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A TRANSCIVILIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

Questioning Prevalent Cognitive Frameworks

in the Emerging Multi-Polar and Multi-Civilizational
World of the Twenty-First Century

by

ONUMA YASUAKI

This course has been published as a pocketbook by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers

(ISBN 978-90-04-18689-7)
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ONUMA YASUAKI
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81

CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter I. A transcivilizational perspective : a cognitive framework to under-
stand the twenty-first-century world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
I. From a State-centric and West-centric international society to a multi-
polar and multi-civilizational global society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
1. International law in a State-centric and West-centric international
society of the twentieth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
(1) International law and international society . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
(2) Characteristic features of the twentieth-century international
society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2. Conflicts destabilizing the international order . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
(1) The conflict between the transnationalization of economics and
information, and the sovereign States system . . . . . . . . . . 109
(2) The conflict between the global quest for human dignity and the
sense of victimization shared by non-Western and/or devel-
oping nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
(3) Emerging discrepancies between the economic power and the
intellectual/informational hegemony in global society . . . . . . 113
II. Prevalent perspectives to understand international law in the twentieth
century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1. The international perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
(1) The predominance of the international perspective . . . . . . . 115
(2) The persistence of State-centrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2. The transnational perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
(1) The emergence of the transnational perspective . . . . . . . . . 120
(2) The significance of the transnational perspective . . . . . . . . 123
(3) Problems of international and transnational perspectives . . . . 125
(4) Participants of international law : various actors with diverse
perspectives involved in the international legal process. . . . . 128
III. The transcivilizational perspective : a way to see international law in a
more nuanced and comprehensive manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1. The significance of civilizational factors and perspectives in the
sovereign States system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
(1) What is the transcivilizational perspective ?. . . . . . . . . . . 130
(2) Civilizational factors and perspectives as preserved and
utilized within the sovereign States system . . . . . . . . . . . 133
(3) Tacit recognition of the significance of civilizational factors
and perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2. Realities requiring the adoption of the transcivilizational perspective
in the twenty-first century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
(1) Significance and decline of the non-intervention principle . . . 137
(2) A clash of civilizations ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
(3) The need to minimize conflicts between egocentric, unilateral
universalisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
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82 Onuma Yasuaki

(4) The functional notion of the transcivilizational perspective . . 144

(5) Changing the perspective : a crucial task for international
lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Chapter II. Power and legitimacy in international law . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
I. Law and power in global society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
1. International law versus the power of States a prevalent image on
law and power in international society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
(1) Complex and multidimensional relations between law, legiti-
macy and power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
(2) Cases in which international law is actually discoursed and used
in a visible manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
(3) The most frequently asked question : Can international law
control the power of States ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
(4) Failure and irrelevance of international law ? . . . . . . . . . . 163
2. Might makes right ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
(1) Power in the creation of international law : a case of bilateral
treaties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
(2) Various types of power involved in the creation of multilateral
treaties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
(3) The primacy of Western power in the creation of so-called
customary international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
(4) The power and legitimacy of the United Nations . . . . . . . . 173
3. Power that sustains and realizes law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
(1) Horizontal sanctions of international law ?. . . . . . . . . . . 177
(2) Can international law be enforced as an adjudicative norm ? . . 179
(3) Collective security, unilateralism and the balance of power in
international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
II. International law as power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
1. International law as seen from the perspective of ideational power 185
(1) The power of ideas and the power to disseminate the ideas . . 185
(2) The prevalent perception of irrelevance of international law . 189
(3) Unreality of the so-called realists view regarding international
law as irrelevant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
(4) Societal functions of international law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
2. The constructive function of international law . . . . . . . . . . . 199
(1) The power of international law to construe and construct social
realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
(2) The power to make ideas of international law become known,
disseminated and shared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
III. In quest of legitimate perspectives in the global discursive space . . 202
1. Problems of West-centrism in international law . . . . . . . . . . 202
(1) Critiques of West-centrism and their problems . . . . . . . . . 202
(2) The need for intercivilizational or transcivilizational per-
spectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
(3) The need for changing the perspective in responding to the
multipolarization of the globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
(4) Symptoms for change in the study of international law ? . . . . 210
2. The power of legitimate international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
(1) The power of shared normative consciousness in upholding the law 213
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A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law 83

