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    Astm E1290-99 PDF

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    Javier Isaac Berrocal Torres

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    il Designation: E 1290-98 Standard Test Method for FILE COPY Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement’ ‘This standard i ise er the fe desioation B 1200 the marther immediatly ellowing the éeigatenimfsice he yeas of nl adoption inthe ease of revision. he year of ls reviion A marta in parsers indice the yer of nt capped ‘soerscpt epi () indcates an eda change since the let evicion ce mappoval L. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of critical cerack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) values at one or more of several crack extension events. These CTOD values can be used as measures of fracture toughness for metallic materials, and are especially appropriate to materials that exhibit e change from dactile to brittle behavior with decreasing temperate. ais test method applies specifically to notched specimens sharpened by fatigue cracking. The recommended specimens are three-point bend [SE(B)] compact [C(T)], or are-shaped bond [A(B)] specimens. The loading rate is slow and influences of environment (other than temperature) are no! covered. The specimens are tested under crosshead or clip gage displacement controlled loading. 1.1 The recommended specimen thickness, , for the ‘SE(B) and CCT specimens is that of the material in thicknesses intended for an application. For the A(B) epecimen, the recommended depth, W, is the wall thickness of the tube or pipe from which the specimen is obtained. Superficial surface ‘machining may be used when desired. 1.12 For the recommended three-peint bend specimens ISE@)), width, W, is citier equal to, or twice, the specimen thickness, 8, depending upon the application of the test. (See 423 for applications of the recommended specimens.) For SE(B) specimens the recommendsd initial normalized oreck size is 0.45 = a/W = 0.70, The span-to-widkh ratio (9/7) is ~oeciled as 4. 1.1.3 For the recommended compaet specimen [C(T)] the initial normalized crack size is 0.45 = a/iW = 0.70. The bal-bejeht-io-widin ratio (H/W) equals 0.6 and the width to thickness ratio W/B is specified to be 2. 1.14 For the recommended sre.shaped hend [A(B)] speci- ten, B is one-half the specimen depih, W. The initial normal- ized crack size is 0.45 < 2/W< 0.55. The span to width ratio, SW. may be either 3 or 4 depending on the ratio of the inner to outer tube radius. For an inner radius, 7), to an outer radius, ‘rp ratio of > 0.6 to 1.0,» span to width ratio, S/W, of 4 may be Used. For ry/r ratios from 0.4 100.6, an S/W of 3 may be used. 2 Tiss read is ude thereto of ASTM Commitee £3 cn Fasigue snd Froeae snd sth drwctrepesaiiiy of Subcommittee 508.08 09 lacie Pasi Fracture Mechanics Technsogs. ‘Cares! ection approved June 10, 199, Publibed Setenber 1998. Origialy published as £ 1290-89. Lat previuseation E 1290-93, (Copwigt © ASTM 100 sur Hate Oe, Was Contact, PAI BREE, Urn Sg SOPYRIGHT American Society for Testing and Materials oensed hy information Handing Serwces 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the sofety concerns, if any associated with its use. Tt is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (priate safery and heatth practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines* E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials? 399 Tost Method for Plane-Suain Fracture Toughness of ‘Metallic Materials? E Ha ‘Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Tough- E1623 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing? 3. Terminology 3.1 Temminology E1623 is applicable © this text method. 32 Deftntens 3.2.1 crack tip opening displecement, (CTOD). 8{L]—the cick displacement due to elastic and plastic deformation at variously defined locations near the original (Grior to an application of force) crack ti. 32.1.1 Discussion—tn this test method, CTOD is the dis- placement of the crack surfaces normal 10 the origins! (un- loaded) creck plane at the tp ofthe fatigue precrack, ay In. CTOD testing, 8] i the value of CTOD atte onset of unstable brittle crack extension (see 3.2.13) or pop-in (see 3.2.7) when 4ej-<02 mm (0.008 in). The foree P. nd the clip ‘gege displacement 1, for 5, are indicated in Fig 1. Ib CTOD testing, 8,L] isthe value of CTOD atthe onset of unstable britile crack extension (see 3.2.13) or pop-in (see 3.2.7) when the eveat ia preceded by Aa,> 0.2 mm (0,008 in). The force F, and the clip gage displatement »,, for 8, are indicated in Fig. 1. In CTOD testing, &,,L] is the value of CTOD at the first anaiament of a maximum ferce plateaa for fully plastic behevior The force P,, end the clp gage csplecement yj, for 8_ ae indicated in Fig. 1. 