Term Paper

Of
Business Environment
On
Canada

Lovely Professional University

2008-10
 Contents
I. The location of the country
II. Prime Minister of Canada
III. Flag and its relevance
IV. National Animal, Flower , Bird
V. National Capital
VI. People and their Breed
VII. Political Structure
VIII. Economies of the country
IX. Agriculture
X. Other Features
XI. Bibliography
 Canada

I. The Location of the country

1. Latitudinal and Logitudinal Location:
The Latitude and Longitude of Canada is 60 o 00 N and 95 o 00 W. The latitude of
Canada indicates its position in Northern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic Ocean is
bounding the east whereas the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are
bordering the west and the north of Canada.
Entire area of 9,984,670 square kilometers in Northern part of North America is
occupied by Canada. The south eastern part of this terrain is pervaded by lowlands
while the western regions are featured by plain lands and mountains. A significant
climatic alteration is noticed from south and the arctic regions of Canada. The
capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is with 45 o 25' N of latitude and 75 o 40' W of
longitude . The time variation is signified by UTC-5.

2. Nearness to other country:

Canada is second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between
Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is
concentrated within 160 km of the US border.
 3. Height from Sea Level:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

4. Area in square kilometer:

total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

5. Coastline:
202,080 km

6. Discovery:
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in
1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has
developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Canada
faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care
and education services, as well as responding to separatist concerns in predominantly
francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while
maintaining its commitment to the environment.

7. International borders:
The Canada – United States border is the international border between Canada and the United
States. Officially known as the International Boundary, it is the longest common border in the
world and is unmilitarized. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime
boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts, as well as the Great Lakes) is 8,891
kilometres (5,525 mi) long, including 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) shared with Alaska. It is
Canada's only land border, and Canada is by far the largest country with this distinction.

8. History of Canada:
Inhabited for millennia by First Nations (aboriginals), the history of Canada has evolved from a
group of European colonies into a bilingual, multicultural federation, having peacefully obtained
sovereignty from its last colonial possessor, the United Kingdom. France sent the first large
group of settlers in the 17th century, but the collection of territories and colonies now comprising
the Dominion of Canada came to be ruled by the British until attaining full independence in the
20th century.
 II. Prime Minister of Canada:
The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister
of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. The office is not
outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the constitution of Canada;
executive authority is formally vested in the Canadian sovereign and exercised on his or her
behalf by the Governor General. The office was initially modelled after the job as it existed in
Britain at time of Confederation in 1867. The British prime ministership, although fully
developed by 1867, was not formally integrated into the British constitution until 1905—hence,
its absence from Constitution Act, 1867.

The Prime Minister is not elected directly, but is almost invariably the leader of the political
party that holds the largest number of seats in the House of Commons. According to protocol, all
prime ministers are styled Right Honourable (in French: Très Honorable) for life.Stephen Harper
is the current Prime Minister, appointed by Governor General Michaëlle Jean as the 22nd Prime
Minister of Canada, on February 6, 2006. He is the leader of the Conservative Party.

List of Canadian Prime Ministers

• Paul Martin
• Jean Chrétien
• Kim Campbell
• Brian Mulroney
• John Turner
• Joe Clark

III. Flag of Canada:

The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and l'Unifolié (French for "the
one-leafed"), is a red flag with a white square in its centre, featuring a stylized 11-pointed red
maple leaf. Its adoption in 1965 marked the first time a national flag had been officially adopted
in Canada to replace the Union Flag. The Canadian Red Ensign had been unofficially used since
the 1890s and was approved by a 1945 Order-in-Council for use "wherever place or occasion
may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag". In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B.
Pearson appointed a committee to resolve the issue, sparking a serious debate about a flag
change. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George F. G. Stanley and John Matheson
based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada was selected. The flag made its first
appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of
Canada Day.

Many different flags have been created for use by Canadian officials, government bodies, and
military forces. Most of these flags contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by
having the Canadian flag charged in the canton, or by including maple leaves in the design. The
Royal Union Flag is also an official flag in Canada, used as a symbol of Canada's membership in
the Commonwealth of Nations, and of its allegiance to the Crown. The Union Flag makes a
component of other Canadian flags, including the provincial flags of British Columbia, Manitoba
and Ontario.

IV. National Animal, Flower and Bird.

The Beaver is the national animal of Canada. It can be found on the nickel (the Canadian 5 cent
coin). It is the national animal of Canada because the beaver is one of the main reasons Canada
was explored and colonized. Trappers or Les Couriers De Bois came to Canada for beaver pelts
which were very necessary for the European fashions of the time. the beaver was trapped and
hunted for there fur which was good for Canada because Europe had no beavers so the fur was
send over in return for food and other equipment. The beaver represents industry and
perseverance.

The trillium is Canada's national flower. This flower grows freely in the forests and
woodlands. The White Trillium can be recognized by the three white waxy petals that protrude
from each flower. This flower blooms in April and in May. The Trillium is very sensitive to
sunlight. The blossoms are usually facing in the direction of the sun. The Trillium is a protected
species of flower, and should not be picked.

The Common Loon is the national bird of Canada. Common loons are migratory birds which
breed in forested lakes and large ponds in northern North America and parts of Greenland and
Iceland. They winter all along North America’s Pacific and Atlantic coasts as well as in Europe
and Iceland.

V. National Capital
The National Capital Region is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of
Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and the surrounding area. Also
known as Ottawa-Gatineau (or previously Ottawa-Hull), the National Capital Region has a
total population of 1,130,761 (2006), and consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that
straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
 VI. People and their breed
1. Culture:
Canadian culture is a term that encompasses the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political
and social elements that are representative of Canada, not only to its own population, but to
people all over the world. Canada's culture has historically been influenced by European culture
and traditions, especially British and French. Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada's
Aboriginal peoples and immigrant populations have become incorporated into mainstream
Canadian culture. It has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, economic, and
cultural neighbour the United States. These four influences have combined over centuries to
form the modern culture of Canada.

2. Languages:
English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%

3. Religions:
Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%,
Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%,
none 16% (2001 census)

4. Cuisine:
Canadian cuisine varies widely from region to region. Generally, the traditional cuisine of
English Canada is closely related to British and American cuisine, while the traditional cuisine of
French Canada has evolved from French cuisine and the winter provisions of fur traders.

