1. A concrete cube 0.

65m on each side is to be held in equilibrium

under water by attaching a light foam buoy to it. Specific weight of
concrete and foam are 23.58 KN/cu.m. and 0.79 KN/cu.m. respectively.
Assume unit weight of water 9.79 KN/cu.m.

1. What is the minimum volume of foam required?

2. What is the weight of the foam?
3. What is the total weight of the concrete and foam?

SOLUTION:

1. Minimum volume of foam required:

W1 + W2 = BF1 + BF2
V (0.79) + 0.65 (0.65) (0.65) (23.58) = V (9.79) + 0.65 (0.65) (0.65)
(9.79)
V = 0.42 cu.m

2. Weight of the foam:

W = 0.79 (0.42)
W = 0.33 KN

3. Total weight of the concrete and foam:

Total weight = 0.33 + 0.65 (0.65) (0.65) (23.58)

Total weight = 6.81 KN
2.A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in sea water. The specific
gravity of wood is 0.65 while that of sea water is 1.03. Find the
minimum area of a block which will support a man weighing 80 kg.

Solution:

[Fv = 0]

B = Wman + Wwood

wVwood= Wman + wood + Vwood

(1000 kg/m3 x 1.03) Vwood= 80 + (1000 kg/m3 x 0.65) Vwood

Vwood = 0.2105 m3 = Area x 0.2

Vwood= 1.05 square meter

3.The section of a concrete gravity dam shown in the figure. The depth
of water at the upstream side is 6 m. Neglect hydrostatic uplift and use
unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5 kN/m3. Coefficient of friction
between the base of the dam and the foundation is 0.6. Determine the
following: (a) factor of safety against sliding, (b) factor of safety
against overturning and (c) the overturning moment acting against the
dam in kN-m.

F = whA

F = 9.81 kN/m3 (3)(6x1)

F = 176.58 kN

1
Y= 3 (6)

Y = 2 m.
W 1 = c V1

W1 = 23.5 [2(8)(1)]

W1 = 376 kN

W2 = c V1
1
W2 = 23.5 [ 2 (2)(8)(1)]

W2 = 188 kN

1
X1 = 4 - 2 (2)

X1 = 3 m

2
X2 = ( 3 ) (2)

X2 = 1.333 m

Rx = F = 176.58 kN

Ry = W1 + W2

Rx = 376 kN + 188 kN

Rx = 564 kN
 Ry
FSs = Rx

0.6(564)
FSs = 174.58

FSs = 1.916 (factor of safety against sliding)

RM = W1x1 +W2x2

RM = 376 (3) + 188 (1.333)

RM = 1378.601 kN-m

OM = F x y

OM = 176.58 (2)

OM = 353.16 kN-m (overturning moment)

RM
FSo = OM

1378.601
FSo = 353.16

FSo = 3.904 ( factor of safety against overturning)

4.

a. Find the approximate height of wa upstream of the dam of

the headwater II meters, such that an air bubble. upon
reaching Me water surface has a axle 3 ones Man rl had at
the bottom?
b. Compute the absolute pressure at the bottom of the darn
c. Compute the gage reading at the bottom of the dam.

Solution:

a: By Boyles Law.
Pam =101.3 kPa
P1V1=P2V2
P1 101.3 + 9.81H (abs)
P2=101.3 (abs)

then:
(101.3 + 9.81H) V= 101.3(3V)
9 81H = 101.3(3)- 101.3
H= 20.65m

b: Absolute pressure:
P = 101.3 + 9.81(20.65)
P = 303.88 kPa

c: Gage reading at the bottom of the dam

P=303.88-101.3
P = 202.58 kPa

5.
A 48 inch diams steel pipe 1/4 Inch thick, carries oil of ofsp gr. =
0.822 under a head d 400 ft. of oil

a. Compute the pressure inside the pipe In psi.

b. Compute the stress in the steel required to carry a pressure
of 250 psi, with an allowable stress of 18000 psi.
c. Compute the thickness of steel required to; carry a pressure
of 250 psi, with an allowable stress of 18000 psi.

Solution:

a: Pressure inside the pipe in psi.

2T= F
2T= PD(1)
T = Ss (t)(1)
2(Ss)t (1) =PD(1)
Ss = PD
2t
P = Yw h
P = 62.4 (0.822)(400)
P = 20517 psf.
P= 142.5 psi.

b: Stress in the steel:

Ss = PD
2t
Ss = 142.5 (48)
 2(1/4)
Ss =13680 psi.

c: Thickness of steel:
Ss= PD
2t
18000 = 250 (48)
2t
t= 0.333 m.

