Elaine Brown at the Black Panther Party 50th Anniversary gave us
more insight about Huey P Newton, the BPP founder, and the root ideals of the party.
Brown discussed the idea of revolutionary suicide and dying for ones cause. This helped
us to understand that the Panthers were really willing to do anything to stop the oppression
of black people.

Cleaver, Eldridge. Interview Eldridge Cleaver. Frontline, WGBH, 1997,

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/ecleaver.html. This interview
transcript of Eldridge Cleaver reveals some of the hardships many black people faced in
the 1960s, and how that motivated them to want to fight. Cleaver also reveals that the
Panthers felt justified in their use of violence, because they felt that they were providing
backbone to MLKs peaceful protests. This helped us understand how the Panthers felt
about their violence controversy.

Cleaver, Kathleen. Interview with Kathleen Cleaver. Frontline, WGBH, 1997,

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/interviews/kcleaver.html. This interview
gives us insight as to how the Party operated, from one of the original members. Cleaver
not only goes over the basic Party information, but also mentions her time as a
revolutionary in Merritt College, the Party relationship with the Black Baptist Church, and
even the role of class and class barriers. The interview helps build a multi-faceted view of
the Party, addressing all aspects of the Black Panthers and the various battlegrounds on
which they fought.

COINTELPRO FBI, FBI, 30 Nov. 2010, vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party%20. This

FBI archive holds all of the original COINTELPRO documents written in the 1960s-1970s.
The documents have provided us with important evidence proving that the FBI did terrible
things to BPP members in order to crush the black hate group. They gave us incredible
insight as to the FBIs point of view on the BPP.

Elaine Brown. Until We're Free. This song from Elaine Brown is one of many Panther tunes,
which allowed us to experience music of the time period and understand what messages
singers and Panthers like Brown were trying to convey to the American public.

Emory Douglas Revolutionary Art Work - Index. Emory Douglas Revolutionary Art Work -
Index, It's About Time , www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Emory_Art/Emory_Art_index.html.
This collection of artwork from Emory Douglas helped us add a visual element to our
website. It also helped us understand the propaganda the BPP used to reach out to their
audience, since most of Douglass artwork was highly biased against the white police and
was put in the BPP Newspaper.

Howard, Elbert. Interview with Big Man Howard. 22 Oct. 2016. The Elbert Howard
interview gave us a first-hand account of what it was like to be in the Party. He was
 touched by the spirit of civil rights and the sickness of the treatment of African Americans,
and through the other party members, helped create a movement. Elbert Howard
demonstrated that the Party and its ideals continue to live on, and that he maintains his
spirit of resistance in his activities.

Juanita, Judy. Interview with Judy Juanita. 22 Oct. 2016. This interview with Judy Juanita
allowed us to get an insider view of the Black Panther Party from a former Party member
herself. One of the main takeaways from this interview was Juanitas response to the
controversy over the violence of the BPP. She told us that she did not believe there was a
controversy. She explained that it was called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense and
that the party was not going out. It was protection. This interview gave us a good idea of
how a former Panther felt that the party had took a stand.

Kathleen Cleaver: Black Is Beautiful! www.youtube.com/watch?v=94ojuRFg-_0. This

media/video clip is of Kathleen Cleaver in the 1960s-70s. She is describing the idea of
Black is Beautiful, which was one of the many impacts the BPP had. The concept made
it clear that black people were not going to stand for being whitewashed anymore, and
were not going to let themselves submit to white society.

Kramer, David. Emory Douglas: Black Panther. BOMB Magazine, 29 Sept. 2009,
bombmagazine.org/article/4239/emory-douglas-black-panther. This poster made by Emory
Douglas helped us add a visual element to our website. It also helped us understand the
propaganda the BPP used to reach out to their audience, since most of Douglass artwork
was highly biased against the white police and was put in the BPP Newspaper.

McKinley, Angelica. Fifty Years Later, Black Panthers' Art Still Resonates. New York Times,
15 Oct. 2016,
www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/arts/fifty-years-later-black-panthers-art-still-resonates.html?
_r=0. This article helped us understand more about Emory Douglas, the chief artist for the
Black Panther Party Newspaper. This article gave us insight about how Douglass art was
often more on the side of propaganda, and was used to incite anger. We also used many of
the pictures from this article in our Taking a Stand: Media page on our website.

Newman, Robert. Robert Newman. Robert Newman RSS, Ambienttraffic Studio, 26 July 2012,
www.robertnewman.com/emory-douglas-the-revolutionary-artist-of-the-black-panther-part
y/. This article helped us understand more about Emory Douglas, the chief artist for the
Black Panther Party Newspaper. This article gave us insight about how Douglass art was
often more on the side of propaganda, and was used to incite anger. We also used many of
the pictures from this article in our Taking a Stand: Media page on our website.

