2012 - 2013

This guide was written and prepared by the

Reference & Information Services librarians.
Latest revision by Matthew Remer
Tallahassee Community College
Tallahassee, Florida

www.tcc.fl.edu/library
850-201-8383
 APA FORMAT
At TCC, you will be expected to follow various citation formats (APA, MLA, Turabian).
Check your assignment or ask your instructor what citation format to use.

The following examples and explanations follow the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 6th edition and the APAs 2012 website
www.apastyle.org for revisions. This handout is to be used as a guide and does not
preclude using the above cited APA resources.

AVOID PLAGIARISM USE APA STYLE CITATIONS!

You must credit all facts, opinions, and quotes taken outside sources. All sources
must be identified with an in-text parenthetical note and be listed at the end of the
paper under References (Publication Manual, 2009, p. 170).
Example of a parenthetical in-text citation
GETTING STARTED FORMATING IN APA
- Font = Times New Roman, 12-point size
- Document margins to 1 inch
- Insert page numbers in top right corner (check detailed instructions for format)
- Double space the entire document
- A title page is standard unless otherwise specified by your instructor
*For instructions how to format a research paper title page, see p. 17

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM & IN-TEXT CITATIONS USING APA STYLE

An essential element of APA style is incorporating the author-date system in your text.
Always use the author or authors last name(s)
Include the publication date in the text of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation
Direct quotations require the page number(s) of the original location of the quote - (p. 56) or (pp. 56-57)
Use past tense in the signal phrase leading into the quotation

Confused? Dont worry, just check out the examples below demonstrating these basic rules of APA.

DIRECT QUOTATIONS (fewer than 40 words)

A direct quotation is an exact restatement of a writer's or a speaker's words enclosed in quotation marks.
When quoting, there are options in APA to list the author, publication date, and page referenced in-text.
The goal is to get all three elements author, date, and page number into the sentence with the quotation.
For a single author of a single work:

Zimbardo (1971) concluded that situational forces can work to transform even the best of us into monsters (p. 74).
OR
It was shown situational forces can work to transform even the best of us into monsters (Zimbardo, 1971, p. 74).
OR
In 1971, the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment found situational forces can work to transform even the best of us into
monsters (Zimbardo, p. 74).

Example signal phrase introductions (past tense)

Zimbardo argued, described, explained, claimed, asserted, noted, referred to, cited, contended, concluded,
showed, found, revealed, put forth, stated
-2-
BLOCK QUOTATIONS
If a quotation is MORE THAN 40 WORDS, display in a free standing block and leave out the quotation marks. Begin
such a block quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. A block quotation is usually
introduced with a colon. For block quotes, the parenthetical note is placed after the final punctuation mark.
Cowley (2006) revealed the following concerning Hepatitis C:
Anyone who received a blood transfusion before 1992 could easily have been exposed.
The danger was especially high in the 1960's, when blood banks paid donors and
screening was lax. HCV infected a third of all transfusion recipients between 1960 and
65, according to Dr. Adrian Di Bisceglie, and the infection rate is close to 100 percent
among hemophiliacs who received clotting factors before the mid-1980s. (p. 49)

PARAPHRASING & PARENTHETICAL NOTES

Paraphrased material does not include quotation marks but still requires an in-text note. Paraphrasing means
to completely rephrase a quotation so the central idea is restated in your own words. It is not enough to just
rearrange a few words!

ORIGINAL QUOTE:
The findings showed that adolescents and young adults, including college students, appear to be one of the most
sleep-deprived groups in the United States.
POORLY WORDED & PLAGIARIZED PARAPHRASE:
Teenagers and college students in the United States appear to be the most sleep-deprived group.
CORRECT PARAPHRASING & CITATION:
Research on which American population groups suffer the most from sleep-deprivation found that teenagers and
college students lead all others (Forester, 2008).

IF THE QUOTE OCCURS ON MORE THAN ONE PAGE OR PARAGRAPH

Put (pp.) and place a dash in between the page numbers the quote begins and ends on.
There has been much debate about whether or not the studys results were accurate (pp. 9-10).

IF THERE ARE NO PAGE NUMBERS

Electronic sources or articles from websites might not have page numbers; in this case use the
PARAGRAPH NUMBER.
Use (para.) instead of (p.) followed by the paragraph number :
Many factors plagued the experiment, which resulted in no substantial findings (Kramer, 2008, para. 6).
If necessary, include the nearest chapter or section heading, then count the paragraphs until the quote:
Kramer (2008) found that there were no substantial findings (Chapter 10, Conclusion section, para. 2).

IF THERE IS NO DATE
If there is no date, put (n.d.) for no date.
Weinberg (n.d.) noted yearly increases in adolescent alcohol consumption (p. 15).
OR
Yearly increases in adolescent alcohol consumption was noted (Weinberg, n.d., p. 15).