6.
A wooden buoy of sp.gr. 015 floats in a liquid with sp.gr, of 0.85
a. What is the percentage of the volume above the liquid
surface to the total volume of the buoy?
 b. If the volume above the liquid surface is 0.0145m3, what is
the weight of the wooden buoy?
c. What load that will cause the buoy to be fully submerged?

Solution:

a: % of vol. above liquid surface:

W = BF
0.75 (9.81)V= 9.81(0.85) V2
V= 1.133 V2
V2 = 0.882 V
V1 = V1 V2
V1= V - 0.882 V
V1= 0.118
V1 =0.118
V
V1 = 11.8%
V

b:Weight of wood:
W = V (9.81)(0.75)
V1= 0.118 V
0.0145 = 0.118 V
V= 0.123 m3
W = 0.123(9.81)(0.75)
W = 0.905 kN
c: Load to cause the wood to submerged:
P= V1 (9.81)(0.85)
P = 0.0145(9.81)(0.85)
P = 0.121 kN

7.
An Iceberg (y.t.9-kN/rna) floats in ocean water (y= 10 kN/m3) with
3,000 m3 of the iceberg protruding above the free surface.
a. What is the volume of the iceberg below the free surface?
b. What is the total volume of the iceberg? I what is the weight
of the iceberg?
Solution:

a: Volume of the iceberg below the free surface:

w= BF
(V + 3000)(9) = V(10)
V= 27,000 m3

b: Total volume of the iceberg:

Total volume = 27000 + 3000
Total volume = 30,000 m3

c: Weight of the iceberg:

Weight of iceberg =30,000(9)
Weight of iceberg = 270,000 kN

8.An open U-tube having a diameter of 10mm. contains mercury

at depth of 120mm. Specific gravity of Hg is 13.6. If 0.012 L. of
water is poured in the right-hand leg.
A.) What is the height of water in the tube?
B.) What is the ultimate height of the liquid in the left side?
 C.) What is the ultimate height of the liquid in the right
side?

soln: figure:
A.)
12ml= 0.012L
0.012
1000 = 0.000012 cu.m

3
0.000012 (1000) = 12,000
cu.mm
Vol=Ah

( )(10)2
12,000= 4 h

h=152.88 mm.
B.)
40L 13.6(9.79) L 9.79(152.8)
13.6(9.79) 1000 1000 1000 =0

13.6(240-L) 13.6 L 152.8 = 0

3264 13.6L 13.6L - 152.8 = 0
L= 114.4
C.)
240-L = 126.6 (left side)
h + L = 152.8 + 114.4
= 267.2mm (right side)
9.An open tank 1.82m square weights 3425 N and contains 0.91m
of water. It is acted by an unbalanced force of 10400 N parallel to
a pair of sides. What is the force acting in the side with the
smallest depth?

Solution

P= (UNIT WEIGHT)(h bar)(A)

Solve for a and y:
F=Ma=10400
M=MWATER+ MTANK
M=1000((1.82)(1.82)(.91))+3425/9.81
M=3363.42 kg
10400= 3363.42(a)
a= 3.092m/s2

tan = a/ g = y/.91 P = 9810

( .62/2)(.62)(1.82)
3.092/9.81=y/.91 P= 3432 N
( ANSWER)
y= .29 m < .91 m ( ok)
h = .91-y

10.A diver and his suit weigh 890 N. It requires 130 N lead to sink him
in fresh water. If the specific gravity of the lead is 11.3, what is the
volume of the diver and his suit?

BF = WVD

890 N + 130 N = V1 (9810 N/m3) + V2 (9810 N/m3)

W2
V2 = DL

130 N
N
V2 = 11.3 (9810 )
m3

V2 = 0.00117 m3

890 N + 130 N = V1 (9810 N/m3) + 0.00117 m3 (9810 N/m3)

V1 = 0.103 m3
11.A rectangular tank of internal width of 5 m, as shown, contains
oil of sp. gr. = 0.8 and water. (a) Find the depth of oil, h. (b) If a
1000-N block of wood is floated in the oil, what is the rise in free
surface of the water in contact with air?

Solution

(a) Depth of oil: (Refer to Figure a)

Sum-up pressure head from oil surface (1) to water surface
(2) in m of water.

P1/Y + h (0.8) + 3-4= P2/Y

0 + 0.8h - 1=0
H= 1.25 m

(b) Rise of the water surface: (Refer to Figure b)

BF= W
 YoilVD = w
(9810 x 0.8) VD = 1000
VD= 0.1274 m3

Since the volume of oil remain unchanged;

Voil(initial) = Voil(final)
(0.5) (5) (1.25) = (0.5) (5) (h) 0.1274
h= 1.301 m

As shown in figure b, if the oil-water interface drops by a distance

of y, the free surface of water will rise by y/2, since the cross-
sectional area of the right compartment is twice that of the left
compartment.