Obenson, Tambay A. Watch: Emory Douglas and the Art of the Black Panther Party.
IndieWire, Penske Business Media, 9 June 2015,
 www.indiewire.com/2015/06/watch-emory-douglas-and-the-art-of-the-black-panther-party
-153892/. This article helped us understand more about Emory Douglas, the chief artist for
the Black Panther Party Newspaper. This article gave us insight about how Douglass art
was often more on the side of propaganda, and was used to incite anger.

O'Neale, William. Interview with William O'Neale. Washington Library, 13 Apr. 1989,
digital.wustl.edu/e/eii/eiiweb/one5427.1047.125williamo'neal.html. This interview
describes how ONeal was forced to be a spy for the FBI. This gives us an interesting
viewpoint from a man who knew nothing about the Panthers but was told to join. We also
learn a bit about the FBI agent he worked with, Roy Mitchell, and how underhanded his
tactics were, yet also how human he was. The interview gives a glimpse of why the FBI
thought what they did.

Panthers, Black. PBS Interview with Angela Davis (1998). PBS Interview with Angela Davis
(1998), PBS, www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/1998/01/x01.htm. In
this interview, Angela Davis spends some time talking about the importance of taking a
stand and how effective it can be. It is essential for us to have quotes and information like
in this interview that connect us back to the NHD theme, Taking a Stand. Davis talks about
the significance of being an activist, because it allows people to be a part of an ongoing
historical movement. She also talks about acknowledging the gains that were made by
the civil rights movement, the black power movement. This interview gives us insight on
how a former Panther feels they took a stand.

Phoenix, The Red. Celebrate the Anniversary of the Foundation of the Black Panther Party.The
Red Phoenix, The Red Phoenix, 15 Oct. 2011,
theredphoenixapl.org/2011/10/15/celebrate-the-anniversary-of-the-foundation-of-the-black-
panther-party/. This photograph of a protester fighting police brutality reveals the sentiment
of African Americans with the increased attacks from police. The Panthers were crucial in
fighting this battle and through their own intimidating guns, were able to reduce police
brutality incidents.

The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas, Black Panther. The Guardian, Guardian News and
Media, 27 Oct. 2008,
www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2008/oct/28/emory-douglas-black-panther.
This collection of artwork from Emory Douglas helped us add a visual element to our
website. It also helped us understand the propaganda the BPP used to reach out to their
audience, since most of Douglass artwork was highly biased against the white police and
was put in the BPP Newspaper.

Rothman, Lily. A Firsthand View of the Rise of the Black Panther Party. Time, Time, 16 Sept.
2016, time.com/4489428/stephen-shames-blank-panther-photos/. This photo by Stephen
 Shames of the Black Panther Party members reveals many aspects of the party. The
clothing and expressions these men wore reveal that they were trying to create an
atmosphere of intimidation, to prove that they could be just as scary as the white police.
This helped us understand the essence of the BPP.

Seale, Bobby. Seize the Time; the Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. New
York, Random House, 1970. This book provides an interesting view of the Party and its
whole experience, through the unique voice of Bobby Seale. It gives us a biased view of
how the Panthers thought and why they did certain things. The book clearly shows us just
how angry the Panthers were about their oppression and how they justified their actions.

Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project. Seattle Civil Rights Project,
depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP.htm. This picture of the Black Panther members holding
their guns up helps us to understand that the BPP was trying to protect themselves using
guns, but that also added an element of violence to their cause.

Shames, Stephen. Black Panther Party. Black Panther PartyStephen Shames, Stephen
Shames, www.stephenshames.com/projects/black-panther-party. This collection of
photographs of the BPP by Stephen Shames help us understand the extent of the Party. The
photos show large crowds of Party members, but also show the individual faces of agony
and hope. This helps us to understand that the Party was incredibly influential, but it was
also about the individual people.

The 10 Point Program of The Black Panther Party. 19 Oct. 2016,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-61QPCj0hA. The 10 Point Program recording allowed us to
understand where the Party spread its messagesin this case, at a Free Huey Rally. Seales
recitation of the 10 Points incited a loud reaction from the audience, exemplifying how people
reacted to the Party goals.

The Last Poets. When the Revolution Comes. This song from the Last Poets simply describes
what happens when the revolution comes, including how we will react when it gets to us.

The Whatnauts. Message From a Black Man. The Whatnauts call for equality and point out the
similarities that exist between Americans, only divided by the color of their skin.