The basis of both groups is traditionally on seasonal, fresh ingredients, and preserves. The
cuisine includes a lot of baked foods, wild game, and gathered foods. Prepared foods were still a
novelty for recent rural generations, so there are some that are well-loved to the point of
obsession and which have come to dominate suburban diets. However, home-made, warming,
and wholesome remain key adjectives in what Canadians consider their cuisine. The Chinese
smorgasbord, although found in the U.S. and other parts of Canada, had its origins in early
Gastown, Vancouver.

5. Customs and Traditions

Canada is a vast country, with customs and traditions that vary by region. We also tend to keep
many of the customs and traditions that were brought over when our families immigrated to this
country. Canada is a multicultural nations where people can freely keep their customs, traditions,
and languages from their homes countries (of the home countries of the ancestors) and blend
them with the customs and traditions of the region in which they live.
 6. Festivals celebrated
Top 10 Festivals in Canada

a) Vancouver Symphony of Fire, Vancouver

The largest fireworks competition in the world is held over several nights every summer in
Vancouver

b) The Calgary Stampede, Calgary

Don your cowboy hat and spurs and head on over to “The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth.”
Each year, more than one million people visit Calgary to partake in this 10-day party held every
July.The city of Calgary featrues good old fashioned hospitality combined with cultural
diversity. Drive an hour out of town, and you’re in the heart of the Canadian Rockies where a
world of outdoor adventure awaits

c) Edmonton Folk Festival, Edmonton

From its humble beginning in 1980, the Edmonton Festival has grown to be one of the world's
premier folk festivals. Held each August, the festival's lineup is always outstanding and ticket
prices reasonable

d) Toronto International Film Festival, Toronto

The Toronto International Film Festivals is one of the leading film festivals in the world, ranking
closely with Cannes and Sundance. Films such as Hotel Rwanda, American Beauty, and The Big
Chill made their premieres at this prominent star-studded event held each September.

e) Winterlude, Ottawa

Canadians celebrate sub-zero temperatures and waist-high snowdrifts by staging great winter
festivals, such as Ottawa's Winterlude. For the first three weekend's every February, the nation's
capital puts on a winter festival that features ice-skating on the world's longest rink, ice
sculptures, a snow playground, concerts and more.

f) Canada Day Celebrations, July 1st, Ottawa & Canadawide

July 1st celebrations in Canada are akin to the July 4th festivities in the US. Marking Canada's
birth as a country, July 1st sees Canadians donning their red and white attire and whooping it up
with fireworks and lots of that good Canadian beer. The celebration is nationwide, but Ottawa
will show you a particularly good time

g) Montreal Jazz Fest, Montreal

Every June/July, the Montreal International Jazz Festival offers about 500 concerts, of which
three-quarters are free of charge, and hosts about 2000 musicians from over 20 countries. About
2 million visitors visit an event that has become THE international jazz rendez-vous and a
laboratory for the creation of new talent, most recently contributing to the successes of artists
such as Diana Krall and Norah Jones.

h) Montreal Just For Laughs Comedy Festival, Montreal

Since 1983, the Montreal Comedy Festival, or, Just for Laughs as it is more commonly known,
has been inviting people to get together just for fun, just for entertainment -- just for laughs. The
festival, held every July, has grown in popularity and reputation and today features some of the
world's greatest comedians and spawned a television show that is broadcast internationally

i) Quebec Winter Carnival, Quebec City

The habitants of New France, now Quebec, had a rowdy tradition of getting together just before
Lent to eat, drink and be merry.

Today, the Quebec Winter Carnival is the biggest winter carnival in the world and is celebrated
annually at the end of January until mid-February. No sense in fighting the cold -- embrace and
celebrate it.

j) Celtic Colours International Festival

Celtic Colours is held for nine days every October. This unique Cape Breton Island-wide
celebration of Celtic culture is the largest of its kind in North America.

7. Population:
33,212,696 (July 2008 est.)

8. Population - Density:
3.2 /KM (219th)

9. Most Populus City

Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located on the
north-western shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most
populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area
(GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in south-central Ontario known as the Golden
Horseshoe which is home to 8.1 million residents. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a
population of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006
Census.
 10. Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.16 years
male: 78.65 years
female: 83.81 years (2008 est.)

11. Infant mortality rate:

total: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

12. Employment rate

In the first 11 months of 2008, employment increased by 0.8% (+133,000), a slower pace of
growth compared with the 2.2% (+361,000) observed during the same period in 2007.In
November, the employment declines were concentrated in Ontario (-66,000), where there was a
large drop in full-time work. Nova Scotia (-4,400) also experienced a decline in November,
while employment remained relatively stable in the other provinces.The manufacturing sector
was hard hit in November, with a net employment drop of 38,000. This brings manufacturing
declines to 388,000 since the peak in 2002. In Ontario, the employment declines in this sector
totalled 42,000 in November.Following gains in October associated with hiring for the federal
election, employment in public administration fell by 27,000 in November.

13. Employment Pattern

Ontario has a diverse mix of industries, and each with a unique occupational make-up. As
industries grow and change, there are corresponding changes in their occupational composition.
Next, it looks at emerging and evolving occupations. Emerging occupations and changes in
existing occupations have important implications for the skill and educational requirements of
tomorrow's work place. Finally, it looks at expected future trends in the distribution of new jobs
across industry sectors and by occupational groups to the year 2009.

Like most industrialized economies in the world, Ontario's economy has changed dramatically
over the past 100 years. The economy has evolved from one based on primary industries to one
dominated by manufacturing after World War II to one that today is driven by high technology
manufacturing and services. Over the decades, the kinds of jobs available have undergone
similar changes - away from occupations related to agriculture, forestry or mining to a wide
variety of professional, technical and service occupations. Goods are produced by agriculture and
other primary industries, manufacturing, construction and utilities. Together these industries
constitute the so called goods-producing sector. The service-producing sector provides the many
different services demanded by today's consumers and businesses, including financial,
educational, government and recreation. Figure 1 shows the percent share of employment in
Ontario by industry sector for 2004. Since the number and the kinds of jobs available to workers
depend on the goods and services produced in the economy, a closer look at manufacturing and
service-producing industries - the two largest sources of jobs - follows.

Manufacturing industries have the largest share of employment in the goods-producing sector in
Ontario, producing a variety of consumer and industrial products that are key to Ontario's wealth.
The sector accounts for one-fifth of all economic activity in the province, and about 70 percent
of the sector's products are exported to other provinces and countries. In 2004, manufacturing
employed over one million people in the province.

