Lesson8H

Homework

Problem
m 1:
Supposeyyouhaveath hincapillarytu
ubewithdiam meter2mm.Thetubeisinsertedverticallyintoabaath
thatconsiistsofunmixeedoilandwater,halfoilandhalfwaterr.Whenthettubeisinsertted,oneendiisin
thewaterrandtheothe erendisinth
heoil.Youmeasuretheheeightofthew waterinthetu
ubeanditis7
7mm
nthewater.Thedensityo
higherthaanthelevelin oftheoilis0. 7g/cm3.

Givens:
D=2mm
h=7mm
o=0.7g//cm3

1. Whatisthecapillarypressurein ndynes/cm2andinpsi?

m2)andPc(lbs//in2)
Find:Pc(dynes/cm

Pc ( w o )gh
h at equilibrriu m (only! )
Pc (1.0 g / cm 3 0.7 g / cm 3 )(980 g/cm 2 )(0.7
) cm)
Pc 205.8dynes / cm 2
1atm 14.7 ppsi
Pc 205.8dynes / cm 2
.986 10 dynes / cm
6 2
1atm
tm
Pc 0.003 psi

2. Howmuchforceindynesdoesthecapillarypressuree
exxertonthew
water/oilsurfaace?

F Pc A Pcr 2
F 205.8dynnes/cm2 (0.1cm) 2
F 6.47dynees

3. Su
upposethemmeniscusisappproximatelyanarcofaci rclewithradiiusR=1.155m
mm.Whatisthe
co
ontactangleiindegrees?

r
c
cos
R
1mm
m
c
cos
1.155mm
30
 4. Whatisthesu
W ninthewaterr/oilsurface?
rfacetension

2 ow cos 2 ow
Pc
r R
RPc
ow
2
2
(.11555cm)(205.8dynes/cm
d )
ow 11.88dynees / cm
2

Problem
m 2:
Mercuryisgenerallyno
onwetting,le
eadingtoacaapillarybehavviorasshown
ninthepicture:

Derivethe
eexpressionforthecapillaarypressureaacrossthemeercury/airintterfaceinterm
msoftheden
nsity
andheighhtofthemerccurycolumn.

Pc Pnonn wetting Pwettting across the boundarry between the fluids in

n the capilla
ary
Pc P2 P1
P1 P3
P3 Hggh
g P2
Pc P2 P1 (P3 Hg gh) P3 Hg gh where h is the positive disstance belo
ow the bath level

Problem
m 3:
Supposepporesinaporrousandperm
meablerockccorebehavellikerandomlyyorientedsho ortcapillaryttubes.
Thecoreu
underconsiderationispreeferentiallysttronglywaterrwet,iswellssorted,andisshomogeneo ous,
i.e.,pore esizesaredisstributedunifformlyovertthecore.

m3
Oil=.7g/cm

Core

Water
Thecapillarypressurecurveforthisscoreis:

a. Whatisthemi
W inimumoilprressurethatw ntheporesofthe
willcauseoilttostartdisplaacingwaterin
coore?
Pctc =0.4atm

b. Whatisthema
W aximumoilsaaturation?
Somax
o =1Swmin=10.1=0.9or
= 90%

c. Whatistheex
W xpressionforccapillarypresssureasafun ctionofsurfaacetension,p poresize,and
d
coontactangle??
2 wo co
os wo
Pc
r
d. Ifthesurfacettensionbetwe erandtheoil is1dyne/cm,estimatetheradiiofthe
eenthewate
laargestporesinthecore.

2 wo co
os wo
Pc
r
2 wo cos
c wo
rmax
m
Pc min
m

Strongly
S a wetting wo is sm
water mall cos wo 1
2 wo 2(1dyne / cm
c ) 1atm
rmax 2
(0.4atm) .986 10 6
m
Pc min 0 dynes / cm
m
rmax
m 1 6 cm
6.43 10

Problem 4:
Acapillarypressurecurveforacoreismeasuredbymercuryinjectioninair.Ofcourse,wereallywant
thecapillarypressurecurveforthewaterandoilsystem.
a. Whatistheexpressionforcapillarypressureintermsofsurfacetension,contactangle,and
averageporeradius?
2 ow cosow
Pc
r

b. Youaregiven
Hgair=480dynes/cm
wateroil=20dynes/cm(Justanexampleforthisproblem.Ref:Malcolm, J. D., Dutton, C. R., 1979. )
Hg-air = 140
Water is very strongly wetting.

What is the ratio of the capillary pressure measured by mercury injection in air to the capillary pressure measured by
porous diaphragm injection of oil?

2 Hg-air cosHg-air
Pc Hg-air
r
2 oil- water cosoil- water
Pc oil- water
r
Pc Hg-air Hg-air cosHg-air

Pc oil- water oil- water cosoil- water
Pc Hg-air (480dynes / cm 2 )cos(140 )

Pc oil- water (20dynes / cm 2 )1
Pc Hg-air
18.4
Pc oil- water

c. Repeat(b)forawateraircapillarypressuremeasurementwithwaterairl=72dynes/cm
Pc Hg-air (480dynes / cm 2 )cos(140 )

Pc water -air (72dynes / cm 2 )1
d.
Pc Hg-air
5.1
Pc water -air
Agoodruleofthumbisthatmercuryinjectioncapillarypressures(inair)areabout5Xair
injectioncapillarypressuresforwaterwetcores.

