Stop motion was also used for some shots of the final sequence of Terminator movie, also

for the scenes of the small alien ships in Spielberg's Batteries Not Included in 1987,
animated by David W. Allen. Allen's stop motion work can also be seen in such feature films
as The Crater Lake Monster (1977), Q - The Winged Serpent (1982), The Gate (1986)
and Freaked (1993). Allen's King Kong Volkswagen commercial from the 1970s is now
legendary among model animation enthusiasts.
In 1985, Will Vinton and his team released an ambitious feature film in stop motion called
"The Adventures Of Mark Twain" based on the life and works of the famous American
author. While the film may have been a little sophisticated for young audiences at the time, it
got rave reviews from critics and adults in general.[citation needed] Vinton's team also created the
Nomes and the Nome King for Disney's "Return to Oz" feature, for which they received an
Academy Award Nomination for Special Visual Effects. In the 80's and early 90's, Will Vinton
became very well known for his commercial work as well with stop motion campaigns
including The California Raisins.
Of note are the films of Czech filmmaker Jan vankmajer, which mix stop motion and live
actors. These include Alice, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland, and Faust, a rendition of the legend of the German scholar. The Czech school
is also illustrated by the series Pat & Mat (1979present). Created by Lubomr Bene and
Vladimr Jirnek, and it was wildly popular in a number of countries.
Since the general animation renaissance headlined by the likes of Who Framed Roger
Rabbit and The Little Mermaid at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, there
have been an increasing number of traditional stop motion feature films, despite
advancements with computer animation. The Nightmare Before Christmas, directed
by Henry Selick and produced by Tim Burton, was one of the more widely released stop
motion features and become the highest grossing stop motion animated movie of its time,
grossing over $50 million domestic. Henry Selick also went on to direct James and the Giant
Peach and Coraline, and Tim Burton went on to direct Corpse Bride and Frankenweenie.
In 1999, Will Vinton launched the first prime-time stop-motion television series called The
PJs, co-created by actor-comedian Eddie Murphy. The Emmy-winning sitcom aired on Fox
for two seasons, then moved to the WB for an additional season. Vinton launched another
series, Gary & Mike, for UPN in 2001.
Another individual who found fame in clay animation is Nick Park, who created the
characters Wallace and Gromit. In addition to a series of award-winning shorts and
featurettes, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for the feature-length
outing Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Chicken Run, to date, is the highest
grossing stop motion animated movie ever grossing nearly $225 million worldwide.
The BBC commissioned thirteen episodes of stop frame animated Summerton Mill in 2004
as inserts into their flagship pre-school program, Tikkabilla. Created and produced by Pete
Bryden and Ed Cookson, the series was then given its own slot on BBC1 and BBC2 and has
been broadcast extensively around the world.
Other notable stop motion feature films released since 1990 include The Secret Adventures
of Tom Thumb (1993), Fantastic Mr. Fox and $9.99, both released in 2009,
and Anomalisa (2015).

Variations of stop motion[edit]

Stereoscopic stop motion[edit]
Stop motion has very rarely been shot in stereoscopic 3D throughout film history. The first
3D stop motion short was In Tune With Tomorrow (also known as Motor Rhythm) in 1939 by
John Norling. The second stereoscopic stop motion release was The Adventures of Sam
Space in 1955 by Paul Sprunck. The third and latest stop motion short in stereo 3D was The
Incredible Invasion of the 20,000 Giant Robots from Outer Space in 2000 by Elmer
Kaan[3] and Alexander Lentjes.[4][5] This is also the first ever 3D stereoscopic stop motion and
CGI short in the history of film. The first all stop motion 3D feature is Coraline (2009), based
on Neil Gaiman's best-selling novel and directed by Henry Selick. Another recent example is
the Nintendo 3DS video software which comes with the option for Stop Motion videos. This
has been released December 8, 2011 as a 3DS system update. Also, the movie
ParaNorman is in 3D stop motion.
Go motion[edit]
Another more complicated variation on stop motion is go motion, co-developed by Phil
Tippett and first used on the films The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Dragonslayer (1981),
and the RoboCop films. Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a
model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand
manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion
blurring effect. Tippett also used the process extensively in his 1984 short film Prehistoric
Beast, a 10 minutes long sequence depicting a herbivorous dinosaur (Monoclonius), being
chased by a carnivorous one (Tyrannosaurus). With new footage Prehistoric
Beast became Dinosaur! in 1985, a full-length dinosaurs documentary hosted by Christopher
Reeve. Those Phil Tippett's go motion tests acted as motion models for his first photo-
realistic use of computers to depict dinosaurs in Jurassic Park in 1993. A low-tech, manual
version of this blurring technique was originally pioneered by Wladyslaw Starewicz in the
silent era, and was used in his feature film The Tale of the Fox (1931).

Comparison to computer-generated imagery[edit]

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Reasons for using stop motion instead of the more advanced computer-generated
imagery (CGI) include the low entry price and the appeal of its distinct look. It is now mostly
used in children's programming, in commercials and some comic shows such as Robot
Chicken. Another merit of stop motion is that it is superior in displaying textures. This is
appreciated by a number of movie makers, such as Tim Burton, who produced the puppet-
animated 2005 film Corpse Bride.

Stop motion in television and m