53.2.2 fective yield strength, oy [FT] an assumed valve ‘of eniaxal yield srength that represents the influcnes of plastic anal Book of ASTM Sandands, Vl (3.01 ro a | Ws 4 Doe Te ow cooetaememets Nore 1—Consowction lines drew paralel to the elastic loting slope to give v, the plastic component of total displacement, + [Ners 2in cures b and, the behavior aflor pop-in i function Sf machine/specimen complienss, inetroment reeponse, te. FIG. 1 Types of Force Versus Clip Gage Displacement Records vielting upon Sct est parameters 1 Discussin—The calculation of or is the average of the 0% oft yield streagth (cy), and the tensile strength (rp. that is (Cys + F752. Both ys and Gs are determined in accordance with Test Methods E 8. + 323 origha crack sz, alee Teminology E1823. 24 original uncracked ligament, b, (L}—the distance fom che orginal crack front 1 the back surface of the specimen at the start of testing, b, = Wa. 3.2 pivsical erack extension, Ady [L]—an increase in physical crack size, Aa, = @, ~ an. 3.26 physical crack stze, a,{L}—see Terminology E 1823. 3.2.6.1 Discussion—In CTOD testing, a, = a, + Aa, 3.2.7 pop-in—a discontinuity in the force versus clip gage displacement record. The record of a popin shows a sudden increase in displacement and, generally, a decrease in force. Subsequently, the displacement and force increase to above their respective valves at pop-in. 3.2.8 slow stable crack extension (L]—a displacemect con rolled crack extension beyond the stretch zone width (see 3.2.12). The extension stops when the applied displacement is held constant. 3.2.9 specimen span, S [L}—the distance between specimen suppoms in 2 bend specimen. 3.2.10 specimen thickness, B[L]—see Terminology F 1823, 3.2.11 specimen width, W [L]—see Terminclogy E 1823. 2.12 siretcit zone width, SZW [L]—the length of crack extension that occurs during crack-tip blunting, for exemple, prior to the onset of unstable brittle erack extension, pop-in, or slow stable erack eatension. The SZW is in the same plane as the original (unloaded) fatigue precrack and refers to an extension beyond the original crack size, 3 unstable britle crack extension [L]—an abrupt crack extension that occurs with or without prior stable. crack extension ina standard test specimen under crosshead or clip ‘gége displacement control. 4, Summary of Test Method. 4.1 The objective of the testis to determine the value of COPYRIGHT Amencan Society for Testing and Matenais, Geensed by intomaton Handling Services CTOD at one or more of several crack extension events. The values of CTOD may correspond to: 8. the onset of unstable britle crack extension with no significant prior slow stable crack extension (See 32.1); 8,, the onset of unstable brittle crack extension following prior slow stable crack extension; 8... al the first attainment of a maximum force plateau for fully plastic behavior. 4.2 The test method involves crosshead or clip gage dis- placement controlled three-point bend loading or pin loeding of fatigue precracked specimens. Force versus clip gage crack ‘opening displacement is recorded, for example, Fig. 1. The forces and displacements corresponding to the specific events in the crack initiation and extension process are used to etermine the comesponding CTOD values. For values of 5.8, nd ,,. the corresponding force and clip gage displacements are obtained directly from the test records, 4.3 The rectangular vection bend specimen and the compact specimen are intended (0 maximize constraint and these are generally recommended for those through-thickness crack types and orientations for which such geometries are feasible. For the evaluation of surface cracks in structural applications forexample, orientations T-S or L-S (Terminology E 1823), the square section bend specimen is recommended. Also. for cenain situations in earved geemetry soarce material or welded aaa UE WeStd Weed specimen ay Sipe ‘Square section bend specimens may be necessery in order to sample an acceptable volume of a discrete microstructure, 444 The aro-shaped bead