The transportation equipment industry is Ontario's largest manufacturing industry, employing 21

percent of manufacturing workers (see Figure 2). In recent years, employment in this industry
has expanded as Ontario's companies have increased production of autos and auto parts to meet
the demands of the U.S. market. The second largest industry group is other manufacturing,
including furniture and related products, petroleum and coal products, and non-metallic mineral
products with 13 percent of manufacturing workers. The chemical, plastics and rubber products
industry is the third largest industry employing 12 percent of manufacturing workers. The
computer and electronics industry is the eighth largest with a share of 6 percent of manufacturing
employment.

The service-producing sector has been growing rapidly in recent years and employs nearly three
quarters of Ontario workers. Service-producing industries cover a wide range of economic
activity. Figure 3 shows each service industry's share of the 4.7 million service sector jobs in
2004.
 The four largest industries in this sector are wholesale and retail trade, health care and all kinds
of social assistance, professional, scientific and technical services, and finance, insurance and
real estate. Together, they provide 53 percent, or a little over half, of all jobs in the service-
producing sector. Some service industries also tend to be more regionalized than others. For
example, employment in finance, insurance, real estate and leasing is largely concentrated in
Toronto. The same holds true for professional, scientific and technical services, although this
industry is also prevalent in the Ottawa area. Employment in public administration is
concentrated in Ottawa. Employment in industries such as retail trade, however, is more evenly
distributed around the province in proportion to population.

Since the numbers and kinds of jobs available to workers depend on the goods and services
produced by Ontario industries, each industry has a unique occupational profile. Figure
illustrates this occupational uniqueness for 2004. The largest share of employment in the
manufacturing industry is in occupations that are unique to processing, manufacturing and
utilities. In the construction industry, trades, transport and equipment operators represent 73
percent of that industry's employment. In the primary industry, 79 percent of employment is
unique to that industry. To a lesser degree, these goods-producing industries also employ
management, business, finance and administrative (including clerical), natural and applied
science and sales and service occupations.

Figure
Occupational Employment by Industry*
Ontario, 2004
Service-
Manufacturing Construction Primary
producing
Occupational Grouping Industry Industry Industry
Industry
% % %
%
All Occupations 100 100 100 100
Management 8 10 14 2
Business, Finance and Administration 13 22 9 5
Natural and Applied Sciences 8 7 2 3
Health -- 7 -- --
Social Science, Education, Government Service
-- 10 -- --
and Religion
Art, Culture, Recreation and Sport 1 4 -- --
Sales and Service 4 30 1 --
Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators 18 9 73 9
Primary Industry** -- 1 -- 79
Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities 49 1 -- --
Note: May not add to 100% due to rounding. -- indicates employment less than 1,500.
* Grouped according to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and excluded Utilities
** Primary Industry includes Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Oil and Gas.
Source: Statisitcs Canada, Labour Force Survey.
The service-producing industries have a diverse collection of occupations: 10 percent of their
employment is in management occupations, 22 percent in business, finance and administrative
occupations, and 30 percent in sales and service occupations. At the same time, all other
occupational groups are represented to some degree in their employment ranks.

VII. Political Structure

1. Government type:
Canada is a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation.
Canada's particular Parliamentary system is referred to as a "Westminster Model." This model
was first developed by the British and is named after the Palace of Westminster, which houses
the British Parliament. Most other nations that draw on this Parliamentary model, including
Australia and New Zealand, are former British colonies that adopted the British system during
their evolution from a colony to independent nation. An important characteristic of Westminster
Parliamentary systems is that they are based, in large part, on unwritten constitutional
conventions and customs. These are rules and practices regarding the operation of government,
which have been developed incrementally over long periods of time and never formally codified
in a written document.

2. Independence day:
Canada celebrates the establishment of its federal government on July 1st. Now known as
Canada Day, this holiday, previously was known as Dominion Day and Confederation Day. This
day commemorates the British North America Act of July 1, 1867, that gave Canadians Home
Rule. The national celebration is always observed on the 1st, unless it falls on a Sunday, in which
case it is observed on the following Monday. Fireworks, parades, picnics and other events mark
the occasion and, are often combined with the July 4th events in the states that border Canada.

3. Head of State:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General
Michaelle JEAN (since 27 September 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February 2006)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among the members of his
own party sitting in Parliament

4. Term of the government:

 The monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the
prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automatically
designated prime minister by the governor general.

5. Political parties and leaders:

Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada [Stephen HARPER] (a
merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party); Green Party
[Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party [Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

6. Citizenship status and participation on the government

The Parliament of Canada has two chambers. The House of Commons has 308 members, elected
for a maximum five-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 105 appointed
members.Using the plurality voting system, Canadians vote for their local Member of
Parliament (MP), who sits in the House of Commons. Most MPs are members of a federal
political party, and generally the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of
Commons becomes the Prime Minister. Canadians do not vote directly for the Prime Minister,
nor do they vote for senators, who are appointed by the Prime Minister. Although several parties
are currently represented in Parliament, Canada has two dominant political parties, the
Conservatives and Liberals, which have governed the country in some form since its formation
in 1867.Historically, the Prime Minister could ask the Governor General to call an election at
virtually any time, although one had to be called no later than five years after the return of the
writs the last election under section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The
same provision applies in all provinces and territories, although some provinces have local laws
that require elections to be even earlier. However, in 2007 the Conservative-controlled
Parliament passed an act fixing federal election dates every four years, unless the government
loses the confidence of the House of Commons. Nevertheless, this law is largely symbolic as it
does not curtail the power of the Prime Minister to request the dissolution of Parliament at any
time, as demonstrated by the same Conservative government's call for elections one year prior to
the legislated date without having lost a confidence motion. Every person who is Canadian
citizen 18 years of age or older is allowed to vote except for the Chief Electoral Officer and the
Deputy Chief Electoral Officer. In the Canada Elections Act, inmates serving a sentence of at
least two years are also prohibited from voting, but on October 31, 2002, the Supreme Court of
Canada ruled in Sauvé v. Canada that such a law violated the section 3 of the Charter, and was
rendered of no force or effect.Election turn-out has been steadily falling for many decades.
Although turnout rose by four percent in the 2006 federal election, the following election saw the
return of the declining trend. Currently, about sixty percent of registered voters vote in federal
elections, but this amounts to less than 50% of the eligible, adult population.The most recent
election was held on October 14, 2008.
 7. Prominent political leaders

The Right Honourable

Stephen Harper
Prime Minister of Canada and Conservative
Party Leader

Stéphane Dion
Leader of the Liberal Party

Gilles Duceppe
Leader of the Bloc Quebecois

Jack Layton
Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada

RECENT CANADIAN PRIME MINISTERS

Rt. Hon. Paul Martin

Liberal
2003 to 2006
Rt. Hon. Jean Chretien
Liberal
1993 to 2003

Rt. Hon. Kim Campbell

Progressive Conservative
1993

Rt. Hon. Brian Mulroney

Progressive Conservative
1984 to 1993

VIII. Economies of the country

1. Economy - overview:
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US
in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards.
Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has
transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The
1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and
economic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and
modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Top-notch fiscal management has
produced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over the
equitable distribution of federal funds to the Canadian provinces. Exports account for roughly a
third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the US,
which absorbs 80% of Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of
energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. During 2007, Canada enjoyed good
economic growth, moderate inflation, and the lowest unemployment rate in more than three
decades.