Problem 5:
Supposeyouextractacorefromthetopofawaterwetdeltaicreservoirandmeasureitswateroil
capillarypressurecurve.Youareaskedtoestimatetheoilwatercapillarypressurecurvedeeperinthe
reservoir.

a. Whatqualitativedifferenceinparticlesizedoyouexpectforthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoir?



b. Whatqualitativedifferencedoyouexpectfortheporosityatthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoirbasedonyouranswerto(a)?



c. Whatqualitativedifferencedoyouexpectforthepermeabilityatthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoirbasedonyouranswerto(a)?



d. Assumethemagnitudeofanydifferencesyoufoundin(b)and(c)is20%.UsetheLeverettJ
functiontoestimatetheratioofthecapillarypressuresatanygivenSw.Youmayassumetheoil
andwaterpropertiesarethesameatthetopandbottomofthereservoir.

Pc K
J(S w )
ow cosow
Jtop of reservoir (S w ) Pc top of reservoir K top of reservoir bottom of reservoir

Jbottom of reservoir (S w ) Pc bottom of reservoir top of reservoir K bottom of reservoir
Pc top of reservoir K bottom of reservoir top of reservoir Jtop of reservoir (S w )

Pc bottom of reservoir K top of reservoir bottom of reservoir Jbottom of reservoir (S w )
But the assumption of Leverett is that J is the same for top and bottom of the reservoir.
Pc top of reservoir 1 1 1

Pc bottom of reservoir 1.2 1 1
Pc bottom of reservoir 1.1Pc top of reservoir

e. Interpretyourresultin(d)toseeifitmakessenseintermsofporesizes.
Smallergrainsgenerallymeansmallpores,whichinturngenerallymeangreatercapillary
pressure.So(d)seemscorrect.
Problem
m 6
Supposeyyouhavealre eadycalibrate edyourreservvoircapillary pressurestolabcapillarypressuresanddthe
relationsh Pc(laboratory)).Thelaborattorycapillaryypressurecurrveisshown.The
hipisPc(reserrvoir)=0.33P
oilhasAP
PI=35andyo oumayassum meawaterde ensityof1.0gg/cm3.

Estimatetthewatersatturation40ftabovethefre
eewaterleveel.

Twoequivvalentsolutio
ons:

AandB:Thefirstpartofe
SolutionA eachsolutionisthesame, i.e.,relablethecapillaryp
pressureplottobe
thecapillaarypressurefforthereservvoir.

Pc (reserrvoir) .33P
Pc (laboratorry)

This rela
ation was given, but ho
ow would yo
ou derive su
uch a relatio
on?
Thustherreservoircapillarypressurecurveis:

Solution
nA:
The pressure availa
able to overrcome the capillary
c pre
essure a disstance h abo e water leve
ove the free el is
Pc ( w o )gh
141.5
But API (oil) 35 131.5 o 0.85 g / cm 3
o
( )
w
14.7 psi
Pc (1.0 g / cm 3 0.85
8 g / cm 3 )(9880cm/ sec 2 )((40 ft )(12inn / ft )(2.54cm
m / in) 2
.986 10 dynes / ccm
6

Pc 2.677 psi
Reading g the water saturation from
f servoir capiilllary presssure curve
the res
S w 55%

Solution
nB:
From the er contact) .1.75 psi
e chart, the Pc (oil wate
ntact) h
At equilibrium Pc (oil water con
where h is measure
ed above th
he free wate
er level
Pc (oil water con ntact)
h
( w - o )g

141.5
ButAPI (oil ) 35

131.5 o 0.85 g / cm 3

( o)
w
1.75 psi
p .986 10 6 dynes
d / cm 2
h
(0.15 g/cm 3 )(98
80 cm/ sec 2 ) 14.7 psi
c 26.2 ft
h 799cm

Ath=40ftt,Swisaboutt55%.
SolutionB
BismoreworrkthanSolutionAforthessameanswerr.Whywould
dyoueverdoSolutionB?
Problem
m 7
Remembe erwaybackwwhenwewere epreparingtostudyDarcyysLaw,wefiirstmodeledarockasabu undle
ofpipesaandusedPoiseuillesLawtoobtainaqu ualitativeundderstandingoffflow.Hearkkenbacktoth
hat
derivationnandderiveaanexpression nfor(K/)in
n
termsofttheradiusrofthepipes.

For one pipe :

Q r 2 P
-
A 8 L
For a buunch of pipe d as n rows
es arranged s and n columns,
N totall number off pipes n2
r 2 P
N -
Q total NQ NA 1 whhere A 1 arrea of one pipe
p
8 L
But Darccy' s equatio on for the rock
r (bundle of pipes) is
K P
Q total - A tottal
L
K P r 2 P
- A - NA 1
L 8 L
total

r2
K(2nr) 2 N(r 2 )
8
r2
N(r 2 )

K 8 r2
(
(2nr) 2
322
Vpipess Nr 2 L

Vtotal (2nr) 2 L 4

r2
K 32 1
r
8
4