REPORT OF ANALYSIS

ANIMAL COMPARISON ANALYSIS BETWEEN

Grasshopper and Damselflies

Wrote by:
Group 2 Offering H
Members of Group 2
1. Atikah Amalia 150342603782
2. Chairil Akmal 150342602536
3. Monica Feby Zelvia 150342604927
4. Shohib Manzili 150342607634
5. Yusliha Fitria Firdaus 150342603555
6. Zulfa Aulia Nuha 150342604082

BIOLOGY STUDYING PROGRAM

MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
November 2015
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of Research

1) To determine the classification of Grasshopper and Damselflies.
2) To determine the morphology of Grasshopper and Damselflies.
3) To determine habitas of Grasshopper and Damselflies.
4) To determine the development and growth of Grasshopper and Damselflies.

1.2 Introduction

Insects are part of Animalia kingdom. Thats is a class of invertebrates within the
arthropodphylum that have a chitinousexoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax
and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.
They are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more
than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living
organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million,
and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth.Insects
may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species
reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.A
few animal includeinsect are cricket and damselfly.

Crickets, of the family Gryllidae, are insects related to bush crickets, and, more
distantly, to grasshoppers. The Gryllidae have mainly cylindrical bodies, round heads
and long antennae. Behind the head is a smooth, robust pronotum. The abdomen ends
in a pair of long cerci (spikes); females have a long cylindrical ovipositor. The hind
legs have enlarged femora (thighs), providing power for jumping. The front wings are
adapted as tough, leathery elytra (wing covers) and it is by rubbing parts of these
together that some crickets chirp. The hind wings are membranous and folded when
not in use for flight; many species however are flightless. The largest members of the
family are the bull crickets, Brachytrupes, which are up to 5 cm (2 in) long.

There are more than 900 species of crickets; the Gryllidae are distributed all
around the world except at latitudes 55 or higher, with the greatest diversity being in
the tropics. They occur in varied habitats from grassland, bushes and forest to
marshes, beaches and caves. Crickets are mainly nocturnal, and are best known for the
loud persistent chirping song of males trying to attract females, although some species
are mute. The singing species have good hearing, via the tympani (eardrums) on the
tibiae of the front legs.

Crickets are small to medium-sized insects with mostly cylindrical, somewhat

vertically flattened bodies. The head is spherical with long slender antennae arising
from cone-shaped scapes (first segments) and just behind these are two large
compound eyes. On the forehead are three ocelli (simple eyes). The pronotum (first
thoracic segment) is trapezoidal in shape, robust and well-sclerotinized. It is smooth
and has neither dorsal or lateral keels (ridges).

At the tip of the abdomen is a pair of long cerci (paired appendages on rearmost
segment), and in females, the ovipositor is cylindrical, long and narrow, smooth and
shiny. The femora (third segments) of the back pair of legs are greatly enlarged for
jumping. The tibiae (fourth segments) of the hind legs are armed with a number of
moveable spurs, the arrangement of which is characteristic of each species. The tibiae
of the front legs bear one or more tympani which are used for the reception of sound.

The wings lie flat on the body and are very variable in size between species,
being reduced in size in some crickets and missing in others. The forewings
are elytra made of tough chitin, acting as a protective shield for the soft parts of the
body and in males, bear the stridulatoryorgans for the production of sound. The hind
pair are membranous, folding fan-wise under the forewings. In many species the
wings are not adapted for flight.

The largest members of the family are the 5 cm (2 in)-long bull

crickets (Brachytrupes) which excavate burrows a metre or more deep. The tree
crickets (Oecanthinae) are delicate white or pale green insects with transparent
forewings while the field crickets (Gryllinae) are robust brown or black insects.

Crickets are found in many habitats. Members of several subfamilies are found
in the upper tree canopy, in bushes and among grasses and herbs. They also occur on
the ground and in caves, and some are subterranean, excavating shallow or deep
burrows. Some make galleries in rotting wood, and certain beach-dwelling species
can run and jump over the surface of pools. A field cricket lives in dry, oligotrophic
habitats, like heathland and dry grassland with a variable microclimate. One of the
factors changing the microclimate and food sources can be grazing of animals like
horses, cattle and sheep (Rada et al. 2014).