2. Central Bank of Canada:

The Bank of Canada is the nation's central bank. It is not a commercial bank and do not offer
banking services to the public. Rather, they have responsibilities for Canada's monetary policy,
bank notes, financial system, funds management. Their principal role, as defined in the Bank of
Canada Act, is "to promote the economic and financial welfare of Canada. As the nation's central
bank, the Bank of Canada has five main areas of responsibility:

Monetary Policy
The goal of monetary policy is to contribute to solid economic performance and rising living
standards for Canadians by keeping inflation low, stable, and predictable. Learn more.

Currency
The Bank of Canada designs and issues bank notes that Canadians can use with the highest
confidence. Learn more.

Financial System
The Bank of Canada actively promotes safe, sound, and efficient financial systems, both within
Canada and internationally, and conducts transactions in financial markets in support of these
objectives. Learn more.

Funds Management
The Bank of Canada provides high-quality, effective, and efficient funds-management and
central banking services for the federal government, the Bank, and other clients. Learn more.

Corporate Administration

Corporate Administration supports the sound management of human, financial, information,

technology and physical resources and related infrastructure through the development of
corporate policies and the maintenance of cost-effective, integrated systems and practices

3. GDP size and place in the world.

 GDP (purchasing power parity):$1.271 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$1.432 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:2.7% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$38,600 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 2.1%
industry: 28.8%
services: 69.1% (2007 est.)

Canada ranks 8th in terms of GDP, the United States being at 1st position.

4. GNP:
Canda’s GNP is 1051.9 billion dollars

5. Per Capita Income:

Per capita income of Canada is 25000 and for USA its 28000. Canada earns a “C” grade and is 9th
out of 17 peer countries in the GDP per capita country ranking. Norway surpasses the U.S. as this
year’s top performer.
 6. National Income
National Income, strictly, is a money measure of the incomes received or accruing to
residents of a country as owners of the agents of production, during a specified period of
time. National income includes wages, rents, interest and profits, not only in the form of cash
payments, but as income from contributions made by employers to pension funds, income of
the self-employed, and undistributed business profits.

In market economies such as Canada's, the measures of national income include (with some
exceptions) only those economic activities in which goods or services are sold in markets; the
few exceptions ("imputed values") are illustrated by the inclusion in the estimates of a rental
income for owner-occupied homes, and by the inclusion in the income of farmers of an
estimate of the value of the produce from their own farms consumed by the farm families
themselves. At the same time, official and nearly all private estimates do not include
anything for the value of all of the services performed in the household by the unpaid
homemaker .This large omission is serious if national income is being used to measure the
well-being of a country's people.

7. Canada's Exports and Imports

Exports:$431.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - partners:US 78.9%, UK 2.8%, China 2.1% (2007)
Imports:$386.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - partners:US 54.1%, China 9.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2007)

8. Contribution to world trade

Canada has prospered from this global economy: with the ninth-largest economy in the world,
Canada is now the world's ninth-largest single-nation merchandise trader. Canada's total
merchandise trade exceeded $815 billion in 2005.

Canada's Merchandise Exports and Imports in 2005

Exports Imports
Rank Country ($ billions) Rank Country ($ billions)
1 U.S. 365.7 1 U.S. 215.1
2 European Union 24.7 2 European Union 45.6
3 Japan 9.2 3 China 29.5
4 China 7.1 4 Mexico 14.6
5 Mexico 3.3 5 Japan 14.8
Other countries 25.9 Other countries 61.1
All countries 435.9 All countries

One quarter of all Canadian jobs are linked in part to international trade. In 2005, total world
trade for Canada was $982.3 billion, with trade in goods contributing $840.2 billion and trade in
services contributing $142.1 billion. Each day, Canada trades more than $2.5 billion worth of
goods and services with the rest of the world. (Statistics Canada, 2006)

The Government of Canada works to ensure that Canada's position in the global economy with
respect to trade and investment is enhanced. Despite the lack of progress in the current Doha
round of negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) continues to provide the
multilateral trade rules that underpin Canada's commercial relations with the 147 other members.
Through Budget 2006, the government announced significant tax measures to help Canadian
companies become more productive and competitive and to make Canada a magnet for foreign
investment. Commercialization of new knowledge has become, in fact, a main source of
competitive advantage, and Canada will continue to invest in all facets of innovation and to
provide services to business in order to gain or maintain the competitive advantage.

Expanding Canada's market share of current trading partners and exploring new ones is one way
of ensuring Canadians benefit from global prosperity. Canada therefore has free trade
agreements in place with Chile, Costa Rica, and Israel and is currently negotiating free trade
arrangements with the Central American Four (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and
Nicaragua), the European Free Trade Association, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, the Andean
Community Countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela), the CARICOM
countries (Caribbean Community and Common Market), and the Dominican Republic. (Foreign
Affairs and International Trade Canada, 2006.

9. Major Exports and Imports:

Exports - commodities:
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment;
chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity,
aluminum.
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable
consumer goods .
 10. Major industries
Canada's industries are transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed
minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish products, petroleum and natural gas. In
the manufacturing sector, the output is distributed as follows: consumer goods,57%, intermediate
goods, 25% and capital goods, 18%. The dominant sub-sectors for consumer goods are still food
and beverage, wearing apparel, footwear and tobacco. For intermediate goods, the demand for
petroleum products and coal for power generation and chemicals for drugs and personal care
products remains strong. Electronics, including semi-conductors, and iron and steel led
manufactured capital goods.

The Philippines is rich in mineral resources. The Mining Act of 1995 liberalized the industry,
paving the way for the entry of foreign mining firms with a package of incentives, including net
operating loss carry-over and accelerated depreciation.