specimen permits toughness test ing in the C-R orientation (Terminology E1823), for pipe or tube. This orientation is of interest since pipes and tubes under pressaré offen fail with longitudinal cracks The specimen ‘geometry is converient for obtaining samples with minimal use ‘of material, & Significance and Use 5.1 This test method characterizes the fracture toughness of matctials through the determination of crack-tip opening dis ‘placement (CTOD) at one of three events: (@) onset of unstable @h E1290 crack extension without significant prior stable crack exten- sion, (b) onset of unstable crack extension with significant prior stable crack extension, or (c) achievement of plastic Himit oad with or without significant stable crack extension. This test method may also be used to characterize the toughness of materials for which the properties and thickness of interest preclude the determination of X;, fracture toughness in accor dance with Test Method E 399, 5.2 The different values of CTOD determined by this test method characterize the resistance of a material to crack initiation and carly crack extension at a given temperature. 53 The values of CTOD may be affected by specimen dimensions. It has been shown that valuss of CTOD deter- mined on SE(B) specimens using the square section geometry may not be the same as those using the rectangular section geometry, and may differ from those obtained with either the (OT or (ADB specimens. ‘54 The values of CIOD determined by this test method vay serve the following purposes: SA. In research and development, CTOD testing can show the effects of certain parameters on the fracture toughness of metallic materials significant to. service performance. These parameters include material composition, therms-méchanical processing, welding, and thermal stress relief 5.42 For specifications of acceptance and manufacturing: quality control of base materials, weld metals, and weld hest affected zones, 5.43 Fer inspection and flaw assessment criteria, when used {in conjunction with fracture mechanics analyses, Awareness of differences that may exist between laboratory tes: and field conditions is required to make proper flaw assessment (see 43 and 4.4), 6. Apparatus 6.1 This procedure involves measurement of applied force, P, and clip gage crack opening displacement, v. Force versus displacement is autographically recorded on an.x-y plotter for visual display, or converted to digital form for accumulation in 2 computer information storage facility and subsequent pro- cessing. Testing is performed under crosshead or clip gage isplacement control in a compression or tension testing mactine, or both, that conforms fo the requirements of Prac- tices B4, 6.2 Fextwing for Three-Point Bend Specimens—A recom- mended SE(B) or A(B) specimen fixture is shown in Fig. 2. Friction effects between the support rollers and specimen are recuced by allowing the rollers to rotate daring the test. The Use of high hardness steel of the order of 40 HRC or more is recommended for the fixture end rollers to prevent indentation of the platen surfaces, 6.3 Tension Testing Clevis—A loading clevis suitable for testing C(T) specimens is shown in Fig. 3. Each leg of the specimen is held by such 2 clevis and losded through pins, in order to allow rolation of the specimen during testing. To provide rolling contact between the loading pins and the clevis holes. these holes are produced with small flats on the loading surfaces. Other clevis designs may be used if it can be demonstrated that they will accomplish the same result as the design shown, Clevises and pins should be fabricated from steels of suficient strength and hardness (greater than 40 HRC) to elastically resist indentation forces. The eriticel tolerances and suggested proportions of the clevis and pins are given in Fig. 3. These proportions are based on specimens having W/B 2 for B> 12.7 mm 0S in.) and WR = 4 for B=12.7 mm (05 in.) If « 1930-MPa (280 000-psi) yield strength maraging steel is used for the clevis and pins, adequate strength will be obtained. If lower strength grip materiel is used, or if substan- Sally larger specimens are required at a given o/E ratio, then teavier grips will be required. As indicated in Fig. 3, the clevis ‘comers may be cut off sufficiently to accommodate seating of the clip gage in specimens less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) thick. s Pw Dik, Feit rn oun 8 