Damselflies are insects of suborder Zygoptera in the order Odonata. They are
similar to dragonflies, which constitute the other odonatan suborder, Anisoptera, but
are smaller, have slimmer bodies, and most species fold the wings along the body
when at rest. An ancient group, damselflies have existed since at least the Lower
Permian, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.

All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects. The
nymphs are aquatic, with different species living in a variety of freshwater habitats
including acid bogs, ponds, lakes and rivers. The nymphs moult repeatedly, at the last
moult climbing out of the water to undergo metamorphosis. The skin splits down the
back, they emerge and inflate their wings and abdomen to gain their adult form. Their
presence on a body of water indicates that it is relatively unpolluted, but their
dependence on freshwater makes them vulnerable to damage to their wetland habitats.

Damselflies are small, delicate-looking insects with a weak flight. They oftenstay
close to water. When at rest, mostspecies hold their wings closed alongtheir body (an
exception is the emeralddamselfly which holds its wings halfopen). All four wings
have the samesize and shape. The eyes are always separated, never touching,
andpositioned on either side of the head.(Dagued, 2007 : 3)Some species of them
have elaborate courtship behaviours. Many species are sexually dimorphic, the males
often being more brightly coloured than the females. Like dragonflies, they reproduce
using indirect insemination and delayed fertilisation. A mating pair form a shape
known as a "heart" or "wheel", the male clasping the female at the back of the head,
the female curling her abdomen down to pick up sperm from secondary genitalia at
the base of the male's abdomen. The pair often remain together with the male still
clasping the female while she lays eggs within the tissue of plants in or near water
using a robust ovipositor.

The general body plan of a damselfly is similar to that of a dragonfly.

The compound eyes are large but are more widely separated and relatively smaller
than those of a dragonfly. Above the eyes is the frons or forehead, below this the
clypeus, and on the upper lip the labrum, an extensible organ used in the capture
of prey. The top of the head bears three simple eyes (ocelli), which may measure light
intensity, and a tiny pair of antennae that serve no olfactory function but may measure
air speed. Many species aresexually dimorphic; the males are often brightly-coloured
and distinctive, while the females are plainer, cryptically coloured, and harder to
identify to species. For example, inCoenagrion, the Eurasian bluets, the males are
bright blue with black markings, while the females are usually predominantly green or
brown with black.[6] A few dimorphic species show female-limited polymorphism, the
females being in two forms, one form distinct and the other with the patterning as in
males. The ones that look like males, andromorphs, are usually under a third of the
female population but the proportion can rise significantly and a theory that explains
this response suggests that it helps overcome harassment by males. Some
Coenagrionid damselflies show male-limited polymorphism, an even less understood
phenomenon.

In general, damselflies are smaller than dragonflies, the smallest being members
of the genus Agriocnemis (wisps). However, members of
the Pseudostigmatidae (helicopter damselflies or forest giants) are exceptionally large
for the group, with wingspans as much as 19 cm (7.5 in) in Megaloprepus and body
length up to 13 cm (5.1 in) inPseudostigma aberrans.
 CHAPTER II
METHODS

2.1 Material and Tools

1. A Grasshopper
2. A Damselflies
3. The two glasses of mineral water to keep insects
2.2 Methode

Go to places to search for the animals to

be observed.

Observing the two animals.

Determine the search for objects to be

studied.

Create guidelines for observation in

accordance with the scope of the object
to be observed.

Determine what data needs to be

observed.

Determine how to keep records on the observation,

in this study used two methods, using note book an
camera documentation.

Determine the difference in the two animals,

thats animals is grasshopper and dragonfly.