(2) Significance and problems of international and transnational

perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
(3) The transcivilizational perspective : a way to fill the legiti-
macy deficit in international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter III. Towards a proper understanding of general international law,
customary international law, and the judiciary in global society . . . . . . 220
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
I. Concept of general international law in the twentieth century . . . . . 222
1. Equation of general international law with the so-called customary
international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
(1) Problems in resorting to Article 38 of the ICJ Statute for identi-
fying the sources of international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
(2) Attitude of the ICJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
(3) Absurdity in relying on Article 38 of the ICJ Statute for identi-
fying norms of international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
(4) Factors responsible for the over-evaluation of Article 38 of the
ICJ Statute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
2. Liberation of the concept of general international law from the
mystical theory of customary international law . . . . . . . . . . 236
(1) The legitimacy deficit of the so-called customary international
law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
(2) The widening gap between the reality and the traditional custo-
mary international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
(3) Multinational treaties as a cognitive basis of general international
law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
(4) Relative nature of the universal validity of general internatio-
nal law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
(5) UNGA resolutions as a cognitive basis of international law. . . 245
II. Towards proper understandings of the judiciary in global society . . . 250
1. Liberation of the study of international law from excessive judicial-
centrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
(1) Enhanced significance of the judiciary in international society ? 250
(2) Aspects not referred to in the prevalent discourse on the
legalization and judicialization in international society. . . 252
(3) Necessity for differentiating the significance of the ICJ as an agent
of international conflict resolution and the most authoritative
organ to interpret international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
2. International law in the real world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
(1) Pre-eminence of non-judicial forums where norms of international
law are actually referred to, discoursed and used . . . . . . . . 256
(2) Higher values of multinational treaties and UNGA resolutions
as cognitive bases of general international law . . . . . . . . . 258
(3) The element of power in the creation of general international
law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
(4) Towards a more comprehensive perspective for assessing the
proper status and functions of international law . . . . . . . . . 262
Chapter IV. History of international law as seen from a transcivilizational
perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
I. Problematiques surrounding the history of international law . . . . . . 269
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84 Onuma Yasuaki

1. The problem of projecting a present notion on to the past . . . . . 269

(1) Treaties between States ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
(2) Problems related to treaties during the pre-modern period . . 270
(3) Problems on the character of the political (or politico-religious)
and regional units and their relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
(4) International law as an inter-subjective construct . . . . . . . . 276
2. Pre-modern worlds without a global international society . . . . . . 278
(1) Independent human groups sharing a world image and their
relations with other such groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
(2) A world of co-existing regional civilizations and a world
of Eurocentric sovereign States system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
II. The co-existence of regional civilizations in the pre-twentieth-century
world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
1. The Islamic regional civilization and the siyar . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
(1) A world composed of dar al-Islam and dar al-harb . . . . . . . 283
(2) Relations with other politico-religious groups as prescribed by
the siyar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
2. The European world and its world images : proselytizing Christianity,
secularization of the society and colonization of other regions . . . 287
(1) The decentralized structures and Christianity in the European
world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
(2) Francisco de Vitoria and Spanish colonization of America : a
prototype of European colonization of the world . . . . . . . . 289
(3) International law in its European form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
3. The Sinocentric tribute system in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
(1) Sinocentric tribute system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
(2) Diverse perceptions and understandings of Sinocentrism held by
various actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
(3) Deviations within a Sinocentric tribute system . . . . . . . . . 299
4. The conflicts of two universalistic world images in East Asia . . . 301
(1) The limited historical applicability of the principle of pacta sunt
servanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
(2) The Macartney mission and the collision of egocentric univer-
salistic world images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
III. The globalization of a Eurocentric ordering of the world in the nine-
teenth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
1. The collapse of the Islamocentric system of world ordering . . . . 306
(1) Transformation of the Ottoman Empire to Turkey . . . . . . . 306
(2) Changing characterization of the Ottoman Empire in the Peace
Treaty of Paris of 1856. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
2. The partition of Africa and international law as the law of
civilized nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
(1) Increase of power held by European nations and the accom-
panying self-confident sense of mission civilisatrice . . . . . 311
(2) The significance of the Berlin Conference and the General Act
of 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
(3) Deceiving oneself, deceiving others : justification of European
colonization of Africa by international law . . . . . . . . . . . 316
3. The collapse of the Sinocentric system of world ordering . . . . . 320
(1) Conflicts of two universalistic systems in East Asia . . . . . . 320
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A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law 85

