EXPERIMENT-1

VERIFICATION OF THEVININS AND NORTONS THEOREM

THEVININS:

I1

50.00V 587.5V
10Adc
R1 R2
A VOC
187.5V
20 40
V1
50Vdc R3
60
B 0V

CALCULATION OF VOC

VOC=VA-AB=587.5-0=587.5V AND RTh CALCULATED TO BE 55 Ohm

I1

10.00A
10Adc
R1 R2
VOC
1.367A 2.656A
20 40
7.344A
V1 1.289A RL
50Vdc R3
IL 25
60
8.633A

CALCULATION OF IL

IL=VOC/(RTH+RL)=587.5/(55+25)=7.344A

NORTONS:

I1

10.00A
10Adc
R1 R2
1.136A
681.8mA ISC
20 40
V1 454.5mA
50Vdc R3
60
11.14A

CALCULATION OF ISC IN NORTON'S THEOREM

ISC=I1+IR2=10+.6818=10.682A
 I1

10.00A
10Adc
R1 R2

1.367A 2.656A IL
20 40
7.344A
V1 1.289A RL
50Vdc R3
25
60
8.633A

CALCULATION OF IL

I1
50.00V
10.00A
10Adc
R1 77.34V R2
A VOC
2.656A
20 40
1.367A 77.34V 7.344A
V1 RL
50Vdc 1.289A R3
IL 25
60
8.633A B 0V

ORIGINAL CIRCUIT

SL RL ORIGINAL ORIGINAL THEVININS THEVININS RTh=RN NORTONS NORTONS

NO CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
VAB IAB VTh IAB RTh=RN ISC IAB
1 25 183.6 7.344 587.5 7.344 55 10.682 7.344
2 50 279.8 5.595 587.5 5.595 55 10.682 5.595
3 100 379 3.79 587.5 3.79 55 10.682 3.79
(ALL VOLTAGES IN VOLT AND CURRENTS IN AMP(A) AND RESISTANCES IN Ohm)

(I HAVE CONSIDERED IAB=IL AND VTh=VOC)

2) COMPARE NORTONS AND THEVENINS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

I RN RL
55
0Adc 25

NORTON'S EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT

RTh

55
587.5 V1 RL
25

THEVININ'S EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT

3)For IL=5A

Rl=(VOC/IL)-RTh=62.5Ohm
As VOC=587.5V And RTh=55Ohm

EXPERIMENT 2
RESONANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUIT
1)

RESONATING HALF POWER BANDWIDTH Q- PARAMETERS AT RESONANCE

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FACTOR (RMS VALUES)
CIRCUIT (Fr) F1 F2 (IN Hz) CURRENT VR VL VC
(IN HZ) (Hz) (Hz) (A) (V) (V) (V)

A 6000 5434.4 6634.8 1200.4 4.99 3.509 14.035 71.02 69.285

B 136.79 32 219 187 .859 .04819 5.333 4.643 7.071

C
D 187 116 489 373 1.17 .102 .102 7.843 8.606

Fig. A
Fig. A

Fig. B
 Fig. D

(for fig. D)

2) we cant go for ac sweep if we remove R.

3)At resonance if phase angle is not zero then it is reactive, if it is positive then it is capacitive, and if
phase angle is zero then it is resistive in nature.
 EXPERIMENT 3
EFFECT OF RESISTANCE Q AND Q FACTOR

Fig. A
CONCLUSION FOR A: It comes out to be a band pass filter.

Fig B
CONCLUSION FOR B: It comes out to be a low pass filter.
QUESTIONS
1) Bandwidth is directly proportional to R
 Quality factor is inversely proportional to R
Selectivity is inversely proportional to R

2)Yes RLC circuit can be used as a filter.

Tuning circuits resonance frequency is adjusted by L and C value but
selectivity can be adjusted changing the value of R. We can be more
specific to a particular channel.

EXPERIMENT-4
QUANTITY/METHOD CALCULATED SIMULATED
CLASSICAL MODIFIED CLASSICAL MODIFIED
Current due to 3A .2A 1A .2A 1A
Current due to 30V .5A 3.5A .5A 3.5A
Current due to 8i NA -4i=-2.8A NA -2.8A
Total Current i .7A .7A .7A .7A
NA: NOT APPLICABLE
QUESTIONS:

1) LINEAR NETWORK
Network consisting of linear elements is called so.
The elements whose value does not change with respect to the change in magnitude of
current in it or voltage across it or both is called so
Ex-Resistor, capacitor, inductor
But transistor and diode are nonlinear elements

BILATERAL NETWORK

The network in which value of the elements dont change upon the change in the polarity of
currents in them or voltages across them or both is called so.

2) For both methods result is same. Individual contribution of dependent sources are different
in each method. But calculation in modified method is easier.

MODIFIED METHOD

Let i1=current due to 3A independent source only

i2=current due to 30V independent source only

i3=current due to 8i dependent source only

So From first 2 we got

i1=1A, i2=2.5A

SO i1+i2+i3=i

SO 8i=8*(1+2.5)+8*i3=8*3.5+8*i3

IT IS EQUIVALENT TO 2 CURRENT SOURCES EACH HAVING GAIN 8 IN PARALLEL WHILE ONE IS

CONTROLLED BY 3.5A CURRENT AND OTHER IS CONTROLLED BY i3.FOR 3.5A PURPOSE WE CAN
TAKE A INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE OF VALUE 3.5A.

EXPERIMENT-5
1) HOW THE TIME CONSTANT AFFECTS THE TIME TAKEN BY OUTPUT SIGNAL TO REACH
MAXIMUM VALUE?

