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REDUCTION UNITS
TRAINING MANUAL
Course EXP-PR-EQ180
Revision 0.1
Exploration & Production
Equipment
Reduction units
EQUIPMENT
REDUCTION UNITS
CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVES
Aim of the present course is to allow the future operator to understand the basic
mechanical principles of reduction units, (the gear reducers)
Helical reduction units perfectly illustrate the compact design of the new series of drives.
They are robust angle drives adapted to all mechanical applications where a compact
assembly is required.
Parallel shaft reduction units can be used in a wide range of configurations, even in the
most unfavourable conditions, thanks to their torque range (130 to 18000 Nm) and the
large number of positions in which they can be installed and their wide range of
applications.
These gear motors are compact due to the layout of the reduction unit's casing.
Planetary gear motors are compact, have a low backlash and have one or two trains for
powers of up to 3000 Nm to handle the most advanced, high-precision positioning tasks.
Due to their structure they are ideal for use in compact assemblies with little available
space.
Production versions of 2 or 3 train parallel shaft reduction units are highly robust thanks to
their very compact one-piece casing.
Whether foot mounted, flange mounted or with a hollow shaft, with a wide range of
versions and options, allows them to be used for torque ranges of up to 65000 Nm, even in
difficult conditions.
They are used where the drive shaft rotational speed of an internal combustion engine,
electric motor, turbine, etc., must be modified.
5. OPERATING PRINCIPLE
5.1. COMPOSITION
5.2. PRINCIPLE
If we increase this ratio the problems begin, i.e. contact begins to deteriorate (only one
tooth in contact at a time), and it will no longer be possible to achieve the ideal involute
shape.
A gear pair is an elementary mechanism consisting of two gears mobile around axes of
invariable relative position, and one of which turns the other by the action of teeth
successively in contact: we say that the two gears are conjugated.
The smaller gear is called: the pinion; and the larger: the gear (a rack is a gear of infinite
radius).
Straight-cut gears
Helical-cut gears
Bevel-cut gears
Worm-cut gears
They transmit movement between two parallel shafts. The inclination of the teeth (helix
angle) is the same for both gears, but in opposite directions.
Helical gears provide a transmission which is more flexible, more progressive and less
noisy than straight gears.
The transmission is achieved by a screw with one or more threads meshing with a gear.
The direction of the helix is the same for the screw and for the gear.
Hypoid gears are helical bevel gears employed when the axes of the two shafts are
perpendicular but do not intersect. One of the most common uses of hypoid gearing is to
connect the drive shaft and the rear axle in automobiles.
Helical gearing used to transmit rotation between shafts that are not parallel is often
incorrectly called spiral gearing.
Position of
Types Teeth size Type of contact and friction
shafts
Linear
Straight
Rotation and slight slide
Curve
Continuous mesh
Helical
Rotation and pivoting
Cylindrical
Axial thrust
Parallel
Curve
Continuous mesh
Chevrons
Rotation and pivoting
Thrust compensated
Cylindrical Linear
Straight
rack Rotation and slight slide
Linear
Straight
Rotation and slight slide
Inclined straight
Concurrent
Bevel Curve
rectangular
Continuous mesh
Spiral
Rotation and pivoting
Axial thrust
Chevrons
Curve
Tangent wheel
Slide, slight rotation and pivoting
The step-up ratio or the step-down ratio is the ratio of the product of the number of teeth
on the driving gear and of the product of the number teeth on the driven gear.
In the vast majority of cases, gear trains are used as gear reducers (reduced speed and
increased torque).
The direction of rotation of an external gear train can easily be determined by counting the
number of gears in contact.
If this number is even, the driven gear rotates in the same direction as the driving
gear.
If this number is odd, the driven gear rotates in the opposite direction to the driving
gear.
For internal gear trains, this method must be reversed i.e. if an even number of gears are
in contact, the driven gear rotates in the opposite direction to the driving gear.
A gear train's step-down ratio is the ratio of the product of the number of teeth on the
driving gears and of the product of the number of teeth on the driven gears.
R2/1 = Z1 / Z2
Train with 2 gear pairs
R = Ratio Z = Teeth
This lubrication gives long machine life and also reduces the noise and the vibrations
which may be generated by the meshing teeth.
7. GLOSSARY
8. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Example of a reduction unit (1) .............................................................................4
Figure 2: Example of a reduction unit (2) .............................................................................4
Figure 3: Worm reduction unit..............................................................................................5
Figure 4: Cutaway view of a worm reduction unit and helical type.......................................5
Figure 5: Cutaway view of a helical reduction unit ...............................................................6
Figure 6: Helical reduction unit ............................................................................................6
Figure 7: Cutaway view of a parallel shaft reduction unit .....................................................7
Figure 8: Parallel shaft reduction unit ..................................................................................7
Figure 9: Planetary reduction unit ........................................................................................8
Figure 10: Industrial reduction unit.......................................................................................9
Figure 11: Reduction unit for mixer....................................................................................10
Figure 12: Gear motor........................................................................................................10
Figure 13: High load reduction unit ....................................................................................10
Figure 14: Marine reduction unit ........................................................................................10
Figure 15: Composition of a reduction unit ........................................................................11
Figure 16: Example of teeth (1) .........................................................................................11
Figure 17: Example of teeth (2) .........................................................................................12
Figure 18: Gears and pinions of a reduction unit ...............................................................12
Figure 19: Example of a reduction unit ..............................................................................12
Figure 20: Composition of a reduction unit ........................................................................13
Figure 21: Straight-cut teeth ..............................................................................................14
Figure 22: Helical-cut teeth ................................................................................................15
Figure 23: Helical gears with two symmetrical rows of teeth..............................................15
Figure 24: Bevel-cut teeth..................................................................................................15
Figure 25: Right-angle bevel gears....................................................................................16
Figure 26: Worm ................................................................................................................16
Figure 27: Reduction unit lubrication (1) ............................................................................20
Figure 28: Reduction unit lubrication (2) ............................................................................21
9. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Types of reduction units.......................................................................................18