-3-
IF THERE IS NO PERSONAL AUTHORS NAME
When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the title for the in-text citation.
Use quotation marks around the article title of a journal/magazine/website or book chapter.
Italicize the shortened title of a book, journal, magazine, newspaper, brochure, film or video.
A recent study shows homeless children are often overlooked ("Study Finds," 2010).
OR
Merit based assessment is primarily a means of promotion (Debating Affirmative Action, 2008).

HOW TO QUOTE A QUOTATION (CITING INDIRECT SOURCES)

You may quote something that has been quoted in another source. Try to locate the original source for the
citation. If you didnt cite from the original work, indicate as cited in followed by the author, date, page number
of the secondary source.
In 1936, Keynes wrote governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment
(as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257).

PARENTHETICAL EXAMPLES
NOTE: EXAMPLES ARE SINGLE-SPACED IN THIS GUIDE TO CONSERVE PAPER.
BE SURE TO DOUBLE-SPACE BETWEEN ALL LINES.
ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
For works, such as peer-reviewed journal articles written by two people, include both last names of the authors
in alphabetical order every time. Join the names with "and" in the signal phrase of the text. Only join the names
by an ampersand (&) when the names are placed in a parenthetical citation.
Grossman and Lenz (2009) discovered that children are most likely to be intimidated.
OR
Children are most likely to be intimidated (Grossman & Lenz, 2009).

ONE WORK BY THREE TO SIX AUTHORS

Cite the names of all the authors the first time the text reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only
the surname of the first author followed by "et al." and the publication year separated by a comma.
First citation
Herbal medicines have been found to alleviate stress (Isacc, Klein, Fox, & Metress, 2004, p. 420).
OR
Isacc, Klein, Fox, and Metress (2004) found herbal medicines alleviate stress (p. 420).
Subsequent citation
Post-partum depression was diagnosed amongst many users in the group (Isacc et al., 2004, p. 425).
OR
Isacc et al. (2004) showed in the study post-partum depression was diagnosed amongst many users in the
group (p. 425).

ONE WORK BY SEVEN OR MORE AUTHORS

Cite only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." and the year of publication for the first and all
subsequent parenthetical citations. Only spell out all seven authors names in the reference list.
The date rape phenomenon has been acknowledged (Dornbusch et al., 2009).

Dornbusch et al. (2009) acknowledged the date rape phenomenon.

-4-
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S) WHEN THE YEAR OF PUBLICATION DIFFERS:
Arrange dates chronologically by the year within the same parentheses and separate by a comma.

The studies by Smithson (2005, 2007) on owners and pet animal behaviors were not well received.

REPRINTED SOURCE
Put the original publication year followed by the year of the reprint.
The original study was re-released again this year (Freud, 1896/1971).

ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTION, OR GOVERNMENT ENTITY AS AUTHOR

The names of corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. If the name of
a corporate author is long and if it is familiar and readily recognizable, you may abbreviate the name in the
second and subsequent in-text citations.
First citation in text
Control group participants exhibited no reaction (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2008).
Subsequent citation
The results were unanticipated and startling (CDC, 2008, p. 123).
ESSAY IN AN EDITED BOOK OF ESSAYS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS
In your text, cite the author of the essay and the year of publication of the book in which the essay appears.
Permanency of religious values of college students is directly correlated to the fundamentalism of the early family
worship experience (Chambers, 2007, p. 189).

SIGNED ARTICLE IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA

Cite the author of the signed article and the year of publication of the encyclopedia.

Based on changing census figures for the area, the population is stable (Cohen, 2004).
UNSIGNED ARTICLE IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Cite the title of the unsigned article using double quotation marks and the year of publication of the
encyclopedia. Only use the quotation marks for in-text citation only, not the reference citation.

New Orleans has always been a meeting place for musicians ("Jazz History," 1999).
PAMPHLETS
A pamphlet probably has no authors name, so use the organization or corporate authors name. If there is no
date, use (n.d.). If there are no page numbers, count the paragraph numbers using (para.).
It is documented that many families are affected by natural disasters everyday (American Red Cross, n.d., para. 3).

MUSIC RECORDING
To cite a music recording, include the artists name, year, and song track number from the album.
The beat to Thriller evoked a temporal response in the listener (Jackson, 1982, track 4).

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
APA style only requires an in-text citation for personal communications. Give the first initial and last name of the
communicator, the type of communication (interview, lecture), and provide the exact date:
There was deep concern about the economic recovery during the discussion (R. Scott, interview, May 3, 2011).
OR
The Italian government cooperated to an extent that is still not well known (M. Finkelstein, lecture, June 23, 2006).

