The King apologises to his son, and the Prince and Bidasari are married.

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15.CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)

Anthropologists and historians believe that the Igorots have been in the
Cordillera mountains with their own cultural laws and political divisions
3,000 years ago. However, written records came only in the late 16th century.

Spanish Colonial Times

The Spaniards were able to reach the Cordillera via Ilocos. In the late 1590s,
they established the encomienda (district) of El Abra de Vigan (Opening of
Vigan) under the comandancia politico-militar (province) of Ilocos. They
established missions in Bangued and started spreading Catholicism in the area.

In 1620, drawn by the fabled golds of the Igorots, the Spaniards explored
Benguet reaching as far as La Trinidad. In 1663, the Spaniards marched to
Kayan in Mountain Province.

But the colonizers did not stay long in the region.

The Spaniards' attempt to conquer the Igorots intensified again in the 19th
century. They established the comandancia of Kiangan in Ifugao in 1841 and of
Abra in 1846 separating it from Ilocos Sur (which became a separate province
from Ilocos Norte in 1818). New districts were also created in 1846, Amburayan
(covering parts of Ilocos Sur and Apayao), Lepanto (encompassing parts of
Mountain Province) and Benguet (which was placed under La
Union comandancia and contains La Trinidad Valley and adjacent areas).

In 1847, the Tiagan comandancia was created which include the boundaries of
present day Abra, Ilocos Sur, and Mountain Province.

The district of Lepanto which covered the area from Mainit to Banaue became a
province in 1852. Benguet, made up of a stretch from Buguias to Itogon,
followed suit in 1854 .

In 1859, the comandancias of Magaogao in Kalinga and Bontoc in Mountain

Province were created. The Saltan commandancy (1859) covered the area from
Pinukpuk to Tinglayan.

In 1889, the Spaniards changed Saltan to Itawes comandancia which ruled

Conner, Tabuk and Paracelis. They also re-established the comandancia of
Kiangan which took Banaue from the Bontoc comandancia and covers the whole
Ifugao area. Bontoc, in return, got Lubuagan, Tanudan and Tinglayan.

In 1891, before the century ends and so is their domination in the

Philippines, the Spaniards created the provinces of Kayapa from the boundaries
of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya and by elevating Amburayan from being a
district.

Just like their earlier expeditions in the Cordillera, the later efforts of
the Spaniards to dominate the highlanders were short-lived and made a very
little impact. For all those years the colonizers subjugated most of the
country, the Igorots lived free.
American Colonial Times
Within a short span of time, the Americans were able to penetrate the whole of
Cordillera. And in more than four decades of ruling the country, they open the
area for mining explorations and the Igorot culture to world scrutiny.

The Americans started some political re-organization as soon as they took

over. In June 1901, they created Amburayan Province which occupies vast part
of the Mountain Province today. Then in 1902, they established the Lepanto-
Bontoc Province.

In 1905, Abra was annexed to the bigger Ilocos Sur.

On August 18, 1908, through Act No. 1876, the sub-province of Apayao (which
was then part of Cagayan), and the provinces of Benguet, Amburayan, Lepanto-
Bontoc, Kiangan (Ifugao) and Itawes (Kalinga) were solidified under the newly
created Mountain Province.

One act during the American colonization that made the biggest impact in the
Cordillera was the declaration of Baguio as a chartered city on September 1,
1909. The city was envisioned to be a health resort to American soldiers and
civilian employees and resting place from the sweltering heat of the lowland.
But the creation of good roads leading to the city also made way for the
mining boom in the region.

In March 1917, Act No. 2683 was promulgated re-creating the province of Abra
and separating it from Ilocos Sur.

The last re-organization conducted by the Americans took place in 1920. The
western border of the Mountain Province was pushed eastward. In effect, the
entire subprovince of Amburayan and Lepanto were dissolved. The Amburayan
towns and villages were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La
Union while Lepanto areas were integrated to the sub-provinces of Benguet and
Bontoc and to Ilocos Sur. The boundary re-creation also lead to the cessation
of some Benguet towns to Ilocos Sur and La Union.

Philippine Independence up to Present

The political division in Cordillera as left by the Americans remained the
same for 45 years. Change took place only whenTheRA No. 4695 was passed in
June 18, 1966 dividing the old Mountain Province into four - Mountain
Province, Benguet, Ifugao, and the merged Kalinga-Apayao.

In 1972, under President Marcos' Integrated Reorganization Plan, Kalinga-

Apayao and Ifugao is placed in Cagayan Valley Region (Region 2) with Nueva
Vizcaya, Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino and Batanes while Mountain Province,
Benguet and Abra were fused with Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan and La
Union to form the Ilocos Region (Region 1). Several times, many Cordillerans
requested the merging of the old Mountain Province into one region but were
denied.

