sirplyLearnt Tips & Tricks www simplylearnt.com Chemical Thermodynamics: Chemistry + Thermodynamics helps us to predict the feasibility of a chemical process and also the extent to which it occurs under a given set of conditions. ‘ System: Part of the universe which is under study. . Surroundings: Rest of the portion with which the system interacts is known as surrounding. + Types of System: System capable of exc! as energy with the surroundings is call which can exchange energy bu surroundings is called closed neither exchange matter nor eng called isolated system. ging matter as well en system; system matter with the one which can surrounding is . Extensive and Intensive ies which depends upon the amount of th ‘extensive properties ¢.g, mass, ternal energy, enthalpy, entropy, hose which are independent of the a ° @ \substance are called intensive pro pressure, density, specific heat, Enthalpy, entropy, free energy. : An operation that brings about the of the system is known as thermodynamic . Isobaric process that occurs at constant pressure aPp-0 . Isochoric process that occurs at constant volume av=o . Adiabatic process is one in which heat can neither enter nor leave the system | q= 0]simplyLearnt Tips & Tricks worw.simplylearnt.com Isochloric tem returns to the nges returns to its . Cyclic Process: A process in whic original state after under going a se: original state. For this process Au=0; AH=0 + Thermodynamic Equilibri properties of the syst: ange. If no work is done by any p composition, then nitisimally slowly so that there is alw i een the system and the le process. nitisimally smaller than the driving ie changes are produced rapidly so that the ir remains in equilibrium is called irreversible Process. # W., = 2.303 aRT Jog v2 or W., = 2.303 aRT tog Ft . Wy, = PAV W,., > Wares Internal energysimplyLearnt Tips & Tricks wow.simplylearnt.com Second law of Thermodynamics - “Heat can not flow of its own from colder to hotter region.” + Entropy of the universe is continuously increasing . Entropy is times arrow, AH. . ase ABs, yg = See as = Ty T, Gibb's Free Energy + It is the amount of energy availab| stem to do useful work and is related to enthalpy and entro the expression Third Law of The: + “Entropy zero.” erfectly crystalline solid is zero at absolute Sikinw since for a perfectly crystalline solid w =1 So S=0 + Crystals of co;m,0;oana #0 do not have zero entropy even at ab solute zero.sirplyLearnt Tse & THOS ‘worw,simplylearnt.com Hess's law of Constant Heat Summation + “The total enthalpy change taking place during a reaction depends on the initial and final states and is independent of the path.” + Hess's law help us to calculate the enthalpy of reactions which are practically not possible. . First law of Thermodynamics: “Es: created nor destroyed, it simply c: another” can neither be s from one form to . AU =as0 . Limitation of First law of th li) Does not predict about the [ii] Does not tell whd Spontaneous Proces: or randomness in a system ction and an extensive property + Entropy of mixing in always positive. + Entropy increases with decrease of pressure; increases with complexity; increases with atomicity. AS= natal, = nRin -C,tn % B, TsimplyLearnt Tips & Tricks Enthalpy ‘wow,simplylearnt.com Sum total of the various form of energy such as rotational, vibrational, translational, kinctic, coulombic, nuclear etc. is known as internal energy. It is a state function and extensive property. It depends only on temperature For an isochoric process AU =4q,; For an isothermal reversible process AU =O. Sum total of internal energ known as enthalpy of the syst Enthalpy is a state fun For an isother: For solid and 1 yn:- The amount of heat absorbed quantities of reactants as stated in under standard condition. of formation:- () Enthalpy change mole of the substance is formed from its elements in their standard states in the most stable form Enthalpy utralisation: It is the enthalpy change taking place when I mole water is formed from H- and ox ions. taking place 1. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base is always $7.1 KJ mot, 2. If acid or base is weak then enthalpy of neutralization is less because a part of energy is used to dissociate the weak acid or weak base. 3. Enthalpy of neutralization of HF is 68 KU mor because fluoride ion has high hydration energy.Tips & Tricks Bond Energy + It is defined as the change in enthalpy in breaking 1 mole of a given bond. + Bond fission is an endothermic process whereas Bond formation is always exothermic. «In the case of diatomic molecules bond energy is equal to bond dissociation energy. . Average bond energy is the total «: f atomisation of the molecule divided by the number of b ww