INNATE IMMUNITY Elicits the immune response

Immunity that results from general processes Dandruff, poison ivy toxin
Phagocytosis of bacteria Basis of Acquired Immunity
Destruction by the stomach acids Product of the bodys lymphocyte system
Skin resistance Lymphocytes are essential for survival
Presence of plasma chemical compounds Found in lymph nodes
Lysozyme Spleen, submucosal areas of the GIT
Basic polypeptide Bone marrow
Complement complex GIT, respiratory tract, spleen, and
Natural killer lymphocytes lymphoid tissue
Resistance to the following:
Cell-Mediated vs. Humoral Immunity
Hog cholera
T lymphocytes & B lymphocytes
Cattle plague
Distemper Derived from pluripotent hemopoietic
Preprocessing before they end up in the
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY lymphoid tissue
Ability to develop specific immunity against Thymus gland activated T
individual invading agents lymphocytes
Special immune system Liver (midfetal life) & bone marrow
Forms antibodies (late fetal life)
Activated by lymphocytes Bursa of Fabricius B lymphocytes
Associated with allergies (form antibodies)
Extreme protection
Botulinium
Tetanus
Vaccination
Basic types
Humoral immunity
B-cell immunity
Develops circulating antibodies
Activated lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity
T-cell immunity
Activated T lymphocytes
Antigens Preprocessing
Proteins or large polysaccharides Liver & Bone Marrow
Initiate acquired immunity B lymphocytes secrete antibodies
Molecular weight of > 8,000 Combines and destroys the antigen
Epitopes
B lymphocytes have greater diversity
Stereochemical characteristic
Billions of B lymphocyte antibodies
Haptens
Combines with a low MW protein
Role of Lymphocyte Clones
 Preformed B & T lymphocytes in lymphoid
tissue
Form highly specific antibodies

Mechanism for Clone Activation

Each clone is responsive only to a single
type of antigen
B lymphocyte
Has 100,00 antibody molecules in the
cell membrane
React specifically to one type of
antigen
Antigen binds activation
T lymphocytes
Surface receptor proteins (T-cell
makers)
Highly specific for one antigen
Macrophage
Lie in tissue
Humoral immunity and antibody
Phagocytosed and partially digest
Formation of antibodies by plasma cells
materials
Plasma cells
Antigen from digestion passed to
Cytoplasm expand
lymphocytes via direct cell contact
RER vastly proliferates
Clone activation
Divide once every 10 hours approx.9
Secretes 1L 1 growth and
divisions
reproduction of lymphocytes 4 days approx.500 cell each
T Cells activate B Cells
plasmablast
Helper T cells Produces gamma globulin antibodies
Secrete lymphokines approx.2000molecule/sec
Further activates B cells Secreted to the lymph and carried in
the circulation
 Formation of memory cells
Some cells activated by B lymphocytes Specificity
dont form plasma cells Mirror image of the amino acid as the
Form new B lymphocytes antigens
Enhanced population of B lymphocytes Allows rapid bonding
Primary response vs secondary Hydrophobic bonding
response Hydrogen bonding
Ionic attraction
Van der Waals forces
Bivalent
2 variable sites
Classes
IgM primary response
IgG 75%
IgA
IgD
IgE allergic reaction

Mechanism of antibody action

Nature of antibodies Attack the antigen
Immunoglobulins Agglutination
Combination of 2 light chains and 2heavy Precipitation
chains Neutralization
Constant portion
Lysis
Diffusivity in the tissues
Not strong enough
Adherence to specific structures
Attachment to the complement
complex
Variable portion
Attaches to the antigen

The complement system

System of 20 proteins
 Enzyme precursors
Principal actors -11 proteins Alternate pathway
C1 toC9, B, and D Doesnt need antigen antibody
Classical pathway combination
Alternate pathway Antigen reacts with complement
factors B & D
Forms C3
1st line of defense against invading
organisms

Cell mediated immunity

Release of T cells from lymphoid tissue
Once antigen is presented activated T
cells
T-lymphocyte memory cells
Antigen receptors on membrane of T
cells

Helper T cells
Most numerous of the T cells
Serve as regulator of all immune functions
Form of lymphokines
IL 2 to 6
GM CSF
Interferon gamma

The complement system

Classical pathway
Opsonisation C3b activates
phagocytosis
Lysis C5b6789 ruptures cell
membrane
Agglutination
Neutralization
Chemotaxis C5a
Mast cell and basophil activation
C3a, C4a, C5a IL 2
Inflammatory effects
 Stimulates growth and proliferation of
Tc cells and Ts cells Suppressor T cell
Positive feedback on itself Suppress both cytotoxic and helper T cells
IL 4,5, and 6 Prevents excessive immune reactions
B cell growth factors Regulatory T cells
Slow down macrophage migration near the
inflamed area ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

Delayed action allergy

Skin eruptions
Drugs, chemicals, cosmetics
Due to activated T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
Direct-attack cell Excess IgG
Killer cells Atopic allergies
Secrete hole-forming proteins (perforins) Allergic tendencies
Can pull away from the attacked cell and Genetically passed
move on to kill other cells Regains or sensitized antibodies
Persist for months Attach to mast cells and basophils
Release histamine, leukotrienes,
heparin, eosinophil chemotactic
substance, protease
Platelet activating factor
Vasodilation, attraction of PMN E
and N