Running Head: COUNSELLING THEORIES 1

Counselling theories

Institution

Student name
 Counselling theories 2

Abstract

This paper will demonstrate counseling theories that are most effective for women who

have experienced sexual trauma within the institution care and showing how complex post

sexual trauma stress can be, not only in women but also in children. The paper will also elaborate

the treatment that the victims, undergo after the trauma stress, counselling approach, which act as

therapy to the victims this, happens when the child is sexually abused women, due to the abuse,

those women often experience emotional state of guilt, mistrust, depression. Shame and fear of

affection compared to those who have not experience sexual abuse. Because of the traumatic

nature and its negative effects, person-centered counseling was accessible as the primary

therapeutic approach that is used to counsel women who have experienced childhood sexual

abuse. The assessment on how to maintain long-term effects of cognitive-behavioral treatments

for posttraumatic stress disorder among the female rape victims that was done by conducting

long-term follow-up on assessing the accomplice from a random controlled experimental

comparison between cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure for the posttraumatic

stress disorder, Opposing hypotheses for positive results. For instance, the additional of therapy

equipment and enough medicine that was inspected. This article will further explain sexual

assaults and a relationship between the female victim and male partner; it is always hard for the

partner to accept the matters since they are the first one to react quickly to the incidence.

However, the husband or the boyfriend of the survivor might seem to have taken control, but in

the real sense, he might be experiencing physiological crisis himself because of sexual nature of

the rape. He will feel blamed, shocked, and guilty in abuse of his partner, therefore, this paper

will recommend a model that explained the effect of the rape on the survivor's male partner and

the role he should play during the recovery period. Highlighting the client centred therapy and
 Counselling theories 3

traumatic stress for severe childhood victim and survivors of interpersonal trauma. This will

reveal the experience of the client change in non-directive client centred therapy for customer

who once experiences severe and had repeatedly abused during her childhood within the

recognised care background and showing how difficult posttraumatic stress involves

complications in identifying, problems materialising and sustaining non-abusive interpersonal

relations.

Introduction

In this paper we are going to discuss the treatment that women go through during and

after the trauma stress, trauma is well defined as an individual who has been harmed by

something or more often some persons due to the abuse those women frequently experience

emotional state of guilt, mistrust, depression, shame and fear of affection. Because of the

traumatic nature and its negative effects, person-centered counseling was accessible as the

primary therapeutic approach that is used to counsel women who have experienced childhood

sexual abuse.

Group therapy, which is also known as Client-centred therapy for posttraumatic stress,

has been receiving little attention within the existing posttraumatic stress disorder literature.

After traumatic happenings, people will frequently develop posttraumatic stress. This is the

disturbing images and thoughts of the traumatic incident, this always accompanied with the

attempt of avoiding the remembrance and feelings of nervousness and sensitive arousal. There

are approaches that have been established to help people who are experiencing posttraumatic

stress. Usually, all are built on the evidence that some procedure of experience too traumatic

memories is important for recovery.

 Counselling theories 4

Group therapy for trauma victims provide the opportunity for them to discuss and share

their understandings with others in the compassionate environment, centred group therapy has

been ignored for a long time and has received little attention this paper will highlight procedure

and measures of group therapy. It will discuss the reduction of traumatic incidences, centred

person, victim treated and techniques used, the traumatic incident reduction is person

spotlighted, yet forcefully motivated on trauma approach determinations, and this based on the

exact act of trying to contain painful memories that hold them in place and making them stronger

as the individual. Traumatic incident reduction contains safe and organized technique of studying

matters of past trauma constantly at a speed and degree of experience resolute by a client.

Self-disclosure and post-traumatic stress is a substantial clinical problem in the broad

populations. However, only few who are exposed to trauma develop post-traumatic stress.

Emotional patterns of self-disclosure have the budding to give the explanation on some of the

individuals differences in the growth and persistence of symptoms. Sexual assaults and

relationship between the female victim and male partner, it is always hard for the partner to

accept the matters since they are the first one to react quickly to the incidence. However, the

spouse or boyfriend of the survivor might seem to have taken control, but in the real sense, he

might be experiencing physiological crisis himself because of sexual nature of the rape. He will

feel blamed, shocked, and guilty in abuse of his partner, therefore, this paper will recommend a

model that explained the effect of the rape on the survivor's male partner and the role he should

play during the recovery period. Highlighting the client centred therapy and traumatic stress for

severe childhood victims and survivors of interpersonal trauma. It will deliberate the reduction of

traumatic incidences, centred person, victim treated and techniques used, the traumatic incident

reduction is person spotlighted, yet forcefully motivated on trauma approach determinations, this
 Counselling theories 5

based on the exact act of trying to contain painful memories that hold them in place and making

them stronger as individual. Traumatic incident reduction contains safe and organized technique

of studying matters of past trauma constantly at a speed and degree of experience resolute by a

client.