The main agricultural products are rice, corn, coconut, and

sugar.The Philippines is one of the largest exporters of
coconut oil and sugar but this comparative advantage has
declined over the years due to the development of substitutes
and the increase in number of other exporter countries.
Poultry and livestock have emerged as the new growth areas
of the sector.

The construction industry, which took off in 1994, is expected to sustain its growth. The private
sector is seen as the major mover.Private investors are taking greater interest in infrastructure
projects under the expanded build-operate and transfer (BOT) programs. The demand for office
and residential buildings, as well as shopping malls, subdivision projects and industrial estates
remains strong.

11. Major Strategic reserves

Canada proven oil reserves were estimated at 179 billion barrels (28×109 m3) in 2007. This figure
includes oil sands reserves which are estimated by government regulators to be economically
producible at current prices using current technology. According to this figure, Canada's reserves
are second only to Saudi Arabia. Over 95% of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in the
province of Alberta. Alberta contains nearly all of Canada's oil sands and much of its
conventional oil reserves. The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories.
Saskatchewan and offshore areas of Newfoundland in particular have substantial oil production
and reserves. Alberta has 39% of Canada's remaining conventional oil reserves, Saskatchewan
27% and offshore Newfoundland 28%, but if oil sands are included, Alberta's share is over 98%.
 12. Major Stock Markets:
From its pre-eminent domestic base, TSX Group's reach extends internationally, providing the
global financial community with access to Canada's equity capital and energy markets. Each
TSX Group operation is connected to and supports the activities of the others; all are focused on
providing exceptional customer service from our offices in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto and
Montreal.

Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) - As Canada's senior equities market, TSX provides an efficient,
liquid market for a broad cross-section of Canadian issuers. TSX assists about 1,500 issuers
through services designed to increase retail and institutional investors.

TSX Venture Exchange - Serving the public venture equity market, TSX Venture Exchange
provides access to capital for companies at the early stages of their growth while offering
investors a well-regulated market for making venture investments.

TSX Markets - TSX Markets facilitates trading on TSX and TSX Venture and provides
innovative trading products to increase investor participation, particularly across North America.

Natural Gas Exchange (NGX) - As a leading North American energy exchange, Natural Gas
Exchange connects the buyers and sellers of natural gas and electricity contracts, enabling them
to manage the risks inherent in energy trading, and provides the associated clearing and
settlement services.

TSX Datalinx - To meet growing global demand for financial and capital markets information,
data is packaged and sold with more than 118,000 subscriptions worldwide via TSX Datalinx,
connecting the Canadian capital markets to investors at home and abroad.
TSX Technologies - Fundamental to these operations is TSX Technologies, which powers the
operations of TSX Group through state-of-the-art trading technology.

Listing, trading and market data - supported by trading technology. These are the key elements
of TSX Group.

IX. Agriculture
1. Size of land under agriculture:
Contemporary Canadian farmers have shared the expansionist
spirit of our early settlers. The amount of Canada's cultivated Field, St. Jacobs near Waterloo,
land expanded 392% during the 20th century. By 2001, Ont.
Photo: C.A. Clarke
Canadians farmed 67.5 million hectares of land. Though this
area amounts to only 7% of Canada's land mass, it is still three times the size of Great Britain.
These farms dot two main regions of the country: an arc that sweeps across the grasslands of
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and a band of forested lowland, nowhere more than
320 kilometres wide, that stretches from the Maritimes, along the St. Lawrence River and into
southern Ontario.

The size of the typical Canadian farm has increased dramatically over the last 100 years. In 1901,
the number of census farms dotting the landscape totalled 511,100, peaking at 732,800 some 40
years later. As machines made it possible to do more work with fewer people, census farms
decreased in number. By 2001, there were 246,923 census farms, down almost 11% since 1996.

Total farm area, land tenure and land in crops, by province (Census
of Agriculture, 1986 to 2006)
(Canada)
1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Number
Canada
Total number of farms 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Total farm area

Area in hectares1 67,825,757 67,753,700 68,054,956 67,502,446 67,586,739

Farms reporting 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 231 242 246 273 295

Total area owned

Area in hectares1 43,218,905 42,961,352 43,060,963 42,265,706 41,377,673

Farms reporting 273,963 264,837 262,152 235,131 220,513

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 158 162 164 180 188

Total area rented or

leased from others2
Area in hectares1 24,606,852 24,792,348 24,993,993 25,236,740 26,209,066

Farms reporting 118,735 111,387 111,718 103,484 97,989

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 207 223 224 244 267

Land in crops (excluding

Christmas tree area)
Area in hectares1 33,181,235 33,507,780 34,918,733 36,395,150 35,912,247

Farms reporting 264,141 248,147 237,760 215,581 194,717

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 126 135 147 169 184

1. Conversion factor: 1 hectare equals 2.471 054 13 acres.

2. Total area rented or leased from others includes land; leased from governments, rented or leased from
others and crop-shared from others.
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.
Last modified: 2008-10-31.

2. Major Crops and their yield

Area of fruit, berries and nuts, vegetables, sod, nursery and

greenhouse products, by province (Census of Agriculture, 1986 to
2006)
(Canada)
1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Canada
Total number of farms 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Total fruit, berries and

nuts
Area in hectares1 87,317 91,628 99,191 104,504 110,069

Farm reporting 15,191 13,491 14,302 12,158 12,447

Percentage of total farms 5.2 4.8 5.2 4.9 5.4

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 6 7 7 9 9

Total vegetables
(excluding greenhouse
vegetables)
Area in hectares1 116,573 122,594 127,697 133,851 125,181

Farm reporting 11,758 10,708 11,440 9,829 9,499

Percentage of total farms 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.1

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 10 11 11 14 13

Sod
Area in hectares1 20,074 26,797 21,964 22,467 27,960

Farm reporting 410 498 422 359 404

Percentage of total farms 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 49 54 52 63 69

Total nursery products

Area in hectares1 13,575 19,689 21,521 22,776 24,953

Farm reporting 2,284 3,846 4,844 4,530 3,825

Percentage of total farms 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.7

Average area in hectares

per farm reporting 6 5 4 5 7

Total greenhouse
products
Area in square metres2 7,188,571 8,438,666 12,740,665 17,933,961 21,963,257

Farm reporting 4,874 4,986 6,422 6,071 5,613

Percentage of total farms 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.4

Average area in square

metres per farm reporting 1,475 1,692 1,984 2,954 3,913

1. Conversion factor: 1 hectare equals 2.471 054 13 acres.

2. Conversion factor: 1 square metre equals 10.763 91 square feet.
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.
Last modified: 2008-10-29.
 3. Agricultural Exports
The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all
Canadian food exports. Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S.
agricultural goods with nearly 20% of American food exports going to its
Northern neighbor. Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulp
and paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint
production also is exported to the U.S.