-5-
WEBSITE CITATIONS
To cite an entire website (but not a specific document on the site), its sufficient to give the address of the site
in a parenthetical note at the end of the sentence. No reference entry is needed in these instances.
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).
OR
President Obama often used Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/barackobama) and Facebook
(http://www.facebook.com/barackobama) to keep citizens up to speed of his initiatives.
Only cite from credible websites. If youre not sure a website is credible or suitable for academic writing, please
ask a librarian. Include authors last name, date, and paragraph number in the in-text citation. If no author
name is available; use the first few words of the title of the article in quotation marks.
Date
Title: put
first few
words in
quotes
if authors
name is
unavailable

Quotation to be
cited in para. 3

If authors name is not available:

Researchers are seeing promising results of the first long-term clinical trial that measured stabilization of Alzheimers
symptoms (Therapy shows promise, 2012, para. 3).
If an authors name is available:
Researchers are seeing promising results of the first long-term clinical trial that measured stabilization of Alzheimers
symptoms (Curley, 2012, para. 3)

FACEBOOK or TWITTER
Only cite a Twitter or Facebook account if you know it is an official account of a notable or authoritative
person. Use the authors real last name, not the screen for the citation.
Dr. Zimbardo suggested on Twitter to watch president Obamas speech in Tuscon (Zimbardo, 2012).

POWERPOINT SLIDES OR LECTURE NOTES

PowerPoint slides or lecture notes should only be cited if they are electronically accessible in some way,
such as posted on the Internet or hosted in BlackBoard. Use the authors last name and the year.
The lecture cited Leakeys role in helping to understand primate evolution and the human brain (Goodall, 2007).

-6-
 REFERENCE EXAMPLES
These are some commonly used reference citation examples. If you cannot find an example that applies to
your source, follow the most appropriate example for the type of document or media you are citing.

FORMATTING THE REFERENCE PAGE

Along with in-text citations, a properly formatted reference list is also an essential element to APA style
citations. A sample reference list is provided on the last page of this guide for you to reference.
At the end of your paper, center References at the top of a new page - do NOT enclose in
quotation marks, bold, underline, or put in all-caps
Record all the sources that you have used for your research paper in one single alphabetical list by
authors last name, or, if no author, use the title.
Every reference entry must correspond to an in-text citation.
Use a HANGING INDENT for reference entries (first line is flush left, subsequent lines are indented)

Using Word, highlight the text of the entry, (1) select the <Paragraph> dialog box, (2) in the Indentation
area change the Special field from (none) to Hanging, (3) press OK. Every line of your
reference entry following the first should be indented, like these directions look.

Remember to double-space all reference entries, with Times New Roman and 12 point font size.
Remove any hyperlinks that may automatically generate after inserting an Internet address.

DOIs: DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIERS

The Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a required element of an APA formatted citation. The DOI is like an Internet
address linking back to the publisher of the item. If there is a DOI available, you should add it to the end of your
citation. If the material came from a TCC database, but has no DOI, only put the name of the database retrieved from.
If the source came from the Web and has no DOI, put Retrieved from and the Internet address.
Not every source is going to have a DOI number.

The DOI # will look similar to this:

doi:10.1036/007142363X
DOI # will be located in the items detailed record or somewhere in the corner on the first page of the article. At
<http://crossref.org>, the DOI can be looked up to locate the publisher of the article for purchase or questions .
***NEW FOR 2012/2013***
A new rule for DOIs makes them directly linkable by adding the web address <http://dx.doi.org/>

Attach http://dx.doi.org/ to the front of the DOI #. See example below:

doi:10.1036/007142363X http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/007142363X

NOTE THAT MANY OF THE DATABASES HAVE NOT ADDED http://dx.doi.org TO THE DOI
YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO ADD THIS YOURSELF
-7-
 PERIODICALS
Periodicals are items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines, and newspapers.

Page numbers
Electronic journal article from a TCC database with DOI

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Name of Periodical, Volume #(Issue #), XX-XX.
New DOI forma, attach
Retrieved from database name. http//dx.doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxx http://dx.doi.org/ to DOI #

List authors in order as shown in journal, not in alphabetical order - lead researcher is usually first.
Give last names and initials for up to and including seven authors. Note example below for eight or more.
Only the first letter of a sentence and proper nouns are capitalized in an article title.
There is no space between volume number and issue number.
*NEW RULE: If there is a DOI, attach http://dx.doi.org/ to the DOI # listed exactly how it appears in the record.

Author(s) last name and Article title. *NOTE only first

initials in the order listed in letter of a sentence and proper
the publication Year nouns are capitalized

Lovett-Hooper, G., Komarraju, M., & Weston, R. (2007). Is plagiarism a forerunner of other deviance?
Ethics & Behavior, 17(3), 323-336. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508420701519387 http://dx.doi.org/xxxx

Journal title Volume #(Issue #) Page numbers Retrieved from database

in italics

JOURNAL ARTICLES WITH DOI

Electronic journal article from TCC database - PsycARTICLES

Thompson, E. H., & Cracco., E. J. (2008). Sexual aggression in bars: What college men can normalize. Journal of
Mens Studies, 16(1), 82-96. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES database.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1601.82

Electronic journal article from TCC database, more than 7 authors

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L.C., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004).
Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more
severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6,
249-267. Retrieved from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001676305

Print journal article

Roy, R. E., Weibust, K. S., & Miller, C. T. (2007). Effects of stereotypes about feminists on feminist
self-identification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 146-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j/1471-6402.2007.00348.x