Maintain long-term effects of cognitive-behavioural treatments for posttraumatic stress

disorder among the female rape victims that was done by conducting long-term follow-up on

assessing the accomplice from random controlled experimental evaluation between cognitive

processing therapy and prolonged exposure for the posttraumatic stress disorder, Opposing

hypotheses for positive results. There is a different type of treatment that are used to treat

posttraumatic stress disorder such as Pharmacotherapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy,

Exposure Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing which are all essential.

The importance of researching

Always, importance to counsel the victims has experience posttraumatic stress disorder.

This research will definitely help me to understand the procedure and methods that are required

to treat and counseling the posttraumatic stress disorder victims. Gaining knowledge through

research will also be a vital tool in my education; this will expand my knowledge about the

whole concept of sexual trauma. Have managed to find out that this does not only affects the

victims but also people who are intimate especially spouse or boyfriend, and they need to be

counsel as well. It is to my knowledge that childhood sexual abuse victims are more

affected and it will be hard for them to forget the incidence, making them feel depressed,

mistrust, shame, guilt and fear of intimacy. By doing, proper research I have come to learn that

men are less willing to disclose their happiness feelings compared to women who are
 Counselling theories 6

considerably more willing to talk about emotions related to nervousness but less willing to talk

about sentiments related to fear. The impotence of this projects and studies of Trauma-Focused

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy treatment that was conducted in U.S. and other Europeans nations

with children who are open to continuous traumas. These treatments are typically based on the

conceptualization of trauma as a series of past events to which youth develop overgeneralized

reminders that cause problems in a variety of domains these kind of treatment are originally

based on conceptualization of stress and trauma as a succession of the past actions to which the

youths develop generalised memories that cause issues in different areas.

Literature Review

Following the traumatic actions, individual frequently devolved posttraumatic stress.

Posttraumatic stress entails problems with disturbing image and thoughts of the traumatic

occasion, according to joseph and co-authors; this is accompanied by the challenge of avoiding

past memories and feelings of nervousness and increase of stimulation. Usually, all those

therapeutic approaches are based on the evidence that some form of traumatic memories is vital

for the recovery. Client-centred therapy for posttraumatic stress has yet to receive maximum

attention within the existing posttraumatic stress disorder literature, which does not come us a

surprise as client-centred therapist do not assume the view that there Is need for particular

treatment for specific disorders. Although there is a slight literature on the client-centred therapy

topic in relative to posttraumatic stress, it does not entail that this is an operational approach. In

fact, there is the good theoretical reason to keep in mind that client-centred therapy might be of

help for trauma victims. Client-centred therapy adopts some form of experience which is
 Counselling theories 7

fundamental to recovery from posttraumatic stress, contrary to the more used cognitive

behavioral therapies, client-centred therapy does not adopt that it is essential for a therapist to

engage directly to the client. Instead, the client-centered therapy theory states that client should

be encouraged to absorb the traumatic memoirs in their own time and speed. It is vital for the

therapist to practice the above theory.

According to Purves, David G; Erwin, Philip G, the perspective that trouble or traumatic

events are required to endure some emotional change in order to reduce their ability to distress.

The cause of disagreement is, however, how this can be attained. In the recent theories of

therapeutic adjustment has mainly focused on the emotional processing as limited clarification of

transformation, self-disclosure is seen as the vital factor of this entire process. They further

explain their theory that it is evident that people frequently need to talk the happenings in their

lives, both minor and major events 85% of people are open to major life activities and are willing

to share their knowledge with others. Self-disclosure is a sine qua non of most emotional

involvement.

David murphy Emphasise that Client-centred therapy was originally developed by Carl

Rogers that beached in the belief that people are essentially creatures naturally motivated to

towards the growth and expansion. Rogerss theory advised that within the truthful public

individuals can realize their potential. Social environment entails a climate where individual

feels honestly empathically unstated, loved and accepted (Murphy, 2009). When an important

degree of involvement is either distorted or denied to fit self-concept then this is termed as

incongruence. Client-centred theory can passably justification involvement of traumatic stress

and the investigative Classification. For example, Rogerss theories stated that when the person

is under risk of self-structure the danger of breaking down is very high. A traumatic experience
 Counselling theories 8

can be seen as the enclosure the self-structure in substantial danger, this may happen when

traumatic experience such as childhood abuse gives clear incongruence between knowledge and

self.

According to Arias, Ileana and co-author both men and women can be a victim, domestic

violence normally entails on only women being assault and this happen mostly within the

intimate relationship. In past twenty years, various federations and interim programs have been

mediated in domestic violence cases that have developed. These programs incline to focus on

giving treatment to the victims and also offer to counsel to the domestic violence survivors.