(2) Persistence of Sinocentrism and the significance of the Maguan

Tiaoyue (the Peace Treaty of the Sino-Japanese War) of 1895 . 321
(3) The collapse of the Sinocentric system of world ordering . . . 324
IV. Toward overcoming West-centric cognitive frameworks in our thought 326
1. Globalization of international law in the civilizational sense . . . 326
(1) Revision of the West-centric international law in the twentieth
century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
(2) Limited change in the cognitive and evaluative framework
of international law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
2. A view from a transcivilizational perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 330
(1) Critical differences between todays assumptions and past ones 330
(2) The necessity for appreciating inter-subjectivity in international
law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
(3) Which is more universal, natural law or Sinocentrism ?. . . . . 335
(4) Problematiques of earlier studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
(5) The problem of Eurocentrism : perspective versus historical
record, or both ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chapter V. Human rights in a multi-polar and multi-civilizational world . . 342
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
I. The problem of West-centrism in the universality of human rights . 347
1. Problems relating to the universality of human rights . . . . . . . 347
(1) The range of universality of human rights . . . . . . . . . . . 347
(2) Problematic features of the theory of the universal origin of
human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
2. The need for re-conceptualization of human rights in the process
of its universalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
(1) The liberation from West-centrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
(2) The awareness of the distinction between the universal, uni-
versalism and universalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
II. Questioning the self-evident on human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
1. Is human rights a value ? Human rights as the most effective
means to protect the values and interests of individuals against
the sovereign States and the capitalist economy . . . . . . . . . . 355
(1) Human rights, a counterpart of modern sovereign statehood . . 355
(2) Reasons why States must accept human rights. . . . . . . . . . 357
(3) Historicity or civilizational specificity of human rights . . . . . 360
2. Liberation from liberty-centrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
(1) The prevalence of liberty-centrism in the twentieth century . . . 362
(2) Rectifying excessive liberty-centrism : development from the
twentieth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
(3) The insufficient situation for integrating socio-economic data
to the assessment of human rights conditions . . . . . . . . . . 368
(4) The critical importance of a comprehensive and well-balanced
assessment of human rights conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
(5) Ways to enhance the legitimacy of global human rights policies 374
3. The judiciary as a bastion of human rights ? . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
(1) The areas or cases in which the judiciary can work as a bastion
of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
(2) The exceptionality of the judiciary as a bastion of human rights 377
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86 Onuma Yasuaki

(3) For a realistic approach to identify effective mechanisms for

protecting human rights on a global scale . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
4. Liberation from individual-centrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
(1) The myth of independent and self-reliant individual in moder-
nity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
(2) The false dichotomy between the individualistic West versus
the collectivistic East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
(3) Negative consequences of individual-centrism . . . . . . . . . . 385
III. A search for transcivilizational human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
1. The significance of the international human rights instruments and
the Vienna Declaration of 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
(1) The significance of the current international human rights
instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
(2) The critical importance of the Vienna Declaration . . . . . . . 389
(3) Norms in the Vienna Declaration as the most authoritative
guide to the interpretation and implementation of the human
rights instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
2. The modification and supplementation of international human
rights norms from a transnational perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 394
(1) The political and ideological nature of international human
rights instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
(2) Public roles of NGOs in supplementing and rectifying interna-
tional perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
3. The modification and supplementation of international human
rights norms from a transcivilizational perspective . . . . . . . . . 398
(1) The role of academia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
(2) Gaps between dominant cultures and current human rights
norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
(3) The need for reinterpretation of dominant cultures and religions 405
(4) The need for re-conceptualization of all value systems
including human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Onuma Yasuaki, born on 8 March 1946, in Japan.

LL.B. (Public Law), Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of
Tokyo (1969) ; LL.B. (Political Science), Department of Political Science, Faculty
of Law, University of Tokyo (1970) ; LL.D., Graduate School of Law and Politics,
University of Tokyo (1999).
Research Associate, Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo (1970-1973) ; Asso-
ciate Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo (1973-
1984) ; Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo (1984-
1991) ; Professor of International Law, Faculty of Graduate Schools for Law and
Politics, University of Tokyo (1991-2009) ; Distinguished Professor, Faculty of
Law, Meiji University (since 2009) ; Visiting Lecturer, Yale Law School (1992) ;
Visiting Professor, Colombia University (1997, 2002) ; Institut universitaire
de hautes tudes internationales (1997) ; University of Michigan (1999, 2004,
2006) ; Universit de Paris I (2003) ; Peking University (2005) ; Tsinghua
University (2007) ; Jawaharlal Nehru University (2010).
8th Adachi Mineichiro Award (Adachi Mineichiro Memorial Hall, 1975) ;
8th Ishibashi Tanzan Award (Ishibashi Tanzan Memorial Foundation, 1987) ;
2nd Stefan A. Riesenfeld Memorial Award (University of California, Berkeley,
Boalt Hall School of Law, 2002).
Lecture given as Visiting Professor of Montague Burton Chair of International
Relations at the University of Edinburgh (1989) ; Lezione Magistrale at the 10th
Convengno di Studi Giornata Gentiliana at the Centro Internazionale Studi
Gentiliani (2002) ; Ashby Lecture at Clare Hall, University of Cambridge (2004) ;
Toyota Lecture at Australian National University (2005) ; lectures at the Hague
Academy of International Law (2007) ; lectures at the Collge de France (2008).
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88