-8-
 JOURNAL ARTICLES WITHOUT DOI
Print Journal Article
Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (2002). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special Issue].
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3). Enclose non-routine information in brackets
immediately after the article title. e.g.,
[Abstract]. [Special issue]. [Letter to the editor].
[Supplemental material]. [Map]. [Podcast].
Electronic Article

Gebhardt, J. (2005). Road to Abu Ghraib: U.S. Army detainee doctrine and experience. Military Review, 85(1),
44-50. Retrieved from Gale Power Search database.
Ulman, A., & Straus, M. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and
corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), 41-60. Retrieved from Social
Science Full Text database.
Abstract from a journal article Abstracts can be used as sources; it is preferable to cite from the full text of an article.
Martin, K. (2007). Food insecurity and gender are risk factors for obesity. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior,
39(1), 31-36. Abstract retrieved from MEDLINE database.
Online journal article not from TCC databases - if there is no DOI assigned give the URL of the journal home page
Klein, B., Shandley, K., Austin, D. & Nordin, S. (2008). A pilot trial of Panic Online as a self-guided treatment
for panic disorder. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(2), 25-30. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Note the date includes the month and day; follow this format in your in-text parenthetical citation as well.

Magazine article with author - print

Bohn, J. (2005, October/November). Disasters: Searching for lessons from a bad year. Science, 310, 1883.

Malloy, R. G. (2008, July 7-14). Religious life in the age of Facebook. America, 199(1), 14-16.
Magazine article with author electronic
Miller, L. (2008, June 16). Joining the out club (gay-straight alliance at Bethel University). Newsweek, 151(24).
Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/
Magazine article without author print
Election snafus still not resolved. (2004, June). USA Today, 132, [Special Newsletter Edition], 1-2.
Magazine article without author - electronic
Americas unjust sex laws. (2009, August 6). Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com

Meningococcal vaccine for adolescents and college freshmen. (2005, September/October).

FDA Consumer, 39(5), 4. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
Advertisement
Kids and tobacco: No! [Back cover advertisement, Philip Morris USA] (2000, November 6). New Republic, 233 (19), 52.

-9-
 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Print
Johnston, D. (2001, June 20). U.S. to consider settling suit against tobacco companies. New York Times, pp. A1,
A20.
Electronic - Provide only the home page URL for newspapers to avoid future broken links
Benn, E. S. & Andron, S. (2008, August 12). More college students using food stamps. The Miami Herald.
Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/
Newspaper article from TCC database
Bazar, E. (2007, March 2). More colleges banning smoking - trend now reaching bigger universities. St. Petersburg
Times, p. A1. Retrieved from Newsbank database.
Newspaper article with no author
Study: Caffeine spurs on drinking: Students get drunk more on alcohol, energy drink mix. (2007, November 5).
Winston-Salem Journal, p. A1.

REVIEW - book, dvd, motion picture, television, video game

Book review
Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Exposing the self-knowledge myth. [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under
control, by Wicklund, R. & Eckert, M.]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
Film review
Ebert, R. (1991, February 14). The silence of the lambs. [Review of the motion picture The silence of the lambs].
Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from http://rogerebert.cuntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/
article?AID=/19910214/REVIEWS/102140301/1023
White, R. (2000, March). Off to old sparky. [Review of the motion picture The Green Mile]. Sight & Sound, 10(3),
44-45. Retrieved from OmniFile database.
Video game review
Barney, D., & Mauch, L. (2007). Alternatives to traditional cardio-labs: The interactive fitness experience. [Review
of the video arcade game Dance Dance Revolution]. Strategies, 20(6), 8-10. Retrieved from Academic OneFile
database.

BOOKS
One author or editor - Omit publisher location if the name of the state or province is part of university press name.
Jones, E. (1953). The life and work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books.

Author(s) Year of Title of work Publisher Name of

names publication location publisher

Two to seven authors If authors are listed as editors, place (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s), as shown below
Segars, J.H., & Barrow, C.K. (Eds.). (2007). Black southerners in Confederate armies. Gretna, LA: Pelican Press.
More than seven authors - List first six authors names, and then enter ellipses [. . .] followed by the last authors name listed
Thomas, D.N., Fogg, G.E., Convey, P., Fritsen, C.H., Gili, J-M., Gradinger, R., . . . Walton, D.W.H. (2008).
The biology of polar regions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

-10-
Organization or institution as the author Sometimes a publication will be released by an organization and not have a
specific named author. If author and publisher are the same, use Author as the publisher name.
American Psychological Association. (2004). Ethical principles in the conduct of research with human participants.
Washington, DC: Author.

Kellogg Institute for Employment Research. (2003). Work force in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Revised edition of an authors work

Anastasi, A. (2001). Psychological testing (5th ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.

Freud, A. (1999). The ego and the mechanism of defense (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: International Universities Press.

No author specified
Drugs and attitude change: Nonmedical drug use, attitudes and attitude change. (2000). Rockville, MD: National Institute on
Drug Abuse.