Sum-up pressure head from oil surface to water surface in m of

water:

0 + 1.301 (0.8) + (3-y) -4 - y/2 = 0

1.0408 1 -3y/2 = 0

3y/2 = 0.0408

y/2 = 0.0136 m or 13.6 mm

Therefore; the free surface of water will rise 13.6 mm.

12. A vertical triangular surface of height d and horizontal base width b is

submerged in a liquid with its vertex at a liquid surface. Determine the total
force F acting on one side and its location from the liquid surface.
Solution: Using the Pressure diagram:

F = A F = Volume of the pressure

diagram
2 1 1
d bd (b x d)( d)
= 3 ; A= 2 F= 3

2 1 1
d bd b d2
F=( 3 )( 2 ) F= 3

1 2
bd
F= 3

Location of F

Ig
e= A

2
d
== 3

b d3
36
e= 1 2d
( bd)( )
2 3

d
e = 12

yp =+e
 2 d
yp d+
= 3 12

3d
yp
= 4

1
F is located at the centroid of the diagram, which is 4 of the

altitude from the base.

13.A 3 ft. diameter log (sp.gr. = 0.82) divides two shallow ponds as shown.
1. Compute the net vertical reaction at point C if the log is 12 ft. long.
2. Compute the horizontal reaction at point C.
3. Compute the direction of the resultant force with the horizontal at point C.

SOLUTION:
1. Net vertical reaction at point C.
F1 = WV

( ) (1.5)2
F1 = 62.4 2 (12)

F1 = 2646 lb.

( ) (1.5)2
F2 = 62.4 4 (12)

F2 = 1323 lb.
W = (1.5)2(12)(62.4)(0.82)
W = 4340 lb.
R Y + F1 + F2 = W
RY + 2646 + 1323 = 4340
RY = 371 lb. (up)
2. Horizontal reaction at point C.
P1 =WhA
P1 = 62.4(1.5)(3)(12)
P2 = WHa
P2 = 62.4(0.75)(1.5)(12)
P2 = 842 lb.
RX = P 1 P 2
RX = 3370 842
RX = 2528 lb. (to the right)

3. Direction of the resultant force with the horizontal at point C.

Ry
Tan = Rx

371
Tan = 2528

= 8.35
PROBLEM: 14

A dam is triangular in cross-section with the upstream face vertical. Water is flushed with the top.
The dam is 8m high & 6m wide at the base & weighs 2.4 tons per cubic meter. The coefficient of friction
between the base & the foundation is 0.8. Determine the factors of safety against overturning & against
sliding.

Solution:

Sp.gr. of conc, Sconc= conc

w

Sp.gr. of conc, Sconc= conc

w

Sp.gr. of conc, Sconc= 2.4

Consider 1m length of dam

W = cV
W = ()(2.4)[(1/2)(6)(8)(1)]
W = 57.6

F=hA
= ()(4)(8)(1)
F = 32

RX = P = 32
RY = W = 57.6

RM = W(4)
= (57.6)(4)
RM = 230.4
OM = P(8/3)
= (32)(8/3)
OM = (85.33)

x = RM OM
RY

x = 230.4 85.33
57.6

X = 2.519 m < b/2

FSO = RY
RX
FSO = (0.8)(57.6)
32
FSO = 1.44

FSS = RM
OM
FSS = 230.4
85.33
FSS = 2.7
15.An object weighs 4 N in water and 5 N in alcohol having a sp. Gr. of 0.80. Assume
unit weight of water is 9.79 kN/cubic meter.

1. Find the volume of the object.

2. Find the density of the object.
3. Find the mass volume of the object.

Solution:

Volume of the object

Note: W = W (air) W (fluid)

W=BF1

W(air) 0.004 = 9.79 (V) ---- Eqn. 1

W=BF2
W(air) 0.005 = 9.79 (.080) (V) ---- Eqn. 2

Eqn. 1 to Eqn. 2:

V = 0.0005107 cubic meter.

Density of the object

W(air) = 9.79(V) + 0.004

W(air) = 9.79(0.0005107) + 0.004

W(air) = 9 N/9.81 m/s2

Mass = 0.9174 kg

= Mass/Volume

= 0.9174kg/0.0005107m3

=1796.42 kg/m3

Mass Volume

Vs = 1/

Vs = 1/1796.42 kg/m3

Vs = 0.000557 m3/kg
16.A 1.90 m diameter closed cylinder, 2.75 m high is completely filled with
oil having sp. gr. Of .80 under a pressure of 5 kg/ cm2 at the top. (A) What
angular speed can be imposed on the cylinder so that maximum pressure at
the bottom of e tank is 14 kg/cm2? (B) compute the pressure force exerted by
oil on the side of the tank I kg.