PRINCIPAL PUBLICATIONS

Major Publications in English

Edited volumes
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : An International Symposium (Kodansha Interna-
tional, 1986) (ed.).
A Normative Approach to War : Peace, War, and Justice in Hugo Grotius
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993) (ed.).
Articles
Nationality and Territorial Change : In Search of the State of the Law, Yale
Journal of World Public Order, VIII, No. 1 (1981).
The Problem of Eurocentric Education in International Law, Proceedings of the
75th Anniversary Convocation of the American Society of International Law,
April 23-25, 1981 (1983).
Beyond Victors Justice, Japan Echo, XI, Special Issue (1984).
Pitfalls of Internationalization, IHJ Bulletin, IV, No. 4 (1984).
The Historical Change in International Legal Order : With Special Reference to
the Ideological Function of the Concept of Civilization, Yong Sang Cho, ed.,
Conflicts and Harmony in Modern Society (Keimyung University Press, Taegu,
1985).
Japanese International Law in the Prewar Period : Perspectives on the Teaching
and Research of International Law in Prewar Japan, Japanese Annual of
International Law, No. 29 (1986).
Between Natural Rights of Man and Fundamental Rights of States, Neil
MacCormick and Zenon Bankowski, eds., Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution
(Aberdeen University Press, 1989).
Japanese International Law in the Postwar Period : Perspectives on the Teaching
and Research of International Law in Postwar Japan, Japanese Annual of
International Law, No. 33 (1990).
Interplay between Human Rights Activities and Legal Standards of Human
Rights : A Case Study on the Korean Minority in Japan, Cornell International
Law Journal, XXV, No. 3 (1992).
Beyond the Myth of Mono-ethnic Japan, The Committee to Commemorate the
Sixtieth Birthday of Prof. Su Yong-Dal, ed., Asian Citizens and Koreans in
Japan (Nihon hyoron sha, 1993).
Japanese War Guilt, the Peace Constitution, and Japans Role in Global Peace
and Security, M. Young and Y. Iwasawa, eds., Trilateral Perspectives on
International Legal Issues (Transnational Publishers, 1996).
In Quest of Intercivilizational Human Rights : Universal vs. Relative Human
Rights Viewed from an Asian Perspective, D. Warner, ed., Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law (Kluwer Law International, 1997).
The Quest for Intercivilizational Human Rights : Japans Task in the Twenty-first
Century, Japan Review of International Affairs, XI, No. 3 (The Japan Institute
of International Affairs, 1997).
Towards an Intercivilizational Approach to Human Rights, Joanne Bauer and
Daniel Bell, eds., The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights (Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1999).
When Was the Law of International Society Born ?, Journal of the History of
International Law, II, No. 2 (2000).
Towards an Intercivilizational Approach to Human Rights, Asian Yearbook of
International Law, VII (2001).
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A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law 89

The ICJ : An Emperor without Clothes ?, N. Ando et al., eds., Liber Amicorum
Judge Shigeru Oda (Kluwer Law International, 2002).
Japanese War Guilt and Postwar Responsibilities of Japan, Berkeley Journal of
International Law, XX, No. 3 (2002).
International Law in and with International Politics : The Functions of
International Law in International Society, European Journal of International
Law, XIV, No. 1 (Oxford University Press, 2003).
A Transcivilizational Perspective on Global Legal Order in the Twenty-First
Century : A Way to Overcome West-centric and Judiciary-centric Deficits in
International Legal Thoughts, Ronald St. John Macdonald and Douglas M.
Johnston, eds., Towards World Constitutionalism (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
2005)