Book by one or several authors; part of a series

Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P., & Johnston, J. (2006). Youth in transition: Vol. 6. Adolescence to adulthood - change and
stability in the lives of young men. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
One volume in a multivolume work

Freud, S. (1930). Contributions to the psychology of love. In J. Strachey (Ed.), Complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud
(Vol. 22). London: Hogarth.
Chapter in a book
Cook, P. W. (1997). Is it real? The evidence for a significant social problem. In Abused men: The hidden side of domestic
violence (pp. 1-42). Westport, Conn: Praeger.
Electronic Book Include only home page URL for Google Books, Netlibrary, etc.
Fullter, H. B. (1906). The purchase of Florida: Its history and diplomacy. Retrieved from http://books
.google.com/books
Book with DOI Some books now have DOI numbers, remember to include the new DOI website header for DOI numbers
Swinnen, J.F.M., & Rozelle, S. (2006). From Marx and Mao to the Market: The economics and politics of agricultural transition.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199288917.001.0001
Chapter in an E-book from database
Cook, P. W. (2009). Is it real? The evidence for a significant social problem. In Abused men: The hidden side of domestic
violence (pp. 1-42). Retrieved from Greenwood Digital Collection e-books.
E-Book on portable digital reader (no DOI)
Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version].
E-Book on portable digital reader with DOI
Brill, P. (2004). The winners way [Adobe Digital Editions version]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/007142363X

-11-
 SECONDARY SOURCES
Article or chapter in an edited book

Aromfreed. J. (1998). The concept of internalization. In D. Goslin & J. Williams, (Eds.), Handbook of socialization
theory and research (pp. 263-480). New York, NY: Rand McNally.
Authors work or works edited by another person
Rickman, J. (Ed.). (1999). A general selection from the works of Sigmund Freud. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday Anchor Books
Reprint source
Samenow, S. E. (2000). The criminal personality exists before prison. In F. Szumski & D. Bender (Eds.), Americas
prisons: Opposing viewpoints series (pp. 61-67). Detroit: Greenhaven. (Reprinted from Inside the criminal mind,
by Samenow, 1997, New York, NY: Times Books).
Work by one author contained in work edited by different authors
Beers, R. (2003). Testimony on drug trade as source of terrorism funding [2002, March 13 before Senate Judiciary
Subcommittee on narcoterrorism]. In B. Maxwell & M. Lima (Eds.), Terrorism: A documentary history (pp.
402-407). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.

REFERENCE WORK
ARTICLE / ENTRY IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY
Author provided
Fallon, L. F. (2006). Amniocentesis. In Longe, J.L. (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of nursing and allied health (Vol. 1, pp.
118-126). Detroit: Thomson Gale.
Bergmann, P. G. (2000). Earthquakes. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 22, pp.211-213). Chicago:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
No author - title moves to author position
Childrens Tylenol. (2007). In Physicians desk reference (62nd ed., p. 1893). Montvale: Thomson Healthcare.
-----
Child Labor. (2005). In Academic American encyclopedia (Vol. 4, p. 350). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
Print edition online, include edition number, retrieved date not needed
Advertising and Marketing. (2011). In Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance, 15th ed. Retrieved from Fergusons
Career Guidance database.
Mobile App Reference Work
Authoritative mobile reference apps are citable. For example, Wolfram|Alpha is a popular digital
encyclopedia mobile application. Use the Internet address the app can be purchased, as below.

Zimbabwe. (2012). In Wolfram|Alpha for iPhone [Mobile application software].Retrieved from

http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wolframalpha id334989259?mt=8
Wikipedia*
***Never cite Wikipedia for any TCC assignment unless cleared by your instructor or a librarian***
Psychology (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

-12-
 TEXTBOOKS at TCC

Citing specific chapter Chapter title Editors names

McDermott, P. (2007). Diversity. In G. Fisher & M. Menzel (Eds.), College success: SLS 1510 your passport to success
(pp. 2-5). Dubuque: Kendall Hunt.
Author of Textbook title
chapter Pages of Publisher Publisher
chapter location name

Citing entire book

Fisher, G. & Menzel, M. (Eds.). (2007). College success: SLS 1510 your passport to success. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt.
Citing specific article with reprint information
Steinem, G. (1995). Sex, lies, and advertising. In J. Freedman (Ed.) Women: A feminist perspective (5th ed.). Mountain
View: Mayfield. (Reprinted from Ms Magazine 1, 1972)

TECHNICAL / RESEARCH REPORTS

Ewald, P. W. (1996, March). Guarding against the most dangerous emerging pathogens: Insights. Emerging
Infectious Diseases, (SuDoc no.HE20.7009/7:4/4, 245-256). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Retrieved from SIRS Knowledge Source database.

It is not necessary to cite the higher agency (Health and Human Services Department) if the lower agency (in this case CDC) is well
known. If the publishing agency, bureau, department or institute is not well known, include both, higher department first.

NONBOOK SOURCES
PAMPHLET / BROCHURE
Medical Research Modernization Committee. (2003). Critical look at animal research [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author.