Panel remain out of the programs (Resick, et al, 2012).. The main issue is whether the program

used has suitable standards. This is after the impression of the occurrence and nature of the

domestic violence and it is seen as the vital program to be practiced.

Sexual assaults and relationship between the female victim and male partner, its always

hard for the partner to accept the matters since they are the first one to react quickly to the

incidence. According to Ann m orzek theory, the spouse or boyfriend of the survivor might seem

to have taken control, but in the real sense, he might be experiencing physiological crisis himself

as a result of sexual nature of the rape. She continues to elaborate that female victims of rape

prefer female counselor because of normal understanding. This will eventually help the

counselor to understand on how to approach the situation.

According to Cahill, Rick, Rothbaum and Follette of the institute of medicine, Numerous

treatment strategies for the posttraumatic stress disorder has stressed that cognitive-behavioural

treatments are effective and it suggested as best treatments .The other posttraumatic stress

disorder treatment study that inspected accomplices more than 5 years after the treatment was a
 Counselling theories 9

study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapies. This treatment has helped to

cure many people. The recent conducted the study after 10 years of treatment with an objective

of examining long-term result amongst all the members who participate and were randomized in

previous trials. The Institutional Review Board of the University of St. Louis did sanction the

procedure that was used, and the accomplices presented a printed information agreement prior to

the registration which includes the agreement material (Capuzzi, & Stauffer, 2016).

According to Laura Murray there are several evidence-based on treatments and that are

accessible for youth, children and their families. However, it is typically based on the previous

traumas, most of the youth affected experience continuous trauma. The families that experienced

constant traumas, should embrace the use of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy which

is seen as effective. According to these project and studies, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral

therapy instructors have worked hand in hand with families, investors and companies provider

to establish trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy policies to deliver the best respond to

the communities with ongoing trauma. This paper highlights positive projects, current mutual

conceptualizations of continuous trauma, this research proposes even when the cases of ongoing

traumas, youths can still get treatment with trauma -focused cognitive- behavioral therapy and

considerably improve the signs.

Section one

Arias, Ileana, and co-author did mention about both men and women can be the victim

and further stated that most affected are only women. Forgetting that child can also be victim

domestic violence.

Section two
Counselling theories 10

Danny murphy theory did not explain how the victim should be treated or counseled.

Even though victims are in the environment where they feel loved and accepted.

Section three

According to joseph clearly stated that therapeutic approach is based on the evidence that

some form of traumatic memories is vital for the recovery. But on other hand failed to explain

the danger and risk of traumatic experience that may lead to breaking down of self-structure.

Literature Assessment

These theories have explained various effectiveness and important of treating and

counseling people who are sexual traumatized, especially women. The study has also

emphasized on counseling and treating victims which are seen as major stepping stone to

reducing the stigma to the victim, The introduction of various federations and interim programs

that have mediate domestic violence cases that rise has really helped and strengthen the idea of

reducing sexual trauma. Although there is a slight literature on the client-centered therapy topic

in relative to posttraumatic stress, scholars made the clear statement the there is the good

theoretical reason to keep in mind that client-centered therapy might be of help for trauma

victims. Client-centered therapy adopts some form of experience which is fundamental to

recovery from posttraumatic stress, contrary to the more used cognitive behavioral therapies,

client-centered therapy does not adopt that it is essential for a therapist to engage directly to the

client. Instead, the client-centered therapy theory states that client should be encouraged to

absorb the traumatic memoirs in their own time and speed, which is vital for the therapist

(Snipes, et al 2015). Groups are made based on the present clients, callers or referral sources who
Counselling theories 11

are concerned about being in the group. Creating groups have strengthened and provide extreme

healing, development, and the perfect environment for members.

The use of medication could minimize the nervousness, insomnia, and depression that is

frequently experienced by the victims of child abuse. This might help in relieving emotional

shock and distress caused by traumatic memoirs. Some types of antidepressant medicine have

demonstrated tone beneficial in several clinical tribunals, other medication programs has shown

potential. There were even distinct medication that has materialized as the final treatment for

posttraumatic stress(Payne, Liebling-Kalifani, & Joseph, 2007). Nevertheless, medication is

always vital for the symptoms relief, this enables victims to partake in psychotherapy

Some of the scholars emphasise only on women and not focusing as well on men. It is clearly

that men are also victims of sexual trauma. Others focused on the counselling and medication

and did not mention the importance of accepting what happen and try to live with the memories

and image. In the recent theories of therapeutic adjustment has mainly focused on the emotional

processing as limited clarification of transformation, self-disclosure and did mention federations

and interim programs has been used to facilitate the domestic violence cases that raised

(Gilmore, et al, 2016). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is understood to be one of

the best treatment for traumatized youths. This includes those who experience ongoing trauma.

