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COMPLEX NUMBERS Where:

A complex number is a number consisting of a real and =argumentradians
imaginary part. It can be written in the form a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers, and i is the standard
imaginary unit with the property i2 = 1. The complex MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX
numbers contain the ordinary real numbers, but extend NUMBERS
them by adding in extra numbers and correspondingly
expanding the understanding of addition and 1. Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
multiplication. ( a1 +i b1 ) + ( a 2+i b2 ) =( a1 +a 2 )+ i( b1 +b2 )
The complex numbers are a set of numbers which have
important applications in the analysis of periodic, ( a1 +i b1 )( a2 +ib 2 )=( a1a 2) +i( b1b 2)
oscillatory, or wavelike phenomena. They are best
known for providing square roots of negative numbers, 2. Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Rule: Use the polar form.
such as 1 .
( r 1 1 )( r 2 2 ) =r 1 r 2 ( 1+ 2)
FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. Rectangular Form 3. Division of Complex Numbers

z=a+ b i Rule: Use the polar form.
Where: r 1 1 r 1
a=real part = ( 12 )
r 2 2 r 2
b=imaginary part
4. Complex Number Raised to an Exponent n
2. Polar Form Rule: Use the polar form.
z=r
(r )n=r n (n)
Where:
r=modulusabsolute value
5. nth root of a Complex Number
=argument amplitudedegrees Rule: Use the polar form.
1 1
(r )n =r n
[ +k (360 )
n ]
Where:
k =0, first root principal root
k =1, second root
k =2,third root
b
r= a + b =tan
2 2 1
a k =n1, nth root

3. Trigonometric Form 6. Logarithm of a Complex Number

z=r cos +i r sin z=r cis Rule: Use the trigonometric form.

4. Exponential Form ln z=lnr i =ln r + ln i

z=r i
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ln z=lnr +i Substituting,
i 1997 +i 1999=i+ (i ) =0
7. Exponential and Trigonometric Functions of a Answer: 0
Complex Number
2. Compute the absolute value of the expression 3+ 4i.
i Let
=cos +i sin
r=absolute value of the complex number a+b i .

i =cos isin r= a 2+ b2
Substituting:
i i r= (3)2 +(4)2 =5
sin =
2i Answer: 5
3. Write the polar form of the vector 3 + j 15.
i i
+ The polar form of the complex number a + jb is given
cos =
2 by: z = r
b
Where: r= a 2+ b2 and
=tan 1
8. Hyperbolic Functions a


Substituting:
sinh = r= 32 +152 =15.297
2

15
+ =tan 1 =78.690
cosh = 3
2
SOLVED PROBLEMS Answer: 15.297 78.690

i 1997 +i 1999 , where i is an 4. What is the simplified complex expression of

1. Simplify the expression
(4.33 + j2.5) 2 ?
imaginary number. (4.33+ j2.5)2=4.332 +2 ( 4.33 ) ( j 2.5 )+ j 2 (2.5)2
Note:
i 2=1 ( 4.33+ j2.5 )2=18.7489+ j 21.65+ (1 ) ( 6.25 )
i 3=i ( 4.33+ j2.5 )2=12.4989+ j 21.65
i 4=1 12.4989+ j 21.65
Answer:
If the exponent of i is exactly divisible by 4, then the
simplified equivalent of the imaginary number is equal 5. Find the value of (1+i)5 .
to 1. n n
Since 1996 is exactly divisible by 4, Note: (r ) =r (n)
i 1996=1
1+i=1.4142 45
1997
i =i
(1+i)5=(1.4142 45 )5
1998
i =1
( 1+i )5 =( 1.4142 )5 ( 5 45 )
1999
i =i
( 1+i )5 =5.656 225
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( 1+i )5 =44 i 4 ( cos 60 +i sin60 )

= 3+i
2 ( cos 30 + isin 30 )
( 1+i )5 =4 ( 1+i )
Answer: 3+i
Answer: 4 ( 1+i )
7. What is the simplified expression of the complex
number (6+ j2.5)/(3+ j 4) ?
6. Perform the indicated operations:

a. ( 14 + 22i ) + ( 3 + 15i ) 6 + j 2.5 6.522.620

=
( 14+22 i )+ ( 3+15i ) =17+37 i 3+ j 4 553.130

Answer: 17+37 i
6 + j 2.5
=1.300 30.510
3+ j 4
b. ( 14 + 22i ) - ( 3 + 15i )
( 14+22 i )( 3+15 i )=11+7 i
6 + j 2.5
=1.120 j 0.660
11+7 i 3+ j 4
Answer:
Answer: 1.120 j0.660
c. (6 45) (10 120)

( 6 45 ) (10 120 )=( 6 10 ) ( 45+120 )

( 6 45 ) (10 120 )=60 165

Answer: 60 165

d. 4 (cos 60 + i sin 60) divided by 2 (cos 30 + i sin

30) in rectangular coordinates.

4(cos 60 + i sin 60 ) 4 60
=
2(cos 30 +i sin30 ) 2 30

4 ( cos 60 +i sin60 )
=( 4 2 ) ( 6030)
2 ( cos 30 + isin 30 )

4 ( cos 60 +i sin60 )
=2 30
2 ( cos 30 + isin 30 )

4 ( cos 60 +i sin60 )
=1.732+i
2 ( cos 30 + isin 30 )

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PROBLEM SET
Solve the following problems. Show your complete and detailed solution.

1. Simplify i 29 +i 21+ i

2
2. Simplify (3i) 7 ( 3i ) +10

3. If a is a unit vector at 120 angle, determine the vector sum ( 1a+a2 ) in polar form.

4. Rationalize:

4+3 i
2i

3217
5. Write in the form a+bi the expression i i 427 +i 18 .

6. Solve for Z in the equation

iZ
=34 i
2

7. What is the simplified complex expression of (1 j)5 ?

8. Find the rectangular conjugate of the polar vector 120 35 .

9. Simplify:
( 2+3 i ) (5i)
2
(3+ 2i )

10. Evaluate:

( 1 )
1

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11. Determine the principal value of:

j j

12. Evaluate ln (3+ j 4) .

13. Evaluate the value of log (5 ) .

j 120
14. If A=40 , B=20 40 C=26.46+ j 0, solve for A + B+C .

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