PLACEMENT wnt fa be ote : ae ee Ce Sees ROLLER PIN DETAIL [Nore 1_Roller gine and specimen coatact suface of loaing ram must be parallel to each other within 0.002W, Nove 2 010in ~ 254 mm: O15 in = 381 mm. FIG. 2 S€{G) Toot Focure Dosion COPYRIGHT Amesean Sacioty fer Toating ané Natorale Usensed by Inermaton Hansing Sonvicos J) E1200 LA i eae Nome 1—Comers af the cevis may be removed as necessary to sccammedite the clip gage. FIG. 3 Clevis for C{T) Specimen Testing Attention should be given to achieving good aligament through careful machining of all auxiliary enpping fixtures 64 Displacement Measuring Devices: 64.1 Displacement measuring gages are used 10 measure opening displacements on SEC) specimens at either knife edges a distance z beyond the crack mouth, Fig. 4a, or at the crack mouth (¢ —0) in the ease of integral knife edges, Fig. 4b, For C(T) specimens, where the opening displacement is not measured on the load line, the difference between the load line Xd the displacement measuring point shall constitute the simension z (see 9.2). Alternatively, when the opening dis- placements on CCT) specimens are made on or withia =0.092 W of the load line, it may be assumed that 2 = 0. For AB) specimens, special measurements must be taken to establish Tocation of the clip gage knife edges with respect to the crack Plane, Paragaphs 89.4 and 89.5 provide more detail on required measurements. 642 The clip gage recommended in Test Method E399 thay be used in cases where the total expected displacement is 25 mm (0.1 in. or less, Sensitivity and linearity requirements specified in Test Method E309, shall be met over the full working range of the gage. In addition, the gage is to be calibrated to within= 1 % of the working range. 643 For cases where 2 linear working range of up to 8 mm (03 in.) or more is needed, an enlarged gage sich as that shown in Fig. 5 can be used. Both linearity and accaracy of the equipment oF system used shall be demonstrated to be within =1% of the working range of the equipment. 644 The seating between the clip guge and knife edges shall be firm and fire from friction drag. SOPYRIGHT American Society for Testing and Materials ensed ty Information handing Sarices 65 Force Measurement—The sensitivity of the force sens- ing device shall be sufficient to avoid distortion caused by over ‘amplification and the device shall have a linearity identical to that for the displacement signal. The combination of force sensing device and recording system shall pecmit the force Po be determined from the test record within an accumcy of %. 7. Specimen Configurations, Dimensions, and Preparation 7. The SEG) specimens, shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, are tested with a span lo width ratio, S/W, of 4. Therefore, itis suggested that overall specimen length should be at east 4.5 W. 7.1.1 The standard bend specimens chall be of thickness, B, at Teast equal to that employed in the specific structural application of interest, oF the original product form thickness. ‘The specimen should be one of the types shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. 7.1.2 The recommended original crack size, a,, of the SEB) specimen shall be within the range 0.45 W = 4, = 0.70 W. 7.1.3 In onder to machine fatigue crack-starter notches 10, depths greater than 2.5 mm (0.1 in, a stepped width notch is an allowed exception. This is acceptable, provided that: (a) the stepped width notch fells completely within the envelope shown in Fig. 8, and, (6) the length of the fatigue precrack extension from the machined notch tip satisfies the requirement of 7.42, Separate or integral knife edges for accommodating clip gages are shown in Fig. 4. 7.2 The recommended C(T) specimen designs are shown in Fig. 9. These are similar to the configurations recommended in hE 1290 KNIFE EOGE a JP IL C wa IN Be ate ‘ vert Sis an he, Nor face pglng 2s Senn Thndne Tel aaete Srtst ekngh pd ae id ray Se Stine hnn cont pe nr Hs sine enan ag eS ns (a) hoes ans Oe mm ogi 15 us zu ie NOTE 6 Nore 1—All dimensions in mm FG. 5 Cilp Gage Dasign for B-mm (03-in) and More Working Farge (one 883) a x Nose 4—Dimensions ia inches. Nowe 5—Gage length shown concspouds to clip gage spacer block dimensions shown in Tex Memnod & 399, Annes Al, but ob= gage lengiis may te used provided they ae appropriate to te specimen. [Nowe 6—For stare notch configurations see Fig, & avie Euiaints 980 oa 15 51 ea FIG. # Knife Eages for Location of Clip Gages Test Method E 1820. The designs are suitable for use with fiat boitom clevises of Test Method E 399 design (see Fig. 3). A cut-out section on the front face provides room to attach razor blade edges on the Toad line of the specimen. The sharp edges of the blades shall be square with respect to specimen surfaces and parallel within 05°. A specially prepared spacer block can be used to achieve these requirements, 7.2.1 The C(I) specimen shall be of thickness, 5, at least equal to that employed in the specific structural application of Interest, or the original product form thickness. 