Greater the value of time constant more the time required to reach maximum value.

2) WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON OUTPUT IF TMAX SETTINGS ARE GENERATED AUTOMATICALLY BY

MULTISIM?
Smaller TMAX ensures higher accuracy but comparatively longer simulation time and
consumes more memory
So if TMAX is generated automatically there may be some inaccuracy in the result but we
can get faster simulation with suitable memory consumption.
This is result for 50sec run time with TMAX=1us.

3) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE YOU NOTICE BETWEEN TIME DELAY=0SEC AND TIME
DELAY=1SEC?
If time is delayed for 1 sec then the curve shifts right for 1 sec and V(R2) starts at t=1sec.
4) WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LOWPASS ELLIPTIC FILTER?

For very high level of rejection of high frequency components like ripples we implement low
pass elliptic filter.it finds application in RF circuits. As it provides a very first transition from
pass band to the ultimate roll off rate.

5) DESCRIBE OUTPUT IF TIMEPERIOD IS 25SEC AND RUN TIME IS 50 SEC?

If time period becomes 25 sec with run time 50sec then output capacitor will get sufficient
time to fully discharge and the voltages oscillates due to the presence of inductor.
6) FIND THE DISCHARGE TIME OF CAPACITOR FROM GRAPH AND COMPARE WITH CALCULATED
VALUE.

Discharge time depends on time constant.

Time constant (from graph) =10.0110mSEC
Time constant (from calculation) =10mSEC
So the result matches with calculation with very small inaccuracy.
Again taking 80 percent discharge as the discharge time

Discharge Time (from graph) =16.0944mSEC (taking user defined TMAX=1us)

Discharge Time (from calculation) =16.0944mSEC
So it matches with theoretical value.

7) DESCRIBE THE GRAPH FOR PARAMETRIC SWEEP ON RESISTANCE (RANGE: 1 K to 25 K)

 For higher value of resistance the capacitor takes longer time to discharge. As resistance
decreases time constant decreases and capacitor discharge very fast.
For R=25 K, time constant= 25mSEC
For R=1 K, time constant= 1.035mSEC

EXPERIMENT-6
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CIRCUIT
2) CALCULATE THE THEORETICAL VALUE OF , (or w0), and .
The values are respectively 15red/s, 100rad/s, .15

3) Determine following parameters

parameter CIRCUIT
THEORY SIMULATION
Damping Period Td 63.5509 ms 63.9306 ms
Wd(rad/sec) 98.8686 98.2813
tr 17.4106 ms 11.5028 ms
ts 266.6667 ms 284.9250 ms
Mp 620.8713 mV 621.2151 mV
tp 31.416 ms 31.571 ms
4) Which element is responsible for damping in the circuit? Which
element is responsible for oscillatory/transient response in a circuit?
Give the reason.
Resistance of a circuit is the reason of damping as it is a energy
dissipative element. On the other hand capacitor and inductor are
elements who cause oscillation in the circuit. As they are
nondissipative in nature the energy oscillates from one to the other
following a differential order equation of order equals no of energy
storage elements.
5) Define duality. Fill the table with the dual element for the listed
one.
The electrical parameters which convey the same meaning.
conductance resistance
capacitance inductance
Voltage source Current source
mesh node
Nortons theorem Thevenins theorem
Open circuit Short circuit

EXPERIMENT-7

The current and voltage waveforms for the circuit are found to be
The power and energy waveforms are found to be-
1. Why a voltage source with magnitude 0 is placed in series with capacitor in Figure 3?
Ans:

2. Find the output voltage of a 0.2 uF capacitor when excite by a current source
with piecewise linear current input as shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 5

Ans: the output wave form is found to be an increasing curve with slope increasing for first 2 ms ,
then a constant slope until 8 ms and finally decreasing slope for next 2 ms.
3. A square wave oscillates between +10V and -10 V with a frequency of 1 kHz is applied across
1-mH inductor as shown in Figure 6. The waveform starts with positive half cycle. Plot the
waveforms of voltage and current over one cycle

Figure 6

Ans: current and voltage waveforms are found to be-

fds gf

EXPERIMENT-8
Z-Parameter Z11(KOhm) Z12(KOhm) Z21(KOhm) Z22(KOhm)
Simulation 3.437 1.562 1.562 3.437
Calculation 3.438 1.563 1.563 3.438

1. Explain whether this two-port circuit is reciprocal, and why?

Yes the given 2 port network is reciprocal as Z12=Z21=1.562KOhm

The ratio of response to excitation remains same irrespective of the position of excitation
and response.
By this property we can change the voltage source on one port with a current source on the
other port and still get same result.

2. Explain whether this two-port circuit is symmetric, and why?

Yes the given 2 port network is symmetric as Z11=Z22=3.437KOhm

A 2 port network is said to be symmetric if the two ports can be used interchangeably for
input and output without affecting the port voltage and current.
By this property we have the flexibility of interchanging ports.

3. Run the simulation for a loaded two port network as shown in Figure 3 and find the voltage
and current gain. Vs= 10 V DC, Gv=V2/Vs and current gain Gi=I2/I1.
 PARAMETERS V1(VOLT) V2(VOLT) I1(mA) I2(mA) Gv(V2/Vs) Gi(I2/I1)
SIMULATION 9.665 1.179 3.347 -1.179 .1179 .3522
CALCULATION 9.669 1.173 NA NA NA NA
FOR CALCULATION:

V1=Z11*I1+Z12*I2

V2=Z21*I1+Z22*I2

(taking values of Z parameters from the previous table)