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Course Website: http://lattice.mme.iitk.ac.in/~kbiswas
Lecture 11
Crystal Defects
Let us look at the path we travelled so far
ESO205
ESO205
START
A single crystal
material
In a given material what forces hold these atomic entities together in this
structure ?
Bonding :Ionic, Covalent, Metallic(Primary or chemical bonding)
& Secondary bonding such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond
We start a new section today
Role of Crystal Defects
Defect
Defect
noun
1.a shortcoming, fault, or imperfection: a defect in an
argument; a defect in a machine.
2.lack or want, especially of something essential to
perfection or completeness; deficiency: a defect in
hearing.
3.Also called crystal defect, lattice defect.
Crystallography . a discontinuity in the lattice of a crystal
caused by missing or extra atoms or ions, or by
dislocations.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defect
Defects on a road
Defects:
A disturbance/deviation in the regular
arrangement of atoms in a crystal
structure
Defect free (except the surface)
Why do we care about defects?
Industrial Data (~ 5 years ago): The integrated circuit
industry consumes ~> 10,000 tons of Si per year!!
Laboratory Data on Si: 10 mg of Fe is sufficient to
contaminate this amount of silicon to the level of 1011 cm-3
~10,000
tons!!
~ 10 mg
Vacancies:
-vacant atomic sites in a structure.
Vacancy
distortion
of planes
Self-Interstitials:
-"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites.
self-
interstitial
distortion
of planes
HRTEM Image showing five nitrogen substitution defects in graphene marked by red
arrows.
http://www.nanogune.eu/en/highlights/nature-materials-high-resolution-tem-reveals-chemical-
Line (or 1-Dimensional) Defect
-Dislocation
Cross-sectional HRTEM lattice image of the TiN film presented in Fig. 4. (a) Dislocations
and the generated strain fields, indicated by dashed lines. (b) Detail of (a) showing a
Burgers circuit and the bended lattice planes around a dislocation
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079642506000119
Cross-sectional HRTEM lattice image of the Zn Nanoparticle
2 nm
Planar (or 2-Dimensional) Defect
1. Grain
boundaries
Planar (or 2-Dimensional) Defect
1. Grain
boundaries
10 m 100 nm
Grain boundary
http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984/24/4/045001/article/
An ultra-high resolution electron microscopy image of the nanowire surface. The inset
shows the atomic stacking sequence indicative of a stacking fault.
http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/lab/31497/1/figure1
Planar (or 2-Dimensional) Defect
Qv
= exp
Nv
No. of potential
defect sites N kT
Temperature
Boltzmann's constant
(1.38 x 10-23J/atom-K)
(8.62 x 10-5eV/atom-K)
Answer:
G po int defect ( pd ) = H pd TS pd
Therefore, at equilibrium
( N + nv ) !
= k ln N + nv
C nv
N ! nv !
= H - TS
Therefore,
Gnpd > pd = H npd > pd TS npd > pd
[
= nv h pd T (Svibrational
'
+ Sconfiguration )pd Svibrational ]
[ (
= nv h pd T (Sconfiguration )pd + (Svibrational
'
) pd (Svibrational )npd )]
( N + nv ) ! v '
= nv h pd T k ln + nv k ln
N ! n v !
v
The symbol
Using sterlings approximation represents
this term can be simplified coordination number
(a (b
) )
T2 > T1
A material with point-defects has higher enthalpy
compared to when there is no point-defect, and
hence H is positive, but due to large number of ways
available for distributing the point-defects in the
lattice, the configuration entropy is large in the
former case leading to large positive S and hence
large TS which finally makes G (as defined on the
previous slide) a negative quantity. Therefore a
system is at equilibrium with point-defects even
though it takes energy to form them.