Major Publications in Japanese

LL.D. Dissertation
Jinken, kokka, bunmei (Human Rights, States, and Civilizations) (Chikuma shobo,
1998 ; Chinese ed., SDX Joint Publishing Company, Beijing, 2003).
Books
Senso sekinin ron josetsu (Prolegomena to the Responsibility for War) (Tokyo
University Press, 1975).
Tan-itsu minzoku shakai no shinwa wo koete (Beyond the Myth of A Mono-ethnic
Society) (Toshindo, 1986 ; 2nd ed., 1993 ; Korean ed., Korea University, Asian
Research Center, 1993).
Tokyo saiban kara sengo sekinin no shiso e (From the Tokyo War Crimes Trial to
the Philosophy of Japanese Postwar Responsibilities for War) (Yushindo, 1985 ;
2nd ed., Toshindo, 1987 ; 3rd ed., Toshindo, 1993 ; 4th ed., Toshindo, 1997).
Wakoku to kyokuto no aida (Between the Country of Wa and the Far East)
(Chuo koron sha, 1988).
Saharin kimin (Koreans Left in Sakhalin) (Chuo koron sha, 1992 ; Korean ed.,
1993).
Zainichi Kankoku-chosen jin no kokuseki to jinken (The Nationality and Human
Rights of Koreans in Japan) (Toshindo, 2004).
Kokusaiho (International Law) (Toshindo, 2005 ; 2nd ed., Toshindo, 2008).
Tokyo saiban, senso sekinin, sengo sekinin (Tokyo War Crimes Trials, Japanese
War Guilt and Postwar Responsibility of Japan) (Toshindo, 2007).
Ianfu mondai towa nandattanoka (What Was the Comfort Women Problem ?)
(Chuo koron shinsha, 2007).
Edited volumes
Kokusaihogaku no saikochiku, I, II (Reconstruction of the Study of International
Law) (Tokyo University Press, 1977-1978) (ed.).
Tokyo saiban wo tou (Questioning the Tokyo War Crimes Trial) (Kodansha, 1984)
(ed.).
Senso to heiwa no ho (The Law of War and Peace) (Toshindo, 1987 ; 2nd ed.,
Toshindo, 1995) (ed.).
Kokusaiho, Kokusai Rengo to Nippon (International Law, the United Nations and
Japan) (Kobundo, 1987 ; Korean ed., International Society of the Law of the
Sea, 1997) (ed.).
Shiryo de yomitoku kokusaiho (Intercivilizational Law : Cases and Materials)
(Toshindo, 1996 ; 2nd ed., 2005) (ed.).
Toa no koso (Toward a Normative Order of East Asia in the Twenty-first Century)
(Chikuma shobo, 2000) (ed.).
Kokusai shakai ni okeru ho to chikara (Law and Power in International Society)
(Nihon hyoron sha, 2008) (ed.).
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90 Onuma Yasuaki

Articles
Zainichi chosen jin no hoteki chii ni kansuru ichi kosatsu (Reflections on the
Legal Status of Koreans in Japan), Hogaku kyokai zassi, XCVI, Nos. 3,5,8,
XCVII, Nos. 2,3,4 (1979-1980).
Hugo Grotius ni okeru ippan kokusaiho no kannen (The Concept of General
International Law in Hugo Grotius), Kokka gakkai hyaku nen kinen : Kokka to
shimin, II (Yuhikaku, 1987).
Kokusaihogaku no kokunai moderu shiko (Domestic Model Approach in the
Study of International Law), Tanaka Tadashi and Hirobe Kazuya, eds.,
Kokusaiho to kokunaiho (Keiso shobo, 1991).
Heiwa kenpo to shudan anzen hosho (1),(2) (Japans Peace Constitution and
the Collective Security), Kokusaiho gaiko zassi, XCII, Nos. 1,2 (1993).
Bunsaiteki jinken wo mezashite (In Quest of Trans-civilizational Human
Rights), Watanabe Akio, ed., Ajia no jinken (Nihon Kokusai Mondai
Kenkyusho, 1997).
Bunsaiteki jinken ron no kochiku ni mukete (Towards the Establishment of the
Theory of Intercivilizational Human Rights) (1) (2) (3), Kokka gakkai zassi,
CXI, Nos. 3-4, Nos. 9-10, Nos. 11-12 (1998).
Kokusai shakai ni okeru ho to seiji (Law and Politics in International Society),
Kokusaiho gakkai, ed., Nihon to kokusaiho no hyakunen, I (Sanseido, 2001).
Nihon no senso sekinin to sengo sekinin (Japanese War Guilt and Postwar
Responsibilities of Japan), Kokusai Mondai, No. 501 (2001).
Ho no jitsugen katei to iu ninshiki wakugumi (A Cognitive Framework of the
Law Realization Process), Nihon Hoshakai gakkai, ed., Ho no kochiku
(Hoshakaigaku), No. 58 (Yuhikaku, 2003).
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91

ABBREVIATIONS

ECOSOC Economic and Social Council

ICC International Criminal Court
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
NGO non-governmental organization
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice
UN United Nations
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNSC United Nations Security Council
WTO World Trade Organization
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