7.2.2 The CCT) specimen half-height wo widih ratio HAV is COPYRIGHT American Society ior Testing and Mateiais ented oy inlomnetion Handling Services SE ‘Nove I-A surfaces shall be pemendicular and parallel as applicable ‘sithin 001 WIR. Nore 2_Crck sarter notch shall be perpendicalar to specimen sur- feces within 2° ‘Nore 3Inwgral or atachablo knife cde for clip gage attachment aay be used (12 Fig. 4). “Nori <—Fur sauler notch sd falgue crack configurations see Fig. 8 FIG. 6 Proportional Dimensions and Tolerances for Rectangular Section SE(®) Specimens: 06, and the width W to thickness B ratio W/B is specified to be = 7.23 The original erack length, 25, 0f the compact specimen shall be within the range 0.45 W = c, =0.70 W. 7.3 The arc-shaped bend specimen (1) is a single-edge notched and fetigus eracked sing segment loaded in bending. Tae teeta naube la reatntesreferio hc tie of cerns we ce af is et eed, Nore 1A surfaces shall be perpendicular and parle ss applicable within 0.001 WTR. Nore 2—Crock strter neich shall be perpendicular to specimen sui- faces to withins Nore 3—inegral or atachable kaife-edges for clip gage aachment may be used (see Fig. 4). Nove 4—For ster sich and fatigue crack configurations oe Fie & FIG. 7 Proportional Dimensions and Tolerances for Square ‘Section SE(B) Specimens L acres or ——— Nom LN mun noe onsend (WIG Nos 2—The intersection of the crack tater surfaces with the oxo spscimea faces sll be aqoidistant from the top ard bostom edges of the species whitia 0005 W. FIG. 8 Envelope of Crack-Starter Netches The general proportions of the standard specimen are showa ia Fig. 10. The Value of the radius ratio rrp is limived 10 the range from > 0.6 to 1.0 when the specimen is loaded with a spanto-width ratio S/V of 4, and from O4 t0 0.6 when the specimen is loaded with a spanto-width ratio SV of 3. 7.3.1 The arc-shaged bend specimen is intended to measure the fracture toughness so thatthe normal to the crack plane is in the circundereatial direction and the dicection of crack propagation isin the radial direction, This is the C-R orienta- tion as defined in Terminology E 1823. For other orentations, the SEIB) or C(T) specimen should be used. 7.3.2 The recommended original crack size, (2 ofthe AB) specimen shal be within the range from 0.45 W'=a,=0.55W. COPYRIGHT american Soc foc Tesing ard Materials Usensed by intonnation Han ‘Services j++ -220w ee hh. vez on, (G7) Specmen fr pin of 0.24 (40200 W~0.005H ameter SS eee twa! an seapes ‘CAT Spscimen for pln of 0.18751 {40.0000/-0.0c1) dane FIG. 9 Alternative C1) Specimen Designs re re Peoen Nove 1A susfces stall be perpeadicular and parallel 2s applicable within 0.0001 WTR Nove 2—Crack suter uoteh shall be perpeadieular to specimen sure faces to witin=: 2 [Note 3—Integral or attachable knife edges for clip gage atackment shal be used (ee Fig. 4). Nove 4—For staner notch and fae crack confizeraion see Fig. 8. FIG. 10 Are-shaped Bend Specimen A(8)—Standard Proportions ‘and Tolorances: 7.4 Fatigue Precracking: 7.4.1 All specimens shall be precracked in fatigue at force values no greater than the force F, calculated in accordance with the following equations. For SE(B) and AB) specimens use: P= 05(BbZoy8) w jens Use: For OD) y= ba Rb JoyOW +2.) @ 4p E1200 7.4.2 Tho length ofthe fatigue precrack extension from the ‘machined notch shall not be less than 5 % of the total crack length, a, and not less than 13 mm (005 in). For the final 50% of fatigue precrack extension of 1.3 mm (005 in.) whichever is less, the maximum force shall be no larger than: (@) Fp 05, @) a force such that the ratio of stess intensity factor range fo Young's modulus (AK/E)is equal to orless than 0.005 mm!%(0.001 in.!