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MATH1251 Calculus
Chapter 5: Double Integrals
1 Riemann Sums
A/Prof Thanh Tran
4 Applications
1 2
which gives the volume of the set of biggest boxes with bases
in P, that you can fit underneath the graph of f above R.
The upper Riemann sum for P = {R1 , . . . , Rn } is
n
X
U(f , P) = fkmax Ak ,
k =1
the volume of the set of smallest boxes with bases in P, that fit
above the graph of f .
Riemann Sums 5 Riemann Sums 6
Riemann integrability
Definition 3
For every > 0 if there is a partition P such that
If f is integrable then there are partitions P(n) where P(n+1) refines P(n)
(i.e., any element of P(n) is the union of some elements of P(n+1) ) such
that Z
f dA = lim L(f , P(n) ).
n
Example 5
Many discontinuous functions are integrable too. But something nasty
like (
1, if x and y rational,
f (x, y) =
0, if x and y irrational,
is not integrable.
Notes
You need to match the right limits with the right dx or dy.
When you calculate this, you always start with the inner
cross-section integral.
RR R
We usually write R f (x, y) dx dy rather than R f dA.
Repeated Integrals 13 Repeated Integrals 14
A special example
Why did we bother with the Riemann sum definition if we only want to
find the volumes via iterated integrals using Fubinis Theorem?
Example 8
Compute the iterated integrals of
(
1/x 2 , 0 y x 1,
f (x, y) =
1/y 2 , 0 x < y 1.
where (
f (x, y) if (x, y) ,
f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y)
/ .
Note
You can use Fubinis Theorem to calculate the volume, but now you
have to worry about where the slices begin and end (corresponding to
using f in the integral).
Theorem 10 Example 11
Let Let f (x, y) = xy 2
Z Z and be the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1), and
= {(x, y) R2 |a x b, c(x) y d (x)}.
(1, 1). Find f (x, y) dx dy.
Then ZZ Z b Z d(x)
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx.
a c(x)
Example 13
Z 1 Z 2x 2
Interchange the order of the integral f (x, y) dy dx.
1 x2
What is the range of the outside variable? Write down the outside
integral.
For a fixed value of the outside integral, what is the range of the
inner variable?
To do this, you first sketch and then describe it using the u and
v variables.
Centroids Example 17
Suppose that the mass density over the region
Let (x, y) denote the mass density over a plate .
The mass of the plate is = {(x, y) | |x| y 1}
x , y )
The centre of mass (or centroid) of the plate is the point (
defined by
1
ZZ
x = x(x, y) dx dy
M
Z Z (2)
1
y = y(x, y) dx dy
M
Applications 35 Applications 36
Example 18
Consider the spiral r = , [0, 2]. Find the area between the spiral
and the y-axis.
Applications 37 Applications 38
ZZ
If f (x, y) = (x, y)/M then f (x, y) dx dy = 1. Hence it is a
x , y ) is
(two-dimensional) probability density function. The point (
the expected value of the corresponding random variable.
The 3-D versions of formulas (1) and (2) can be written in the
same manner.
Applications 39 Applications 40