At $73.6 billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy
trading relationship, with the overwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports
from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy trade with Canada are
petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil
supplier and the fifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada
provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of total U.S. consumption of natural
gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked and both
countries share hydro power facilities on the Western borders.

4. Dairy Yield National and per animal

Production of milk and cream, by province

(Canada)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Kilolitres
Canada
Quantity 7,522,676 7,674,713 7,579,128 7,435,149 7,593,300

$ thousands
Value 4,480,779 4,601,909 4,852,249 4,843,231 5,206,643

Note: Comprises the volume of milk and cream sold off farm.
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, tables (for fee) 003-0008 and 003-0011, and Catalogue no. 23-001-
XIB.
Last modified: 2008-11-14.

Certified organic products, by province (2001 and 2006 Census of

Agriculture)
(Canada)
 2001 2006 2001 to 2001 2006
2006

As a proportion of
farms
reporting certified
organic
products

number % change %
Canada
All farms 246,923 229,373 -7.1 … …

Farms reporting certified organic

products1 2,230 3,555 59.4 … …

Type of certified organic

product:
Hay or field crops 1,442 2,462 70.7 64.7 69.3

Fruits, vegetables or greenhouse

products 614 916 49.2 27.5 25.8

Animals or animal products 381 673 76.6 17.1 18.9

Maple products 129 299 131.8 5.8 8.4

Other (herbs, etc.) 211 190 -10.0 9.5 5.3

1. The total number of farms reporting certified organic products does not equal the sum of the parts
because a farm could report more than one category.
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.
Last modified: 2008-10-02.

Production of poultry, by province

(Canada)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

thousand birds
Canada
Chickens 615,939 613,527 626,251 622,261 640,342

Turkeys 19,834 19,526 20,492 21,172 21,756

$ thousands
Chickens 1,526,484 1,579,768 1,615,208 1,547,270 1,748,663

Turkeys 262,844 268,015 271,695 278,668 320,407

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, tables (for fee) 003-0018 and 003-0019, and Catalogue no. 23-015-
X.
Last modified: 2008-05-28.

Agricultural activity is found throughout virtually all of the settled Canadian landscape, from Windsor,
Ontario to Hay River, Northwest Territories and from the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia to
St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. Despite this wide spread of coverage little more than 7% of
Canada’s land area is used for farming (and almost 40% of the farmland total is found in Saskatchewan).

The Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba dominate Canada’s agricultural landscape.
They contain 80% of Canada’s farmland and 50% of the total number of farms. The average Prairie farm
is at least three times larger than that found anywhere else in Canada. Alberta has the most land in
pasture, and the most cattle of any province, while between them Saskatchewan and Manitoba have more
land in crops than the rest of Canada combined.

Agricultural activity is more scattered in other parts of Canada. British Columbia has less than 8% of the
farms and under 4% of the farm land. Over half of British Columbia's farmland is used for pasture.
Ontario and Quebec account for nearly 40% of farms but only 13% of the farmland. Both provinces use
more farmland for crops than pasture. The Atlantic Provinces account for less than 2% of the farmland
and under 4% of the farms.

5. Contribution of Agriculture in Exports

Exports of all agricultural products were $20 billion in 1996, just over 7% of all Canadian trade.
Total grains and oilseeds made up almost $11 billion of agricultural exports. A further $5 billion
was made up of live animals and red meats, both predominately cattle. The top four destinations
of agricultural exports were: United States 51%, Japan 11%, European Union 7% and China
6%.In 1999 agricultural exports rose to $21.7 billion, almost 6% of total trade. Almost $10
billion of agricultural trade was made up of grains and oilseeds. Live animals and red meats, both
predominately cattle, made up $4.5 billion of trade. The top five destinations were United States
61%, Japan 9%, European Union 6%, and China 3%.

6. Percentage of people involved in Agriculture

The Census of Agriculture records the number of people involved in primary agriculture activity.
Farm operators are defined as those persons responsible for day to day management decisions
made in the operation of a census farm or agricultural operation. There can be more than one
farm operator on a single farm and farm operators can generate employment income from off-
farm work.
There were 274 955 farms in 1996, a drop of 1.8% from the total number in 1991. Total farm
cash receipts were $29.2 billion in 1996. They totalled $30.4 billion in 1999. In 1996, 48% of all
farm cash receipts came from crops while 47% of receipts came from livestock and related
products. In 1999 crops accounted for 43%, while livestock and related products rose to 49% of
all farm cash receipts. Operating expenses after rebates were $22.7 billion for 1996. In 1999 they
rose to $24.3 billion.The total net income for farm operators was $4.4 billion in 1996. By 1999
the total net income had fallen to $2.9 billion. In 1996, there were 387 550 farm operators of
which only 230 195 were considered to have an agricultural occupation. There were 425 500
people 15 years of age and over employed in the agriculture industry in 1996, just over 3% of all
employed people. By 1999 this had fallen to 410 100 people, just under 3% of all employed
people.

X. Other features like

1. Transportation System
Canada has one of the most modern and highly developed transportation infrastructures in the
world. In fact, according to the World Economic forum’s 1997 Global Competitiveness Report,
Canada’s transportation infrastructure is ranked first among G-7 countries. This ranking, based
on the extent to which a country’s transportation infrastructure meets the requirements of an
internationally competitive business, measures the adequacy of roads, railroads, air transport and
port access. This achievement is truly remarkable given the sheer size of Canada’s landmass and
its challenging landscape.

By sea

Canada is a maritime nation with access to three oceans, the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic,
and to the world’s longest inland waterway open to ocean shipping, the Great Lakes/St.
Lawrence Seaway System. In addition, 300 commercial ports and harbours handle many goods
shipped in and through Canada. The St. Lawrence Seaway, a marine highway as long as the
Atlantic Ocean is wide, handles some 200 million tonnes of cargo each year, with over 100
million tonnes passing through ports along the St. Lawrence River. Vital to Canada’s
international competitiveness, the Seaway provides a direct route to the industrial heart of North
America.