----
Rotunda, R. (2000, September 28). Constitutional problems with enforcing the biological weapons convention.
Cato foreign policy briefing. 61. [Pamphlet]. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
INTERVIEW (unpublished)
See page 4, PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS for example of in-text citation. APA does not require a citation in the
references because a personal interview is not going to be searchable and recoverable by those reading your paper.
Check with instructor if they want a reference citation, if so follow the format below.

Scott, R. (2011, June 3). Tuition increases for higher education in Florida: An interview with the governor.
Interview by R. Murgo [Tape recording]. Tallahassee, FL.
LECTURE, SERMON, SPEECH (unpublished)
Finkelstein, M. (2008, June 23). Italian reaction to Fascism. [Lecture given during Institute for Holocaust Studies].
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.

-13-
 AUDIO/VISUAL MEDIA
MOTION PICTURE

Kenner, R.. (Director), & Pearlstein, E. (Writer). (2008). Food, Inc. [Motion picture]. USA: Magnolia Home
Entertainment.
VIDEO/DVD

American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2005). Bullying prevention: APA psychotherapy series: Psychology in the
schools. [DVD].
Media streaming from general Internet sites

Nixons secret plan to end the Vietnam War. (1968). [Video file]. Retrieved July 19, 2011, from
http://www.history.com/topics/ the-art-of-war/videos#nixons-secret-plan-to-end-vietnam-war
Media streaming from social video websites (YouTube, Flickr, etc.)
Only list the user name who posted the file as the author if they are the original creator. If unsure, list by title with no
author; see example below.
Obama, B. A more perfect union: A speech at Philadelphia. (2008, March 18). [Video file]. Retrieved July 19, 2011
from http://youtu.be/pWe7wTVbLUU
If the YouTube user is the content creator, follow this format.

Judson. L. [judsonlaipply]. (2006, April 6) Evolution of Dance By Judson Laipply. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMH0bHeiRNg
Film viewed on streaming video service (Hulu, Netflix)
Spurlock, M. (Writer/Director/Producer). (2004). Super size me. [Motion picture]. USA: Kathbur Pictures.
Retrieved from http://netflix.com
TELEVISION DOCUMENTARY
Cookson, S. & Doob, N. (Directors). (2009). The memory loss tapes [Television documentary]. In M. Shriver & S.
Nevins (Executive producers), The Alzheimers project. New York, NY: HBO. Retrieved from
http://how.com/alzheimers/
SINGLE EPISODE IN TELEVISION SERIES
Shore, D., & Foster, D. (Writers), & Yaitanes, G. (Director). (2010).Unplanned parenthood. [Television series
episode 5, season 7, original air date October 18, 2010]. In P. Attanasio ( Executive producer), House.
New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.
AUDIO / MUSIC RECORDING
Audio recording from TCC database
Baker, N.D. (Speaker). (1920). Comments on the League of Nations. [Audio recording]. Retrieved from World
History database.
Audio recording from Internet
Malcolm, X. (Speaker). (1964). The ballot or the bullet [Audio recording]. Retrieved from
http://www.earthstation1.com/pgs/civil_rights/SistersFriendsEnemies.wav

-14-
 Musical Album
Black Eyed Peas. (2009). I gotta feeling. On The E.N.D. (Energy Never Dies) [CD]. Santa Monica, CA: Interscope
Records.
Podcast
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2009, April 18). Nightmares as a tool for personal growth with Anne Hill. Shrink rap
radio. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http;//shrinkrapradio.com/

PHOTOGRAPHS/IMAGES/MAPS
Image from a book
Matisse, H. (1905). The green stripe [Oil painting]. In C. Strickland & J. Boswell, The annotated Mona Lisa: A crash course
in art history from prehistoric to post-modern (p.134). Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1992.
Photograph from a magazine
Yoder, D. (n.d.). Roman colosseum [Photograph]. In T. Mueller, Unearthing the colosseum's secrets. Smithsonian,
41(9), 26-27.
Photograph retrieved online
Hoppe, E.O. (1947). Portrait of Einstein. [Photograph]. Retrieved May 26, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_portrait.jpg
Map retrieved online
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census
[Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics
/census-popdens_2000.pdf

ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS
Collection of letters from an archive

Gorham, T. T. (1923-1992). Correspondence. Thelma T. Gorham Papers, Meek-Eaton Archives, (Box 83,
Folder 11), Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum, Florida A&M
University.
Image from archive
[Photographs of African American cemeteries in Florida]. (ca. 1850-1950). Riley House Archives (Box 122,
Folder 13a), John G. Riley Center / Museum of African American History & Culture, Tallahassee
Community College

STATUTES / COURT DECISIONS

PA convention follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 18th ed., 2005
US Code Annotated
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, 20 U.S.C.A. 6053 et seq. (West 2002).
Florida Statutes
Community Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, 3 Fla. Stat. 394.65-394.9085
US Supreme Court, case popular name
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Florida Supreme Court
Clem Murray, a slave. V. State, 9 Fla. 246 (1860).
-15-
 INTERNET SITES / COMMON WEB PAGES
To cite an entire website (but not a specific document or quote on the site), its sufficient to give the
address of the site in a parenthetical note at the end of the sentence. No reference entry is needed in
these instances.
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive Web site for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).
or
President Obama often used Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/barackobama) and Facebook
(http://www.facebook.com/barackobama) to keep citizens up to speed of his initiatives.