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was established to give course numerous

negative influences of traumatic actions for youths aged between 5 to 17 years old and their

caretakers when present or parents. The treatment has various modules which include:

Relaxation, In-Vivo Exposure, Conjoint ParentChild Sessions, Trauma Narrative and

Processing, Cognitive Coping and Psychoeducational. These modules are trained and practiced

in rational arrangement with each and every component that builds on the ability from the
Counselling theories 12

component that was taught previously, children are encouraged to approach Trauma-Focused

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy rather than avoiding gradually detailed and hostility trauma-

related memories and reminders or being exposure.

Strengths of These Studies

The Strengths of these studies is the explanation various effectiveness and important of

treating and counselling people who are sexual traumatized, especially women. The study has

also emphasized on counseling and treating victims which are seen as major stepping stone to

reducing the stigma to the victim, The introduction of various federations and interim programs

that have mediate domestic violence cases that rise has really helped and strengthen the idea of

reducing sexual trauma.

Limitations of These Studies

The limitation of these studies is that some of scholars only emphasise on women who

suffer because sexual trauma and did not mention men, on sexual traumatic issues. It is clear that

men are also victims, others focused on the counselling and medication and did not mention the

importance of accepting what happen and try to live with the memories and images. Further

more recent theories of therapeutic adjustment has mainly focused on the emotional processing

as limited clarification of transformation, self-disclosure and did mention federations and interim

programs has been used to facilitate the domestic violence cases that raised. The purpose of this

article is to share conceptualizations of ongoing trauma and approaches cultured from these

struggles, and eventually to approach above worries of the physiotherapist who are struggling to

help the youth exposed to ongoing trauma. In addition, most youth experience the continues
Counselling theories 13

trauma frequently the usually have limited time to reflect on any traumatic event that they can

remember before the upcoming stress or trauma events arises.

Further Considerations

To my consideration other posttraumatic stress disorder treatment study that inspected

accomplices more than 5 years after the treatment was a study of eye movement desensitization

and reprocessing therapies. I trust that this kind treatment has helped to cure many people. The

recent conducted the study after 10 years of treatment with an objective of examining long-term

result amongst all the members who participate and were randomized in previous trials. I have

also learned that Institutional Review Board of the University of St. Louis did sanction the

procedure that was used, and the accomplices presented a printed information agreement prior to

the registration, which includes the agreement material. I further considered the use of

medication could minimize the nervousness, insomnia, and depression that is frequently

experience by the victims of child abuse (Orzek, 1983).. I have realized that this might help in

relieving emotional shock and distress caused by traumatic memoirs. Having in mind that some

types of antidepressant medicine have demonstrated tone beneficial in several clinical tribunals,

other medication programs has shown potential. There is no even distinction medication, which

has materialized as the final treatment for posttraumatic stress. Nevertheless, medication is

always vital for the symptoms relief, this enables victims to partake in psychotherapy. On the

other hand, I have learned that there are children who have seen their mother being emotionally

and physically abused by the spouse, and the same partner still stays with them. In remote areas,

the culprit of sexual abuse of a child might be still living in that neighbourhood in line to

poverty. And inadequate legal and child protection structures. Several service providers who deal

with such cases exploit stabilization interference only, citing anxiety using experience based
Counselling theories 14

involvement although there is still continuous trauma or violence. One of the frequent question

asked by Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy instructors is how to practice exposure

treatment safely when there is continuous traumatic exposure. Over the years, Trauma-Focused

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy instructors have worked closely with the shareholders, families,

and companies in order to provide Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy policies for

the best service to the community, and response to the people with ongoing trauma.

Conclusion

The assessment on how to maintain long-term effects of cognitive-behavioral treatments

for posttraumatic stress disorder among the female rape victims. This is done by conducting

long-term follow-up on assessing the accomplice from a random controlled experimental

comparison between cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure for the posttraumatic

stress disorder, Opposing hypotheses for positive results. The institution should invest in

purchasing therapy equipments and enough medicine that will help in improving the sexual

traumatic problems, and it will of good advantage if the institution should stop focusing on

women only. This has brought low self-esteem to men who are sexually traumatize. The

institution should take first priority kind of people traumatized. For instance, youth might be an

eyewitness to the fatal shooting and still, lives in the same neighbourhood that is vicious and

may be seeing the shooting site. The main objective of this project is to give youth and families

actual treatment, and also adjust it to a version for the ongoing trauma they experience loss and

lack security.
Counselling theories 15

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Counselling theories 16

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