By air

Canada has a highly developed air transportation system that includes 10 major international
airports over 300 smaller airports. Canada’s two main airline carriers, Air Canada and Canadian
Airlines International, have comprehensive domestic and international route networks and
affiliation with smaller regional carriers that link all parts of the country to transcontinental and
international route systems. In addition, both airlines have strategic alliances with the world’s
major carriers allowing easy connection to the rest of the world.
By road

Canada has more than 900,000 kilometres of public roads. The 7,300-kilometre Trans Canada
Highway is the country’s major east-west route, linking all 10 provinces. The road network
includes a large number of crossing points with the US, 18 of which are major trade gateways.In
recent years, the increase in truck traffic generated by the growth in Canada-US trade and just-in-
time manufacturing have placed added demands on the road system and have focused greater
attention on road safety, including the quality of infrastructure. As a result, Canada invests a
large amount of money on road maintenance and upgrades.

By rail

Railways are the backbone of Canada’s transportation system, providing the most economical
method of moving containers and bulk commodities over great distances. Canadian railways
move some 270 million tonnes of freight annually.

Like the air industry, Canada’s rail industry is dominated by two major players: Canadian
National Railways (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railways (CP). CN and CP have strong domestic
networks, significant links into the US, including ownership of several US rail lines, and a
growing number of regional railway affiliates from which to serve North American markets.
They also have easy access to Canada’s major ports and to interior communities, either directly
or indirectly, through truck-rail intermodal service

Superior integration

With a billion dollars in trade crossing the Canada-US border everyday by sea, air, road and rail,
the integration of north-south transportation linkages has always been important to Canadians.
It’s become even more so with the advent of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and the Open Skies bilateral air agreement, and with their corresponding increases in
cross-border traffic. With the Open Skies agreement, direct flights to the US from the 8 major
canadian airports have increase significantly: Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg,
Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal (Dorval & Mirabel) and Halifax.

Innovative transportation technology

Containerized shipping is not the only transportation industry to benefit from innovation and
advanced technology. Canada is making the most of recent research into intelligent
transportation systems (ITS), which incorporate advanced navigation, route guidance,
communication, sensor and computer technologies. Canada is applying ITS to a broad range of
transportation systems to improve accessibility, sustainability, productivity and safety.
Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technology, which speeds the movement of truck traffic
across borders, is one example of how ITS is being applied.Potentially, this same technology
could also be used to monitor traffic or weight violations.

2. The Canadian Educational System

In Canada, education does not fall within the scope of federal jurisdiction – it is the singular
responsibility of each province or territory. Under the British North America Act of 1867, each
province and territory has the power to establish its own autonomous education system and to
make all decisions regarding schools, teachers and curriculum pertaining to education within the
specific province/territory. A distinct feature of the Canadian educational system is that religious
schools are included within the public system. In the provinces of Ontario, Alberta and
Saskatchewan, and the territories of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, provisions
have been made for denominational minorities to operate separate school systems, the majority
of which are Roman Catholic. In addition, there are a number of private schools, as well as
schools which operate under the jurisdiction of the Aboriginal bands in the provinces and
territories.

Some Features of Canada’s Educational System

 The Canadian educational system is famous for its high standards. Each province has
its own system which is very much like the state system in Germany. After kindergarten
and elementary school students attend secondary school and then High School.
 More than 90% of all students attend the Public High Schools The rest either opt for
private schools or decide on home schooling.
 High Schools offer a wide range of educational courses, programs and extra
curricular activities.
 All high schools are day schools with an identical structure
 Schools in Canada follow the standard educational system set by the provincial
government. The guidelines are determined by the ministry of education in each single
province. These schools can only select school books and teaching material from a set list
approved by the provincial authorities.
  After 12 years of successful schooling the students get a graduation certificate. For this,
the students have to pass special graduation programs in the 11th and 12th standards and
pass the examination set by the provincial educational board. This examination is a
prerequisite for further studies in an affiliated college or university in Canada.
 Some schools offer Advanced Placement Courses (AP) and International
Baccalaureate Program (IB)
 Canada has two official languages: English and French. In Alberta, British Columbia
and Newfoundland English is the language of instruction (except for French). But in
every school French is offered as the first foreign language.
 The schools also offer ‘French Immersion’. This means, French could also be chosen as
the language of instruction for some or all the subjects.
 A school year starts in September and ends in June of the following year. It is comprised
of two semesters of five months each.
 Most of the schools offer classes in a so called ‘Semester-System’. The students take
classes in 8 different subjects in one school year. Each student has to select two main
subjects and two elective subjects per semester. The main subjects comprise English,
Mathematics, natural sciences and social sciences, and the elective could be from a wide
range of other courses. In the afternoon there are various sports and extra curricular
activities .
4. Medical facilities
Canada’s medical care is of a high standard but is government controlled and rationed. The level
of public health and sanitation in Canada is high. Quick and easy access to ongoing medical care
is difficult for temporary visitors who are not members of each province’s government run health
care plans. Many physicians will not take new patients. Access to a specialist is by referral from
a general practitioner only and even with a referral it may take months to obtain an appointment
with a specialist. Emergency room waits are very long. No Canadian health care provider
accepts U.S. domestic health insurance. Visitors who seek any medical attention in Canada
should be prepared to pay in cash in full at the time the service is rendered. Traveler’s medical
insurance is highly recommended even for visits to Canada. Some health care professionals in
the province of Quebec might only speak French.

5. Police Public Ratio

A police board is an appointed form of local government charged with the responsibility of
overseeing a territorial police department in Canada - the term is also used for the same function
in Scotland. Every municipality in Canada that operates their own police force is required to
establish such a board. The legislation of Police Boards is in the jurisdiction of each provincial
legislature. All municipalities with a population over 5,000 are required by the British Columbia
Police Act to provide for a police service. Municipalities in this category have two options:
contract with the provincial government for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or create an
independent police department. There are currently 11 police boards in British Columbia:
  City of Vancouver, British Columbia - population: 569,814 - number of police officers:
1,124 - police to population ratio is 1:507

 City of Abbotsford, British Columbia - population: 127,712 - number of police officers:

158 - police to population ratio is 1:808

 District of Saanich, British Columbia - population: 107,964 - number of police officers:

141 - police to population ratio is 1:766

 District of Delta, British Columbia - population: 100,576 - number of police officers: 141
- police to population ratio is 1:713

 City of Victoria, British Columbia - population: 93,097 - number of police officers: 211 -
police to population ratio is 1:441 (includes Township of Esquimalt, British Columbia)

 City of New Westminster, British Columbia - population: 59,426 - number of police

officers: 106 - police to population ratio is 1:561

 District of West Vancouver, British Columbia - population: 45,212 - number of police

officers: 77 - police to population ratio is 1:587

 City of Port Moody, British Columbia - population: 26,690 - number of police officers:
34 - police to population ratio is 1:785

 District of Oak Bay, British Columbia - population: 18,207 - number of police officers:
22 - police to population ratio is 1:828

 District of Central Saanich, British Columbia - population: 16,091 - number of police

officers: 21 - police to population ratio is 1:766

 City of Nelson, British Columbia - population: 9,630 - number of police officers: 17 -

police to population ratio is 1:566

6. Social Security System

Canada's social security system has evolved gradually in response to a variety of social,
economic, and political factors. From a modest beginning in 1927, a system has developed that
consists of virtually universal benefits, social insurance plans, social assistance programs, and a
wide array of health and social services. Canada's retirement income system has three
levels.Under the Canadian constitution, the federal and provincial governments share
responsibility for social security. Both play an important role in planning, administering,
delivering, and financing income security, health, and social service programs.