Creating citations from general Internet sources can be tricky because they all do not follow the same
formatting standards. Try to include author, date, title [format description in brackets], and the source
URL.
If no author is available, place the title before the date
Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not available
Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period
Remove hyperlink if auto-generated
When Internet document comprises multiple URLs, provide a URL that links to the home or entry page
For large complex Web site (i.e. university) identify host organization and department / program before URL

CDC Centers for Disease Control: Organization as Author

CDC Office of the Director. (2007, May 21). Mens health: Mens summer health and safety tips. Retrieved
from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/men/summer/ index.htm
State of Florida
Borremans, N. (n.d.) Social organization. In Paleoindian period, Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved May 29,
2002, from Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological
Resources: http://www.dos.state.fl.us/dhr/bar/hist_contexts/paleo.html
White House Press Room
Bush, G. W. (2007, July 2). Statement by the president on executive clemency for Lewis Libby. Retrieved from
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-3.html
WebMD
Essig, M. (2007, July 19). CT scan of the body. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides
/computed-tomography-ct-scan-of-the-body
Occupational Outlook Handbook [Retrieved date included as contents subject to updating]
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2012). Librarians. In Occupational Outlook Handbook.
Retrieved August 10, 2012 from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Education-Training-and-Library
/Librarians.htm
Official Twitter account of authoritative person, e.g. politician, reporter, professional

Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Intitative to help additional 5 mill.
Americans graduate college by 2020:http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from
http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366
Official Facebook page or note

Pinker, S. [Steven]. (n.d.) Timeline [Facebook page]. Retrieved March 19, 2012, from
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Steven-Pinker/266872782418

-16-
 Sample Research Paper Format
1 in. margins, double-spaced, left-justify, Times New Roman 12 point font size the entire document
Title page

Running head: FIRST FEW WORDS IN TITLE IN ALL CAPS 1

Running head: on
the title page only.
Full Title

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

School Name

Most instructors will not require an abstract. Check the assignments instructions.

FIRST FEW WORDS OF TITLE 2 FIRST FEW WORDS OF TITLE 3

Abstract The Complete Title is Not

The abstract is not indented. It concisely
describes the study or paper in 75-300
words. The abstract describes problems
under investigation, study methods, findings,
conclusions and implications.
in Bold, Quotes, or Underlined
The body of the paper is written in
Times New Roman 12 point font. It
should be double spaced and left justified .

Keywords: tags, keywords, synonyms Bold Section Titles

Separate sections of the paper to make
it more readable. Concisely describe
sections, such as: Background
Information, Methodology, and
Conclusion.
-17-
 Below is a sample reference page. Your reference page should have the page number and
title header just like all the other pages in your paper.
References
Aronfreed, J. (1995). The concept of internalization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory
and research (pp. 263-480). New York, NY: Rand McNally.
Black Eyed Peas. (2009). I gotta feeling. On The E.N.D. (Energy Never Dies) [CD]. Santa Monica, CA:
Interscope Records.
Borremans, N. (n.d.). Social organization. In Paleoindian period, Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved
July 9, 2001, from Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of
Archaeological Resources, http://www.dos.state.fl.us/dhr/bar/hist_contexts/paleo.html
Bulfinch, T. (1913, 2000). Cuchulain, champion of Ireland: Hero myths of the British race. In The age of
fable (Vol 3 The age of chivalry). Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/182/302.html
Bushman, B. J,. & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts
versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56, 477-489.
Finkelstein, M. (2006, June 23). Italian reaction to Fascism. [Lecture given during Institute for Holocaust
Studies]. Florida State University.
Florida State University to phase out academic operations by 2010. (2007, September 14). Retrieved from
The Onion Sports Network, http://www.theonion.com/content/node/52822
Freud, A. (1997). The ego and the mechanism of defense (rev. ed.). New York: International Universities
Press.
Johnston, D. (2001, June 20). U.S. to consider settling suit against tobacco companies. New York Times,
pp. A1, A20.
Lovett-Hooper, G., Komarraju, M., & Weston, R. (2007). Is plagiarism a forerunner of other deviance?
Imagined futures of academically dishonest students. Ethics & Behavior, 17(3), 323-336.
Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. doi:10.1080/10508420701519387
Oster-Aaland, L., & Lewis, M. (2009). Alcohol poisoning among college students turning 21: Do they
recognize the symptoms and how do they help? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,
Suppl.16, 122-130. Retrieved from Health & Reference Center Academic database.
Prandy, K. & Bottero, W. (1998). The use of marriage data to measure the social order in
nineteenth-century Britain. Sociological Research Online, 3(1). Retrieved from
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/ 3/1/6.html
Rainwater, R. (2007, May 7). Beyond boogie down: The history of hip-hop. In: Living histories. Retrieved
June 29, 2007, from American History database.