The clamor to have a separate region for the Cordillera was granted in 1987
when Pres. Cory Aquino signed EO No. 220. The order joined the provinces of
Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, Mountain Province and the chartered
city of Baguio into the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). EO No. 220 was
supposed to facilitate the creation of an autonomous region in the Cordillera,
however, subsequent bills passed by Philippine Congress were rejected in
plebiscites. In effect, Cordillera remains an administrative region as to this
day. (Click here to read more about the creation of CAR.)
On February 14, 1995, through RA No. 7878, Apayao and Kalinga were made
separate provinces increasing the number of CAR composite provinces to six.
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14.CARAGA
Caraga is an administrative region of the Philippines, on the northeastern
portion of the island of Mindanao. It was created through Republic Act No.
7901 on February 25, 1995. Butuan City is the regional center. The region is
composed of five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del
Norte, Surigao del Sur and Dinagat Islands

Information:

Topography

The region is characterized by mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands.

Mountain ranges divide Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges separate
most of the lowlands along the Pacific Coast. The most productive agricultural
area of the region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The famous Agusan
Marsh sits in the middle of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region,
Lake Mainit is the widest. It traverses eight municipalities: Alegria, Tubod,
Mainit and Sison in the Province of Surigao del Norte and Tubay, Santiago,
Jabango and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte.

Agusan Marsh

Lake Mainit

Location and size

Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00

to 10 30 N. latitude and 125 15 to 126 30 E. longitude. It is bounded on
the north by the Bohol Sea; on the south by the provinces of Davao, Compostela
Valley and Davao Oriental of Region XI; on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis
Oriental of Region X; and on the east by the Philippine Sea and the Pacific
Ocean.

The region has a total land area of 18,846.97 km. This represents 6.3% of the
countrys total land area and 18.5% of the island of Mindanao. 47.6% of the
total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur.

Demography
Population
Based on the final results of the 2000 census, the total population of the
region was 2,095,367 which was 7.86% higher than the 1995 population of
1,942,687. The annual population growth rate over the last five years was
pegged at a manageable 1.63%, one of the lowest in the country.

Among the four provinces, Agusan del Sur registered the largest population at
559,294, and Surigao del Norte was the smallest at 481,416. Surigao del Norte
was the fastest growing province with an annual average growth rate of 1.84%
over the last five years, while Surigao del Sur was the slowest at 1.35% over
the same period.

Butuan and Surigao cities were included in the census tabulation in 2007 with
total populations of 267,279 and 132,151, respectively. Butuan City registered
an annual growth rate of 1.70% in the last five years, while Surigao City
posted 2.65%.

Language
Surigaonon is the primary language that is inherent to the region, is spoken
by 33.21% of the households, followed by Butuanon by 15%; Kamayo, by 7.06%,
and Manobo, by 4.73%. Cebuano is widely spoken by 33.79% of the households in
the region. The rest speak Boholanon, by 5.87%; Hiligayon, by 2.87%; and other
dialects by 7.20%.

Surigaonon is a local Philippine language spoken in the provinces of Surigao

del Norte and Surigao del Sur and some portion of Agusan del Norte especially
in towns near Mainit Lake.
Religion
The 1995 census revealed that the dominant religion in the region was Roman
Catholic, with the population of 1,397,343 or 79% of the total household
population in Caraga.
Cultural Groups
The majority of the inhabitants of the region are of Visayan heritage. The
province is home to several minority groups, totaling 675,722 in 1995,
representing 34.7% of the region's population. Most numerous were the Manobos
with 294,284 or 43.55% of the total population of ethnic minorities. Other
cultural groups in the region with significant population were the Kamayo,
Higa-onon, Banwaon, Umayamnon, and Mamanwa.

Most members of these cultural groups reside in the province of Agusan del
Sur.
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13.Central Mindanao

CENTRAL MINDANAO/SOCCSKSARGEN
(pronounced [soksardn])

