1.

Design a waterway for a bridge over a trapezoidal channel having side slope of
1:1 with a discharge of 25 m3/s, a bed fall of 1:1000 and bed width to depth ratio
of 6:1. The bed material is sand with a safe velocity of 2.5m/s. The afflux should
not be more than 8cm. take Manning coefficient, n = 0.025

Solution

Area of flow
d2
A = bxd + 2
2
= ( b + d ) = 7 d 2 ( b = 6 d )
Wetted perimeter
P = b + 2d 2 = 8.883d

A 7d 2
Hydraulic mean depth R= = = 0.80 d
P 8.83d

From Mannings formula we have

1
1
2 2
2 1 ( 0.80 d ) 3
R S3 2
1000 2
v= = = 1.1d 3
n 0.025
The flood discharge Q = v .A
2
Or 25 = 1.1d 3 .7 d 2
Therefore, d = 1.55m
And P = 8.83d = 8.83 x 1.5 = 13.68 m
2 2
Hence v = 1.1d 3 = 1.1 ( 1.5 ) 3 = 1.47 m / s
Since the velocity under the bridge is less than the given safe velocity of 2.5m/s,
the design is OK
v 2d 2 L2
Afflux , x = 2 2 1
2
2 g( d + x ) C Ll

Average length L = 6d + 2d/2 = 10.85m

1.47 2 1.55 2 10.85 2

Therefore; 0.08 =
2 9.81( 1.55 + 0.08 ) 2 0.95 2 L2 1
l

Hence, Ll = 8.50m
Q 25
And v= = = 1.49 m / s
7d 2
7 1.55 2

2. A bridge has a linear waterway of 120 m constructed across a stream whose

natural waterway is 200m. If the flood discharge is 1000m3/s and the mean depth
of flow is 3 m, calculate the afflux under the bridge.

Solution

Area of the natural waterway

A = 200 x 3 = 600 m 2
 1000
Normal velocity of flow v= = 1.67 m / s
600

From Drown Weir formula, we have

1.67 2 3 2 200 2
x= 1
2 x 9.81( 3 + x ) 2 0.95 120
2 2

or

x 3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x 2.65 = 0

By trial error the solution for me the cubic equation is

x = 0.252 m
The Afflux x = 0.252 m

3. The approximate costs of one superstructure and one pier for a multispan bridge
are given below. Estimate the economic span.

Span (m) 12 18 21
Superstructure cost (US$) 34,000 80,000 150,000
Substructure cost (US$) 50,000 54,000 48,000

Solution
The average cost coefficient is calculated as shown in the following table. This
calculation is based on the assumption that the cost of the superstructure is proportional
to the square of the span.

Span cost coefficient Avg. cost coefficient, k

1
12m 34,000/122 = 236.1 (236.1 + 246.9 + 340 ) = 274.3
3
18m 80,000/182 = 246.9
21m 150,000/212 = 340.0

1
Average cost of one pier (US$) (50 ,000 + 54 ,000 + 48 ,000 )
3
= 50,666

Economic span

0 .5 0 .5
B 50 ,666
le = = = 13.6 m
k 274.3
4. The flood discharge under a bridge is 300m3/s. if the river bed has a deep layer of
coarse sand determine the maximum depth of scour under piers and abutments.

Solution

Normal depth of scour

1/ 3
Q
d = 0.473
f

1/ 3
300
= 0.473 ( f = from Table 3.3)
1 .5
= 2.76 m

Depth of scour under piers = 2d = 2.76 x 2 = 5.52 m

Depth of scour under abutments = 1.5d = 4.14 m.

5.A stream with hard banks has a width of 80m. Its bed is alluvial ( f = 1.1) and
discharge through the section is 500m3/s. calculate the maximum scour depth under the
bridge having a single span of 50 m.

Solution

Since the velocity and depth of flow are not known, the normal depth with constriction is
given by:

0.61
W
Where d = d
/

1.21Q 0.63
d=
f 0.33 w 0.6

1.21 x 500 0.63

= = 4.25 m
1.10.33 x 80 0.6

Maximum depth scour

0.61
W
d max = d x 1.5
L

0.61
80
= 4.25 x 1.5 = 8.49 m
50

For non-uniform scour

 1.56
W
d max = d
L

1.56
80
= 4.25 = 8.84 m
50
Adopt dmax = 8.84m being the larger of the two values

6. Calculate the depth of scour form the following data:

(i) Depth of flow on the upstream = 3.2m/s
(ii) Approach velocity = 0.9m/s
(iii) Median particle size = 0.78 mm
(iv) Length of the pier = 6.4m
(v) Width of the pier = 4.4m
(vi) Angle of attack = 10o
(vii) Critical approach velocity = 0.3m/s

Solution
Froude number

Uo 0.9
F= = = 0.16
(gy o )0.5
(9.81 x 3.2 )0.5

From Table 3.5, local scour cylindrical pier is

d s = 1.11 y 0.5 b 0.5
= 1.1 x 3 0.5 x 4.4 0.5
= 4.00 m

From Table 3.7, for L/B =2.0, the shape factor f 2 = 1.11,
From Fig. 3.3, fro angle of attack of 10o, factor f 3 = 1.3

= d s xf 2 xf 3
= 4.00 x 1.1 x 1.3
= 5.72 m