%), whichever is leas. The accuracy of these maximum force values shall be Keown within 5 %. The ratio of minimum precracking force fo maximum precracking force shall not exceed 0.10. The stress intensity range AK’ may be calculated using the formulae in 9.2 7.4.3 Normally, the fatigue precracking shonld be done st room temperature with the material in the condition (meiallur- gical and thermal-mechanical processing) in which it will be tested. Tntermedicte treatments between fatigue precracking and testing are only allowed when such treatmentsare used 19 simulate specific structural application of interest. 7.4.4 To promore early fatigue ersck. initiation, and promote _panar crack growth, a netch tip radius of 0.08 ma (0.068 in.) orless should be used. Additionally, there may be an advantage in using_a Chevron noich (see appropriate figure in Test Method E 395), orby statically preloading the specimen. lathe Janer case, the specimen is loaded in such a way that the straight-through notch tip is compressed in a direction normal to the intended crack plane, but without allowing the applied fotce to exceed P 7.4.5 The fatigue crack shal fall within the limiting enve- lope as shown in Fig. 8. 8. Procedure 8.1 The objective of the procedure described herein is to ‘dentify the ctical CTOD values that can be used as measures, of the fracture toughness of materials. These values are derived from measuremenis of force and clip gage displacement, a described in Section 9. 8.2 After completion of the test, proceed as follows: 8.2.1 Heat tint or fatigue erack the specimen to mark the ‘snount of slow stable crack extension. If fatigue crack anarking is used, this should be done using a maximara eyelic ‘forbe less than the previously applied monotonic force with the minimum cyclic force equel 10 70 % of the maximum cyclic force. The maximum cyelic forse should be of sufficient magnitude to prevent damage to the fracuure surfaces by crack closure. 8.2.2 Break the specimen open to expose the crack, taking care 10 minimize additional deformation, Cooling ferrtic steels ‘enough to ensure brittle behavior may be beloful. 8.23 Measure the original crack length, a,, and physical crack length afier slow stable crack extension, a, in accor dance with 8.9.5 8.3 Testing Rate—Foree the specimen such that the rate of increase of stress intensity factor to the force P, is within the range from 0.55 19 2.75 MPa m!/s (30.000 to 150000 psi in./imin). Carry out the test under either crosshead or clip gage displacement control (see 6.1 and 10.1.4). 8.4 Specimen Test Temperature—Control the specimen test temperature to an accuracy of +2°C (23°F). It is recom mended that tests be made in sit in suitable low or high COPYRIGHT American Sodety for Testing and Meters Ucensed by information Handing Senices empersture media, 2s appropriate. In a liquid medium, hold ‘the specimen at least 30 s’mm (12 minfin) after the specimen surface has reached the test temperature and prior 19 testing When using a gascous medium, use a sosking time signifi cantly longer than 30 s/mm (12 miniin.) of thickness. The determination of an appropriate soaking time in a gaseous ‘medium shall be the responsibility of those conducting the test. 8.5 SE(B) and A(B) Testing—Install the bend fixture so that the line of action ofthe applied force passes mid-way between the support roller centers within 0.5 © of the distance botween theve centers. Position the specimeas with the notch centerline siiG-way between the rollers to within 0.5 % of the span, and position square to the roller axes within 2°. 3.6 C(T) Testing—To minimize errors from loading pin fiction and cecentricity of loading from misalignment, the ‘axes of the loading rods should be kept coincident within 0.8 zim (0.03 in.) curing the test. Center the specimen with respect to the clevis opening within 0.8 mm (0.03 in.). 8.7 Clip Gage Seating —Seat the displacement gage in the nite or rezer edges firmly, by lightly rocking the gage. 88 Recording: 8.8.1 The test records shall consist of amographic plots oF digital records, or both, of the output of the force sensing device versus the ontpu! from the elip gage. 882 Test Record—The linear elastic portion of the force versus deftection test record shall extibit a slope between 0.7 and 15. Maximum force can be estimated from 2.5 P,. where P, is a8 specified for SE(B) and C(T) specimens in 7.4.1 89 Measurements—All specimen dimensions shall be ‘within the tolerances shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 7, and Fiz. 9. 