Summing up the result of the observation

Creating a research / observation

CHAPTER III
DATA
Animal Comparison Analysis Between Damselfly and Grasshoper
No Standart Of Comparison Damselfly Grasshoper
 1 Clasification
- Kingdom - Animalia -Animalia
- Phillum - Arthropoda -Arthropoda
- Class - Insecta -Insecta
- Ordo - Odonata -Orthoptera
- Family - Coenagrionidae -Coclifera
- Genus - Ischnura -Tetrigidae
- Species - Sanegalensis -Tetrix
- Binomial Name - Ischnura sanegalensis -Tetrigidae tetrix

2 Morphology
- Body - Have toraks and long- Have toraks and short
abdomen abdomen
- 2 pairs of transparant and long- 2 pairs of darken and
- Wings
wings short wings
- 3 pairs with same size - 2 pairs of small feet, 1
- Feet
pairs of big feet
- 2 big circle eyes
- 1 pair of long and small
- 2 big circle eyes
antenna
- Eyes - 1 pair of short and small
- Antenna
antenna
3 How to move Flying Flying and Jumping
4 Habit Maish, forest, field, yard Tropical forest

CHAPTER IV
RESULT

Damselfly or Ischnura senegalensis and grasshopper are classified as insect,

but different ordo. Damselfly is classified in odonata because it has long slim body,
long and membranous wings with the same shape and size, and short antenna. When it
rest, its wings clenched over the body or sometimes just unfolded. Grasshopper is
classified in Orthoptera because it has straight wings and will fold when it rest,
hypognathus head, complex eyes, singular eyes, long antenna, hind legs are bigger
than front legs that used to jump.
From their morphology, we can make a difference in some below :
a. Body
Damselfly has small toraks and long slim abdomen. Meanwhile Grasshopper has hard
toraks and small abdomen. The abdomen is generally made of many segments.
b. Wing
 Damselfly has two pairs of membranous wings with the same shape and size. When it
rest, its wings clenched over the body or sometimes just unfolded. Grasshopper has
two pairs of wings. Front wings is thickened by somewhat stiff called Tegmina and it
tuck its wings when it rest
c. Foot
Damselfly has three pairs of legs with the same shape and size. Grasshopper also has
three pairs of legs, but hind legs is bigger than two pairs front legs. Its hind legs has
large femur to jump (saltatorial type).
d. Eyes
Damselfly has only one pair of complex eyes. Grasshopper has one pair of complex
eyes and two or three singular eyes or none.
e. Antenna
Damselfly has one pair small antenna that look like hard hair. Grasshopper has one
pair of long antenna.
Damselfly move with flying because its body is small, slim, and light. It live
in the marsh, forest, field, ang yard. Meanwhile grasshopper move with flying and
jumping because it has wings and bigger hind legs. It live in the tropical forest.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

Classification of Grasshoppers and Dragonflies.

Classification Grasshoppers Damselflies

Domain Eukarya -
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda
Insecta
Class Insecta
Odonata
Order Orthoptera Zygoptera
Suborder Caelifera Coenagrionidae
Family Acrididae Hexapoda
Subfamily Gomphocerinae Coenagrion
Genus Chloealtis C. puella
Species Chloealtis conspersa

Grasshoppers morphology structure consists of head, thorax, abdomen, spiracles,

coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, genitalia, and wings. Damselflies morphology
structure consists of abdomen long and slender, large compound eyes, small antennae,
mandibulate mouthparts, two pairs of membranous wings.

Habitas of Grasshoppers the majority of the family Acrididae are found in grasslands
and prairies. Grasshoppers have a worldwide distribution and some even extend into
some of the very cold regions of the north and the south. The Suborder Caelifera are
predominantly tropical. Habitat of Damselflie adults mostly near ponds, streams
 (water required for reproduction), but some species may be found at a distance from
water, especially near the ground in grass, woods.

Grasshopper is an animal that undergo incomplete metamorphosis, with 3 stage egg,

nymph and imago (adult). Damselflies reproduce with incomplete metamorphosis.

REFERENCE
Caroline Daguet, Caroline (2007).damselflies in your garden. (online)
www.naturalengland.org.uk
Rada, S., Mazalov, M., ipo, J., Kuras, T. (2014).Impacts of moving, grazing and
edge effect on orthoptera of submontane grasslands: perspectives for biodiversity
protection. Polish Journal of Ecology 62

ATTACHMENT
The difference body and foots of Grasshopper and Damselflies.

The difference wings, Antenna, eyes of

Grasshopper and Damselflies.