bdSi@i and Implemehtation of Channel hoder/Decoder for the

Digital Audio Broadcasting(DAB) System

Tzong-Horng Lay, Yang-Han Lee, Lun-Chieh Lo, Chu-Yang Leu, and Pei-Min Gong
Department of Electrical Engineering, TamKang University
Tamsui, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan 30043, R.O.C.
Tel: +886-2-6215656 ext 2730
Fax: +886-2-6221565
Email:yhleeaee.tku:edu.tw

Abstract system have gotten suppoits.

The Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system
is designed to provide a CD-quality sounds
and flexible data. DAB system is for not only
fixed and portable receivers, but also mobile
receiver. As the result, the QAB system
utilizes various levels of error protection
including channel encoding and modulation
scheme. This paper presents error-correction
encoding such as energy-dispersal,
convolutional encoding, puncturing
procedure and time-interleaving.. The sub-
circuits (energy dispersal and convolutional
coding) were realized on FPGA(ALTERA
EPM7160ELCS4-15). The viterbi decoder was
verified by the Matlab simulation.
The main techniques of channel coding in
the DAB system include energy .dispersal,
convolutional encoding, and time-
interleaving. Those techniques are used to
lower the bit error rate (BER). In order to
achieve the high quality sounds and flexible
data, a BER must be less than 10e-10 [2].
Fig.l(a) and (b) show the block diagram of
the DAB trlnsinitter and receiver.

Fig. l(a),The block diagram of the DAB

I. INTRODUCTION transmitter
As the successful performance of the
DAB system in 8Europe[5],lots of countries
have been operating in present. The DAB
system can increase the efficient of
spectrum and provide high quality sounds.
DAB also can transmit digital signals about Fig. 1 (b) The block diagram of the
I.SMbit/s to mobile or fixed receiver [I]. DAB receiver
All of these, the development of the DAB
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 The Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplex (OFDM)[7] and the Moving 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Picture Experts Group (MPEG) are used in
the DAB system. Spectrum efficiency of
OFDM is better than Frequency Division
Multiplex (FDM) and Multi-path Fig.2 Energy dispersal
interference will be solved by OFDM.
This paper emphasis on the channel
B. CONVOLUTIONAL CODING
encoding of the DAB transceiver. The
The channel coding is based on a
architecture of channel encodeddecoder
convolutional code with constraint length 7
including energy-dispersaVde-dispersal,
and code rate of 1/4. The generator
convolutional encodingldecoding and time
polynomials are (133)8, (171)8, (145)8, and
interleavingde-interleaving are given in
(133)8. The shift registers are all-zero state
session 11. In session 111 the channel
at initial and final. (Fig.3) [ 1][3][4]
encoding is simulated by the Matlab and the
VHDL. In session IV is conclusions.

11. THE DAB SYSTEM Ilrnr-l 1 l t i

A. ENERGY DISPERSAL
The continuous I or 0 reduce the
correct ability of viterbi decode. It can be
L 1..

avoided by adding the energy. dispersal Fig.3 Convolutional coding

circuit. Before encoding, we scramble the
binary signal by a modulo-2 addition with a
C. PUNCTURING PROCEDURE
pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS). It
In order to increase the spectrum
shall use a polynomial of degree 9, defined
efficiency, the punctured convolutional
by: P(X)=X9tX5+1 . The initialization
coding shall be applied. The puncturing
word shall be applied in such a way that the
vectorisgiven byVT=(11I0 1110 1110 1110
first bit of PRBS is obtained when the
1110 1110 1110 IllO) at thefirst21
outputs of all shift register stages are set to
block and V,=1110 1110 1110 1110 1110
value 1 as shown in Fig.2 [ I ]
1 1 I O 1 I10 I l O O ) at the last three block
(model I I1 and IV). The puncturing
procedure will increase the code rate for 114
to 1/3. Therefore, we can increase the
transmission bandwidth. [ I ]

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 D.TIME INTERLEAVING
In order to avoi! burst error, the time
interleaving was used. In the DAB system,
we separate the signal into 16 parts. One of
the signal is sent at once, otherswas sent
which was delay (24msX 1) ... (24msX 15)
randomly. [ 11
registers of the convolutional coding are set
to be the value of 0 at first. After that the
signals is sent to and the puncturing
procedure, the time interleaving and the
main services multiplexer.
sa boa 1w Id

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E. VITERBI DECODER
Viterbi decoder is a powerful decoding of
Fig.4 The VHDL of energy dispersal
convolutional code. In the receiver of DAB
system, we use the viterbi algorithm to
decode convolutional code from transmitter.
[31[41

IILExperiment and Simulation

The energy dispersal, the convolutional
coding, the puncturing procedure, the time
interleaving, and the viterbi decoding have Fig.5 The VHDL of convolutional encoding
been simulated by the Matlab. We have
implemented the energy dispersal and the The viterbi decoding is the key
convolutional coding by the VHDL(Very technology for the channel decoding.
High Speed ICs Hardware Description The viterbi decoder includes of Rom-
Language). table, adder, compare, shift-register, and
The energy dispersal includes shift- some logic gate. The output of
registers and some logic gate. At first, all convolutional code is saved in the Rom-
shift registers are set to be1. Then there table (128*4bit)(as shown in Fig.6). And
will generate the PRBS at the output of
XOR. The PRBS will be added to the input
I ? . . . ...
signals by XOR. (as shown in Fig.2) In
Fig.4, the sequetfce with all 1s are sent to
the input (data-in) of the energy dispersal. ..
Next the output signals (data-out) are sent
to the input (d-in) of the convolutional
coding (as shown in Fig.5). The shift- M

Fig.6 error correct path of viterbi decoder

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the counts of the errors are component
of adder, compare, and shift-register.
The test signals of 30720 bits (mode I)
are sent to the viterbi decoder. We
simulate the viterbi decode by Matlab as
shown in Fig.7.When the input errors
are under 11%, the output has no errors.
While the input errors are under 18%,
the output errors could be under 4%.
I 0.14 Viterbi Decoder
I dl
A
0.12
!:
SO04
0 02
4.02 1 3 5 7 Y I1 13 I5
Input Fnor(%)
Fig.7 viterbi decoding
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The DAB system has been designed
for delivery of high-quality digital audio
programme and data services for mobile.
And the DAB system could overcome
the multipath fading and the shadow
effect. The sub-circuits of the energy
dispersal, the convolutional coding, the
time interleaving, and the
decoding are simulated by Matlab in this
paper. And the sub-circuits of the energy
dispersal and the convolutional coding,
we have been implemented by VHDL.
V. REFERENCES
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Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to
mobile, portable and fixed
receivers ,European Telecommunications
Standards Institute ETSI, 1997.
[2] Bernd Sostawa and Joachirn Speidel,
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Broadcasting vol. 44, No 4, pp.445-448, Dec
I
1998.
J.B Anderson and Elke Offer, Reduced-
State sequence Detection with Convolutional
Codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, ~01.40,
pp. 965-972, May 1994.
17 IY
J.B Anderson, Limited Search Trellis
Decoding of Convolutional Codes, IEEE
Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 35, pp. 944-955,
sep. 1989.
G. Plege, DAB-A New Sound
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Bernd Sostawa and Joachim Speidel,
Investigations on Bit Error Performance for
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Broadcasting Vo1.44, No.4, Dec. 1998.
viterbi
Ruggero Reggiannini, and Giorgio M.
Vitetta,Blind EquaIizatiodDetection for
OFDM Signals over Frequency-Selective
Channels., IEEE Jour. On Selected Areas in
Communications. Vol. 16 No. 8 Oct. 1998
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