Is a region of the Philippines, located in central Mindanao, and is

officially designated as Region XII. The name is anacronym that stands for
the region's fourprovinces and one of
its cities: SouthCotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,Sarangani and General
Santos City. The regional center is Koronadal City located in the province
of South Cotabato.[2]Cotabato City, though geographically within the boundaries
of the province of Maguindanao, itself is part of SOCCSKSARGEN, and is
independent of that province. Maguindanao province is, in fact, a part of
theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) which has its seat in Cotabato
City. SOCCSKSARGEN and the province of Maguindanao were once part of the
original Cotabato province.
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12.Southern Mindanao
 Southern Mindanao is composed of Compostela Valley,
Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental.
Compostela Valley
Compostela Valley is mainly agricultural while the
eastern part is mostly mountainous. Natural
attractions include cold springs, cascading falls,
butterflies and exotic wildlife. White sand beaches
include Copiat Island. The Mansakas, the indigenous
natives in Compostela Valley, are known for their
native dances, tribal jewelry, and unique musical
instruments.
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte has 32 rivers including the Agusan
River. It is home to various cultural minorities
including the Mandaya, Nansaka and Dibabaon Tribes,
the Maragusan Mansaka at San Mariano, the Dunggas
Muslim Village and Aeta settlements at Kapalong.
Natural sites include the islands of Talicud, Ligid
and Palma Gil, and the Caliclic and Talicud Caves.
Davao City is the center of travel and trade in the Southern Philippines,
known for the exotic fruit 'durian', the Waling-Waling orchid, the Philippine
Eagle and Mt. Apo, the highest peak in the country. Natural attractions
include caves, waterfalls, rapids and mountains. Cultural sites include the
Davao Museum, UP Mindanao Cultural Center, General Luna Art Gallery, and the
T'Boli Weaving Center. Shopping malls and department stores include Shoe Mart,
Gaisano Mall of Davao, Victoria Plaza, J.S. Gaisano Citimall, University Mall,
New City Commercial Center and Aldevinco Shopping Center.
Davao del Sur
Davao del Sur is rich in agriculture and farms which include fish farms at
Kiblawan and Santa Maria, a prawn farm and cocoa plantation in Malita, a sugar
mill in Magonoy, a coconut desiccating plant in Santa Cruz and a fruit farm in
Mt. Carmel nursery in Bansalan. Natural attractions include Balut Island,
Tudaya Falls, Mariscal Beach, Mt. Apo and the Sibulan River.
Davao Oriental
Davao Oriental has both historical and natural sites. Historical sites include
Ballestic Island, a fortress built by the Spanish Conquistador Villalobos, and
the 17th Century Caraga Catholic Church. Natural attractions include the hot
springs at Kalapagan and Pangyan, the islands of Sigaboy, Waniban and Cabugao
and Aliwagwag Falls. The 'Tinagong Dagat' or Hidden Sea in San Isidro is a
unique natural formation situated 1,000 feet above sea level. Sigaboy Floating
in Governor Generosa is an island with the shape of a giant whale. White, gray
and black sand beaches include Aroma, Bakayan, Bitoon, Manay and Taragona.

REGION12

Region 12 (Literary Piece)Monki, Makil and

the Monkeys
Moli Sultan, 36, housekeeper,
Lumba a Bayabao,
 Collector-translator: Hadja Sohaylah Sodioda M. Unte

(2) There once lived in the sultanate of Agamaniyog a couple named Monki and
Makil. Their house was built near the forest. Monki and Makil were hard workers.
They planted rice, mango, lanzones, guava, sugarcane and many kinds of fruits and
vegetables. Whenever the fruits and rice were ripe and the sugarcane taller, a large
number of monkeys would come. They would eat all the rice, sugarcane and fruits
and destroy the remaining plants. One of the monkeys big leaders was
Amomantaragaga. He was a very big monkey and Makil dared not try and kill him,
because Makil feared that the monkey might kill him instead. The monkeys became
the problem of Monki and Makil as well as of the people of Agamaniyog.
(2) One day Monki and Makil thought a plan. Makil let his wife place a white cloth
over his body and cry a kandidiagao, saying, Why did Makil die? He was very good
to all the people! He planted sweet fruits and plenty of sugarcane. When the
monkeys heard the words of Monki, they decided to help her. The leader of the
monkeys said, We shall help Monki, because it is really true that Makil was a good
man. He always planted fruit for us.So all monkeys went to the house of Monki. The
leader of the monkeys asked her, What can we do? Can we help you? Please tell us
for we shall help you!
(3) Monki replied, Oh, my friends, Makil will not die if you help him sit up.
(4) So they helped him sit up. The leader asked, Can you tell us what else we can
do to help you?
(5) Oh, my friend monkey, you are very good to me! continued Monki. Makil will
not die if you help him stand up.
(6) What else can we do, Monki? asked the leader of the monkeys.
(7) Oh my friend monkeys, if you give this kampilan(long combat blade) to Makil, I
promise you that we shall plant more sugarcane just for you, said Monki. When
Amomantaragaga heard this he was afraid and went out of the house. As soon as
Makil received the kampilan, Monki closed the door and Makil killed all the monkeys
in the house. Only Amomantaragaga escaped.
(8) One day Makil and Monki Had another good idea. They made a litag (bamboo
trap) in order to catch Amomantaragaga. Early in the morning they went out to see
if the trap had caught any monkey. In fact it had caught an animal that did not look
like a monkey because of its white color. They were frightened when they came
near and found out that the animal was a heron. This heron was called Tatalaonga.
(9) Why are you here, Tatalaonga? asked Makil, Ill kill you, for I did not catch
Amomantaragaga because of you!
(10) Oh, datu, please dont kill me, pleaded the heron. If you set me free, Ill go
and kill Amomantaragaga myself!
(11) So Makil set him free. Tatalaonga asked him to make a raft made of pieces of
sugarcane. When the raft was finished, Makil brought it to the river and Tatalaonga
perched on it. Drifting along, Tatalaonga passed by Amomantaragaga along the
banks and asked the monkey to go rafting with him. The two continued down the
river on the raft.
(12) Tatalaonga took a piece of sugar cane to use as a pole to move the raft and
gave one to Amomantaragaga, who ate his pole. The monkey got one cane after
another, until only one was left. At that, Tatalaonga flew away and
Amomantaragaga drowned.
(13) Monki and Makil and the sultan of Agamaniyog and his people were happy to
be rid of the pest.