Canadian Benefits
  Old Age Security:If you have lived in Canada for ten years after reaching age 18, you
may qualify for the Old Age Security pension or Allowance.If you have lived in Canada
for at least 20 years after reaching age 18, you may collect the Old Age Security pension
outside Canada.
 Canada Pension Plan:If you have contributed to the Canada Pension Plan for a certain
number of years (between 3 and 10, depending on the type of benefit and age of the
contributor), you may qualify for a disability pension, and the members of your family
may qualify for survivor or child benefits.You do not need an agreement to qualify for
the Canada Pension Plan retirement pension. This is because you can receive a monthly
retirement pension at any time after your 60th birthday if you have made at least one
valid contribution to the Plan. The amount of the benefit depends on how long and how
much you have contributed to the Plan.
 Minimum Requirements:Perhaps you have not lived and worked in Canada long enough
to qualify for a Canadian pension. If so, Canada counts your pension credits from the
other country to help you qualify for a pension.
 Pension Amount:Once you qualify, your pension will be based on your residence or your
contributions in Canada. This applies to both the Old Age Security Program and the
Canada Pension Plan.

Canada Military Strength

PERSONNEL
Total Population: 33,212,696 [2008]
Population Available: 15,885,472 [2008]
Fit for Military Service: 13,064,205 [2008]
Reaching Military Age Annually: 442,991 [2008]

ARMY

NAVY
Merchant Marine Strength: 175 [2008]

AIR FORCE
Serviceable Airports: 1,343 [2007]

FINANCES (USD)
Foreign Exch. & Gold: $41,080,000,000 [2007]
Purchasing Power: $1,271,000,000,000 [2007]

OIL
Oil Production: 3,310,000 bbl/day [2007]
Oil Consumption: 2,290,000 bbl/day [2005]
Proven Oil Reserves: 178,800,000,000 bbl [2006]

LOGISTICAL
Labor Force: 17,950,000 [2007]
Roadways: 1,042,300 km
Railways: 48,068 km

GEOGRAPHICAL
Waterways: 636 km
Coastline: 202,080 km
Square Land Area: 9,984,670 km

7. Pollution and its standing in the world.

There are many kinds of pollution affecting Canada

Air Pollution - Air and Toxics Issues Section, Acid Rain, Air Quality, Greenhouse Gases,
Ozone, Smog, General

Land Pollution - Pesticides

Water Pollution - Dredging and Ocean Disposal, Marine Debris, Oil and Chemical Spills,
Shellfish, Water Quality.

Toxic Chemicals - Air and Toxics Issues Section, Newsletter of the Toxic Chemicals Section,
Toxic Chemicals in Atlantic Canada, Ecological Risk Assessment of Textile Mill Effluents,
Pollution Data, Strategic Options for the Management of Toxic Substances - Electric Power
Generation Sector (Fossil Fuel), Toxic Chemicals in Atlantic Canada

Tougher laws are needed to reduce pollution in Canada, as the voluntary approach does not
appear to be working. Three environmental groups say the pollution of Canada's air, water and
land has increased by more than 20% since 1995. Total releases of chemicals of concern
increased by more than 36 million kilograms (kg) from 177,009,091 kg in 1995 to 213,414,272
kg in 2001. This increase was recorded for a group of 163 "core chemicals" that have been
monitored by Environment Canada each year since 1995 through the National Pollutant Release
Inventory.

A new study of consumer habits and how they affect the environment has given Canadians a
dismal ranking of second-last in a list of 14 countries. The study by The National Geographic
Society and polling firm GlobeScan was released Wednesday.Environment Minister John Baird
called the study a "wake-up call," but said Canadians have to use more energy simply because
they live in a colder climate.The top two nations were Brazil and India, while the U.S. was dead
last, just behind Canada.
Here are the results, ranked from best to worst in terms of environmental impact:

• Brazil: 60 points
• India: 60 points
• China: 56.1
• Mexico: 54.3
• Hungary: 53.2
• Russia: 52.4
• United Kingdom: 50.2
• Germany: 50.2
• Australia: 50.2
• Spain: 50.0
• Japan: 49.1
• France: 48.7
• Canada: 48.5
• U.S.: 44.9
 Bibliography
 http://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/canada-lat-long.html

 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ca.html

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada

 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Canada%27s_national_animal

 http://www.growerflowers.com/SECanada.asp
 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/common-loon.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Canada
 http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080507/canada_envir
onment_080507/20080507?hub=TopStories

 http://www.zerowaste.ca/articles/column180.html

 http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/pollution/index.html

 http://www.globalfirepower.com/country_detail.asp?country_id=27

 http://www1.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/pub/overview/refguide2.shtml
 http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1082.html#medical
 http://www.high-school-kanada.com/edusystem.htm

 http://www.ctf-fce.ca/e/teaching_in_canada/index.asp

 http://www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/report/brochure/

 http://www.politicswatch.com/leaders.htm
 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/labour-travail/lfs-epa/lfs-epa-eng.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canada

 http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/economic/agriculture/agriculture19
96/1

 http://www43.statcan.ca/03/03b/03b_002_e.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto

 http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/agrc25a-eng.htm

 http://www.tsx.com/en/about_tsx/corporate_information/index.html
 http://www.philcongen-toronto.com/general/general_industry.php
 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?
PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005625
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Reserves_in_Canada
 http://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/are.html
 http://www.yankeedoodles.net/canada.htm
 http://www.ontariojobfutures.ca/employment_trends.html
 http://gocanada.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/tp/topfestivals.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canada
 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071130232326AAzyUv8