89.1 Thicknest—Measire the specimen thickness, B, be- fore testing, accurate to the nearest 0.05 mm (0.002 in) or 05%8, whichever is larger, at three locations along the ‘uncracked lizament of the specimen. Record the average B. 8.9.2 SE(B) Specimen Width—Prior to testing, measure the width, W, adjacent to the notch on both sides accurate to the nearest 0,05 mm (0,002 in.) or 0.1 WY, whichever is larger. Record average W. 8.93 CIT) Specimen Width—Ptior to testing, measure the ‘width, W, from the load line to the back edge of the specimen con both sides of the notch, accurate fo the nearest 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) oF 0.1 OW, whichever is larger Record average W. 8.94 A(B) Specimen Measurement—Before testing an arc- shaped bend sample, measare (Fs~ 7) to the nearest 0.025 mm. (0.01 in) or to 0.1%, whichever is greater, at mid-thickness positions on both sides of, and immediately adjacent 10, the Crack starter notch mount (see Fig. 10). Record the average of these two readings as W. Also measure (ro - r) at four positions, rwo as close as possible to the intersection of the inside radius and the machined flat surfaces, and two at approximately one half the circumferential distance between the machined flat surfaces and the crack plane. If any of these Four mezsurements differ from Wby more than 10 % discard or rework the specimen. Next, measure to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in) oF to the nearest 1%, whichever is greater, the distance in the crack plane between the chord that connects the ‘wo machined flat surfaces and the outer radius of the speci- smen, This measurement should be performed on both sides of @h E1200 the «pecimen referencing cach flat machined surface. Subsract W from the average of these two measurements and recard the result as Z Measure within 5% the distance, g, across the crack mouth atthe reference pein:s for the measurement ofthe rack mouth opening displacement. For example, g = 63mm (025 in, in Fig. 11,) K should be noted that g may de equal to the notch widkh N, oc larger than W if machined knife edges ae ‘used, Measure within 5 % of the outer radius, r, if this is not possible, determine the average value of ras follows: Measure \ithin Se the length, L, of the chord ofthe outer surface, that is, the chord established hy the at machined surfeces (see Fi. 10). Using this measurement, calculate Faw = 2) + WE 2D Then nre= 1 - Wr 8.9.5 Crack Length—Aiter completion of the test (and, if accessary, breaking open the specimen after heating tinting or fatigae cracking in accordance with 82), examine the fracture urfece. Along the front of the fatigue crack, and along the ont of any slow stable crack extension, including the SZW, ‘measure the crack length at nine equally spaced points across the spectinen thickness, centered abcut the specimen centerline and extending to 0.C0SW from the specimen surfaces. Calcu- late the original (fatigue) crack length, a,, and the final physical crack length, a, (which includes the tear length and SZW), as follows: average the two near-surface measurements, add this result to the remaining seven crack length measure iments, and averag> this total Iength by dividing by eight (cee 9.4 for crack goomeary validity criteria) The individual crack Jeugih measurements should be accurate to within the nearest 0.63 mm (0.001 in.). 8.95.1 Special Requirement for A(B) Specimen—An addi- tional special procedure is necessary for the arc-shaped bend specimen due to its curvature as illustrated in Fig. 11. length measurement, m, made from a reference point adjacent to the stack mouth i 4 point oa the crack front will be greater than the comesponding distance from the virtual point of imersec- tion besween the crack plane and the inside circumicnence of “he specimen (see Fig. 11). The error, e, may be computed from -ne following expression: ® = 9a! © If the relative emor e/m <0.01, then record m as the crack length. Otherwise. ¢ should be subtracted from m and the result recorded as the crack length. 9. Analysis of Experimental Data 9.1 Assessment of Force/Clip Gage Displacement Records—Tae applied force-displacement record obtained froma fracture test on a notched specimen will usually be one of the five types shown in Fig. 1. 