-18-
 Need help?
Just come on over to the 2nd floor of the library.
A librarian or writing center specialist from the Learning Commons can assist you.

Or call the library: 850-201-8383 or go to www.tcc.fl.edu/library for more citation help

Librarian approved Internet sites for assistance with APA citations

APA Style - http://apastyle.org
The official APA style guide website, with interactive tutorials and FAQs.

Purdue Online Writing Lab - http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Purdue Online Writing Lab for APA format is one of the best websites for APA format.

NoodleTools - http://noodletools.com
At the very bottom of the page click <NoodleTools Express>, select APA.
NoodleTools provides one of the best online citation generators, just select the types and
fill-in the blanks.

Find the citation information in the detailed record

Often sources from the TCC databases will have the required information for your citation listed in the record.
(EBSCO host PsycARTICLES)

Article Title

Authors

Journal title, volume, issue

number, date, and page numbers

Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)
Drury, S., Hutchens, S. A., Shuttlesworth, D. E., & White, C. L. (2012). Philip G. Zimbardo on his career and the
Stanford Prison Experiment's 40th anniversary. History of Psychology, 15(2), 161-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025884

-19-
 Preformatted Citations in Databases
Preformatted reference citations are sometimes provided in the database record. However, double check the
formatting, like italics, punctuation, and capitalization because preformatted citations are not always correct.
The sample below is for demonstrative purposes.
Not all databases offer preformatted citations in APA style or look like the example below.

How to find the auto-generated citation in PsycARTICLES by EBSCO

1) Conduct a search and click the title link of an article to view the detailed record.

2) By clicking the title of the article, all the information needed to create a citation is listed:
Author, Date, Title, Source, and DOI. Or press the Cite icon for a preformatted citation.

*WARNING* - These preformatted citations are not always formatted properly and might have minor errors.
YOU MUST DOUBLE CHECK THE CITATION TO ASSURE IT IS FORMATTED PROPERLY!

-20-
Many of the databases have an option to Email the article and citation to yourself. This is always a good idea in
order to assure you do not lose the article. Select APA in the Citation Format field if available.

Not every database offers APA format citations but might offer MLA format.
Be aware, the information from a MLA citation can often be reformatted into an APA citation with little effort.

www.WORLDCAT.org
Worldcat is an international library database with over 1.5 billion items. It provides preformatted APA
citations for items you look-up, like books, DVDs, and more. Remember always double check the
formatting guidelines for types of references because the preformatted citation may not be correct!
If you cut & paste, remember, all references require hanging indentation

1) Enter search term 2) Click title of item of interest

3) Press the Cite/Export option and select APA 6th ed. cut & paste (remember to add hanging indent)

-21-
 Table of Contents
Introduction to APA & Plagiarism p. 2 Reference Citations for Articles pp. 7-10
Author-Date, APA Citation Format p. 2 Reference Citations for Books pp. 10-13
Direct Quotations p. 2 Reference Citations for Non-Book Sources p. 13
Block Quotations p. 3 Reference Citations for Audio/Visual Sources p.14
How to Paraphrase p. 3 Reference Citations for Internet Sources p. 16
What if - Parenthetical Notation Basics pp. 3-4 Sample Research Paper Format p. 17
Parenthetical Citation Examples pp. 4-6 Sample Reference Page p.18
Formatting a Reference Page p. 7 Finding Preformatted APA Citations p. 19-21
Basics of DOIs p. 7 More TCC Database Sample Citaitons p. 22

SAMPLE CITATIONS FROM TCC DATABASES

Reference citation examples of the following databases will be found on the pages indicated
Academic OneFile p.10 MEDLINE p. 9
Academic Search Complete p. 8 OmniFile p.10
Access World News (NewsBank) p. 9 Gale PowerSearch p. 8
Business Source Complete p. 9 PsycARTICLES p. 8
Fergusons Career Guidance p.12 SIRS Knowledge Source p.13
Greenwood Digital Collection p.11 Social Science Full Text p. 9
Health Source: Nursing/Academic p. 8 World History p.14

ERIC
Deakins, E. (2008). Helping students value cultural diversity through research-based teaching. Higher Education Research &
Development, 28(2), 209-226. Retrieved from ERIC database. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080
/07294360902725074
JSTOR
Besley, T., & Burgess, R. (2003). Having global poverty. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 3-22. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
BLACKBOARD

Goldman, M. (2009). Florida beginnings unit 1 overview. Florida: History, people and politics. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from
Tallahassee Community College IDS 2194 Blackboard web site.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS - VIEWPOINT ESSAY

Hsieh, S. (2005). Drunk-driving breath tests may be unfair to women. In L. Gerdes (Ed.), Drunk Driving. Contemporary Issues Companion
Series. Detroit: Greenhaven. (Reprinted from Cases Give New Life to Defense that DUI Test Unfair to Women, April 28,
2003 Lawyers Weekly USA, 3). Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

-22-