Solution:

Unit weight of oil,= 1000(.8)

=800 kg/m3
=0.0008 kg/cm3

(a)
h = w2r2
2g
Solve for h:
p1/=5/.0008=6250 cm
h2 =62.5 m
= p 2/
= 14/0.0008
= 17500 cm= 175 m
h = h2- 2.75 p1/
h = 175 2.75 62.5
h = 109.75
109.75 = 2 (0.95)2 / 2( 9.81)
= 48.84 rad/sec x 30/ pie
= 466.44 rpm

F=hA
F=800(173.625)[2 (0.95)(2.75)
F = 2.28x102

17.A vessel 3m in diameter containing 2.4m of water is being raised. (a)Find the
pressure at the bottom of the vessel in kPa when the velocity is constant, and (b) find
the pressure at the bottom of the vessel when it is accelerating 0.6m/s^2 upwards.

SOLUTIONS:

For vertical motion:

p=h(1+a/g)
h=2.4m

(a) When the velocity is constant, a=0, then

p=h
p=9.81(2.4)
p=23.544 kPa (pressure at the bottom)

(b) When a=0.6m/s^2 (use + for upward motion)

p=h(1+a/g)
p= 9.81(2.4)(1+(1+(+0.6/9.81)))
p= 24.9844 kPa
18.An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 300 mm and a height of 1.2 m is full of water. How fast
should it be rotated about its own vertical axis so that 75% of its volume will be spilled out?
Solution

2 2
w r
h= 2 g

since 75% of the total volume is spilled out, the paraboloid will be formed a part outside the vessel (i.e. with
its vortex below the tank)

v spilled =v air =0.75 [ r 2 ( 1.2 ) ]

v air =0.9 r 2

v air =v big paraboloid v small paraboloid

But

1 2 1 2
2
r h x y
0.9 r = 2 - 2

2 2 2
1.8 r =r hx y Eq. 1

By squared property of parabola:

 x2 r2 2 r 2
= ;x = y Eq. 2
y h h

In Eq. (1)
2 2 r2 h
1.8 r =r h y ( y) multiply both sides by
h r2

2 2
1.8h= h y

But y=h-1.2
2 2
1.8h= h (h1.2)
2 2
1.8h= h ( h 2.4 h+1.44 )

0.6h=1.44
H=2.4m
Finally:
w2 ( 0.3 )2
2.4= 2 ( 9.81 )

rad 30
x
W=22.87 sec

W= 218.3rpm
19.This vertical pipe line with attached gage and manometer contains oil and
mercury as shown. The manometer is open to the atmosphere. There is no flow in
the pipe. (a) What will be the gage pressure reading at A? (b) Express the pressure
reading at A in bar. (c) Express the pressure reading at A in terms of head in meters.

(a) PB = PA + 3(9.81)(0.90)
PC = 0 + 0.375(9.81)(13.57)
PB = PC
PA + 26.487 = 49.921

PA = 23.43 KPa
 23.43
(b) P = 100

P = 0.2343 bar

P 23.43
(c) = 9.81(0.90)

P
= 2.65 m.

20. A 3 ft. diameter log (sp.gr. = 0.82) divides two shallow ponds as shown.

4. Compute the net vertical reaction at point C if the log is 12 ft. long.
5. Compute the horizontal reaction at point C.
6. Compute the direction of the resultant force with the horizontal at point C.
SOLUTION:

4. Net vertical reaction at point C.

F1 = WV

( ) (1.5)2
F1 = 62.4 2 (12)

F1 = 2646 lb.

( ) (1.5)2
F2 = 62.4 4 (12)

F2 = 1323 lb.

W = (1.5)2(12)(62.4)(0.82)

W = 4340 lb.

R Y + F1 + F2 = W

RY + 2646 + 1323 = 4340

RY = 371 lb. (up)

5. Horizontal reaction at point C.

P1 =WhA

P1 = 62.4(1.5)(3)(12)

P2 = WHa

P2 = 62.4(0.75)(1.5)(12)

P2 = 842 lb.

RX = P 1 P 2

RX = 3370 842

RX = 2528 lb. (to the right)

6. Direction of the resultant force with the horizontal at point C.

Ry
Tan = Rx
 371
Tan = 2528

= 8.35