9.11 In the case of a smooth continuous record in which the ‘applied force rises with increasing displacement up to the onset of unstable britle crack extension or pop-in, and where no Significant slow stable crack growth bas occurred (see 3.2 and Fig. la and Fig. 1b), the critical CTOD, 8, shall be determined from the foree and plastic componeat of clip gage displace- ‘ment, vj, comesponding to the points P_ and v._ If failure occurs ‘lose to the linear range, apply the procedure of Test Method 309 to test whether a valid X;, measurement can be made. 9.1.2 In the event that significant slow stable crack exten- ‘son (see 3.2) precedes either unstable brittle crack extension or Pop-in, or a maximum force plaicau oscars, the force- Sisplacement carves will be of the types shown in Fig. 1c, Fig. 1d, and Fig. Le, respectively. These figures illustrate the values of P and vto be used in the calculation of 6, or 8,,, whichever is appropriate 9.13 Ifthe pop-in is attributed to an arrested unstable britle ‘crack extension in the plane of the fatigue precrack. the resalt ‘must he considered as a characteristic of the material tested. Nove 1 Splits atd delaminations oon ressltin pop ine with no rested bite crack extension in the plaze ofthe Faigue precrocke. For this test method, pop-in crack exiension in the plane of the fatigue precrack ean be assessed by a specific change in ‘compliance. The following procedure may be used to assess the significance of small pop-ins (se2 3.2 and Fig. Ib and 14). Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 12, measure the values of P_ and ¥- or P,, aod y, from the test record at points corresponding 10; (@ the eartiest significant pop-in fracture, that is, for which F = 0.05 and (b) fracture, when pop-ins prior to fracture may be ‘ignored, that is, for which F < 0.05 as follows: aaa FIG. 11 Measurement of Crack Length for the Arc-shaped Bend Specimen COPYRIGHT American Socety for Testing and Materals icersed by infomation Handling Senices 8 Nove 1G; i the initial compliance. ‘Nove 2—The popins have beew exagerted for clarity, Pa 9e Fats} © where! F = factor representing the accumulated increase in com- pliance and crack size due to alll siable crack exten- sions, or pop-ins. or both, peor to and including the a pop-in, and a — sequential number (see Fig. 12) of the last of the ‘Particular Series of pop-ins being assessed. ‘Now 2Whes aly’ one popin oes = When male popins oetritmay te aesay © mate save assent oF wih x= vy = elastic displacement at pop-in No. 1 (see Fig. 12), P, = force at the n® pop-in, and vq 7 elastic displacement at the 1!" pop-in, Now 3—v, may be determined graphicelly or anslytcally (see Fig, >. Yq = force drop at the n" pop-in, and X= displacement increase at the n® pop-in. ‘Now: 4—Although an individual popin may be ignored on the basis of these critesa, this dees noc accessally mean that the lower bound of ‘fracture toughness has been measured, For instance. in an irhomogencous material such 2s a weld. 2 small pop-in may be reccred because of fortitous pestioniag af the Fatigue precrack tp. Thus, slighty diferoxe fatigue precrack position may give a lager pop is, which cool aot be ‘ignored, In sock circumstances the specimens should be sovioace after ‘esting, and examined etlopraphically vo ensue that the crack ps have ‘summpled the weld ce bese mela region of interest (see Ret. @)) 9.1.4 The initial compliance C) shail be determined by constructing the tangent OA 10 the inital portion of the force-clip gage displacement curve as shown in Fig. 13. The initial compliance C, is the inverse of the slope of the tangent Tine OA: C= AnyAP © 92 Methods for Calculation of By By oF 8,—Having COPYRIGHT american Socety for Testing and Materials Uicorsed by infomation Handing Senicos FIG. 12 Significance of Pop-in Py L7 Force, Bi / \ap Ny oO c Clip Gage Displacement,v, FIG. 13 Determination of Initial Compliance obtained the required value of the clip gage displacement, itis necessary to convert this to the relevant CTOD using the following relationship for SE(B) and CIT) specimens having 045 = a.JW = 0.70 (See 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 7.1.2, end 7.13) AB) and specimens having 0.45 3 a,W = 0.55 (see 1.1.4 and 73.2). To calculate 8, 8, or By: B= RU A2egk +7, W adult, W- o)+a+d Yis determined as follows: (©) SE(B) Specimen having 5 ~ 4W: : Sead! (499 — a HE — 0H Fes © COD Specimen: hE 1290 Y y= 06050 < 4/0 036.0 a = (22 a PWKO.885 + 4.640 /W — 13.32(0 0) + 14.72GS8Y — 5.50007) 7, = 045 for 0.56 < a/W = 063, or as) SS ee % : -oJ¥Y » 1, = 0.44 for 0.63

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