Thompson, Fiona. An Oral History with Ericka Huggins. 2007,

digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/huggins_ericka.pdf. These Ericka Huggins
interviews demonstrates the lifelong impact the Party has had on its members, and the
growing audience the Party was catering to. Huggins started branches of the Black Panther
Party in Los Angeles and on the East Coast, where she resided for most of her life. These
locations were just a few of many new branches of the Black Panthers, as groups began
popping up both nationally and internationally. Through Huggins, we learn what it was like
to run a branch and how the Panther influence had spread throughout the country.
Vanguards of the Revolution. Directed by Stanley Nelson, PBS, 2016. This documentary
provides a comprehensive view of the Black Panthers. Although the documentary itself is
biased towards the party, it allows us to see how the Panthers themselves may have thought
and why they did what they did. The documentary provides information about how the
Party used the second amendment to their advantage, their community service programs,
Cointelpro, and the downfall of the Party.

Workneh, Lilly. 27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers.
Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc., 18 Feb. 2016,
www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/27-important-facts-everyone-should-know-about-the-black
-panthers_us_56c4d853e4b08ffac1276462. This collection of pictures helped us add a
visual element to our website as well as understand more about the party. We can see from
the pictures that the BPP attracted huge crowds and the crowds included more than just
black people.
Secondary Sources

Baggins, Brian. Black Panther Party. Black Panther Party,

www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/. This website was the first glimpse
we had into the Black Panther Party in its entirety, from the starting point in 1967 to the
Partys fall into chaos in 1982. Through this site, we were introduced to Panther ideology,
including how the teachings of Malcolm X and Mao Zedong influenced the Party ideals.
The site also mentions major players for the Party and against itnamely the FBI.

Black Panther Party Pieces of History: 1966 - 1969. Black Panther Party Pieces of History:
1966 - 1969, It's About Time,
www.itsabouttimebpp.com/chapter_history/bpp_pieces_of_history.html. This timeline of
the Black Panther Party from 1966-1969 helped us put things in context. We gained insight
as to when the various events of the BPP occurred in relation to each other.

Burrough, Bryan. Today, a Softer Response to Police Violence than in 1960s and '70s. Los
Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 2 May 2015,
www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0503-burrough-violent-revolution-20150503-story.
html. This 2015 article compares the BPP and 1960s black rights movements to those of
the 21st century. The article helped us understand that there was a clear parallel between
the two, although many things have changed in recent years. The articles talk about the
BPPs modern impact influenced our website Conclusion/Modern Impact page.

Di Rado, Alicia. Ex-Black Panthers Criticize Negative Depictions of Party : History: Bobby
Seale, Eldridge Cleaver Tell Cal State Fullerton Audience about Militancy, Civil Rights
Work. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 23 Feb. 1995,
articles.latimes.com/1995-02-23/local/me-35350_1_black-panthers. This 1995 article talks
about how former BPP members felt about the depiction of the Black Panther Party. The
article helped us understand that, from the BPPs point of view, they were truly a party
trying to create good. This helped us develop our thoughts on the controversy of violence
within the party.

Media Resources Center. Welcome to UC Berkeley Library, The Library, University of

California, Berkeley, www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificapanthers.html. This timeline for
the BPP spans from 1960 to 2002, even though the BPP itself only lasted a few years. This
timeline, therefore, helped us build an even greater sense of context about the Panthers. It
details what was happening before the Party, and their impact for decades.

National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records

Administration, National Archives and Records Administration,
hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/africanamerican/blackpower/. This short description of the
1950s-1980s Black Power Movement gives us a typical historian view of that time and the
BPP. The description helped us to understand that most historians view the Party as having
 been very important, but also having been controversial in that they justified the use of
violence for their cause.

Turner, Hugo. The Black Panther Party. Global Research, Global Research, 18 Sept. 2016,
www.globalresearch.ca/the-black-panther-party-the-battle-against-poverty-racism-imperial
ism-and-police-brutality/5546369. Turners site on the Black Panther Party explains how
the Panthers were involved in their community. From this site, we learned how the
Panthers provided breakfast for children, schooling for the Oakland community, and even
prison programs, and how the government saw these programs as dangerous.

Winkler, Adam. The Atlantic. The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, Sept. 2011,
www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/09/the-secret-history-of-guns/308608/.
Winklers article on gun history in the United States provides us with insight as to how
Huey P. Newton and the Black Panthers approached the use of guns during the Partys
existence. The article chronicles the history of guns, including how Newton was a strong
proponent for the 2nd Amendment and the effect of the gun on American history.

Wood, Adrian, and Nutan Rajguru. The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Socialist
Alternative, Socialist Alternative,
www.socialistalternative.org/panther-black-rebellion/the-black-panther-party-for-self-defe
nse/. This site gives us a lengthy overview of some other aspects of the Party, including the
role of women in the Party and the context of the life of many black people in Oakland
during the Civil Rights Movement. The authors provide information on these aspects
which help us learn what the most important facets of the Party were.