2010 Lecture 008 Unfinished

Theorem.
Taylors Formula for f (x, y) at the Point (a, b) Suppose f (x, y) and its
partial derivatives through order n + 1 are continuous throughout an open
rectangular region R centered at a point (a, b). Then, throughout R,
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) + (hfx + kfy )(a,b) +
(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 1 / 24

Theorem. Taylors Formula for f (x, y) at the Point (a, b) Suppose f (x, y) and its
1 2
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) + (hfx + kfy )(a,b) + 2! (h fxx + 2hkfxy + k2 fyy )(a,b) +
1 3
3! (h fxxx + 3h2 kfxxy + 2hk2 fxyy + k3 fyyy )(a,b) +

1 2
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) + (hfx + kfy )(a,b) + + 2hkfxy + k2 fyy )(a,b) +
2! (h fxx
( )n
1 3 2 2 3 1
3! (h fxxx + 3h kfxxy + 2hk fxyy + k fyyy )(a,b) + + n! h x + k y f (a,b) +


1 2
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) + (hfx + kfy )(a,b) + + 2hkfxy + k2 fyy )(a,b) +
2! (h fxx( )n
1 3 2 2 3 1
3! (h fxxx + 3h kfxxy + 2hk fxyy + k fyyy )(a,b) + + n! h x + k y f (a,b) +

( ) n+1
1
(n+1) !

h x
+ k y f (a+ch,b+ck) for some c (0, 1).
In this tutorial, we will review:

1 Triple integral
2 Integration by substitution;
3 Surface area;
4 Line integral.
5 Conservative vector field.

dxdydz

Example. Evaluate the triple integral I = , where the
V (1 + x + y + z)3
solid region V is bounded by the planes x + y + z = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the projection image

of D onto xy-plane. Then
dxdydz

I =
V ( 1 + x + y + z)3
( 1xy )
dz
= dxdy
R 0 (1 + x + y + z)3

dxdydz

Example. Evaluate the triple integral I = , where the
V (1 + x + y + z)3
solid region V is bounded by the planes x + y + z = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the projection image

of D onto xy-plane. Then
dxdydz

I =
V ( 1 + x + y + z)3
( 1xy )
dz
= dxdy
R 0 (1 + x + y + z)3
]1xy
1
[
= dxdy
R 2 (1 + x + y + z )2 z=0
[ ]
1 1 1
= dxdy
2 R (1 + x + y)2 4
1 1 1y dx 1

= 2
dy
2 0 0 (1 + x + y) 16
1 5
= = ln 2 .
2 16
Example. Let A : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , z 0, and
B : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , x 0, y 0, z 0. Evaluate z dV and z dV.
A B
Solution. Define the linear transformation f : R3 R3 de-

fined by (x, y, z) 7 (y, x, z), which is the rotation about z-axis
by /2 counterclockwise. One can see that after rotating the
solid B by 0, /2, and 3/2 under iterating f four times,
then images B, f (B), f 2 (B), f 3 (B) are disjoint and they just cover the solid A,
i.e. A = B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B). Moreover, the determinant of the rotation of
0 1 0
f is 1 0 0 = 1. It follows that
0 0 1

z dV = z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV
A B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B)

Example. Let A : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , z 0, and
B : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , x 0, y 0, z 0. Evaluate z dV and z dV.
A B
Solution. Define the linear transformation f : R3 R3 de-

fined by (x, y, z) 7 (y, x, z), which is the rotation about z-axis
by /2 counterclockwise. One can see that after rotating the
solid B by 0, /2, and 3/2 under iterating f four times,
then images B, f (B), f 2 (B), f 3 (B) are disjoint and they just cover the solid A,
i.e. A = B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B). Moreover, the determinant of the rotation of
0 1 0
f is 1 0 0 = 1. It follows that
0 0 1

z dV = z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV =
A B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B)
z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV = 4 z dV. We use the

B B B B B
cylindrical coordinates to evaluate the last integral as follows: z dV =
A
2 a a2 r2
2 a a4
a
2 r2
z r dzdrd = r[z2 ]0 a dr = (a2 r r3 )dr = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 4
Example. Let D be a region bounded above by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 32

and below by the cone z = x2 + y2 . The mass density at any point in D is its
distance from the xy-plane. Find the total mass m of D.

Solution. Since the cone z = x2 + y2 can be best described in spherical
coordinate by 0
4. In terms of spherical coordinates, D can be
parameterized by { (, , ) 0 2, 0 /4, 0 3 }. For any
point P(x, y, z) in D, the distance from the point P to the xy-plane is z = cos .
2 /4 3
The total mass m = zdV = cos 2 sin ddd =
D 0 0 0
34 sin2 (/4)
3
81
/4
2 3 d sin cos d = 2 = .
0 0 4 2 8

Example. Let be common intersection of the solid sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 4a2 , and the solid cylinder x2 + y2 2ax.
Express the volume of in terms of definite iterated integral.
Solution. Project the solid onto the xy-plane, then
the shadow is exactly the cross section of the cylinder

x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 .
Moreover, is bounded above by the upper hemisphere
with z = 4a2 x2 y2 and from below by the lower hemisphere with

z = 4a2 x2 + y2 .

x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 .

z = 4a2 x2 + y2 . It follows
from this observation that volume of the solid
4a2 x2 y2
= 1 dV = 1dV = 2 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy
4a2 x2 y2
x2 +y2 2ax x2 +y2 2ax

x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 .

4a2 x2 y2
= 1 dV = 1dV = 2 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy
4a2 x2 y2
x2 +y2 2ax x2 +y2 2ax
/2 2a cos /2 r=2a cos
= 2 4a2 r2 rdrd = 4a2 r2 d(4a2 r2 )d

/2 0 /2 r=0

x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 .

4a2 x2 y2
= 1 dV = 1dV = 2 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy
4a2 x2 y2
x2 +y2 2ax x2 +y2 2ax
= 4a2 r2 rdrd =
2 4a2 r2 d(4a2 r2 )d
/2 0 /2 r=0
/2 [ ]r=2a cos
2 2 /2 ( 3
)
= (4a2 r2 )3/2 d = 8a (4a2 sin2 )3/2 d
/2 3 r=0 3 /2

x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 .

4a2 x2 y2
= 1 dV = 1dV = 2 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy
4a2 x2 y2
x2 +y2 2ax x2 +y2 2ax
= 4a2 r2 rdrd =
2 4a2 r2 d(4a2 r2 )d
/2 0 /2 r=0
/2 [ ]r=2a cos
2 2 /2 ( 3
)
= (4a2 r2 )3/2 d = 8a (4a2 sin2 )3/2 d
/2 3 r=0 3 /2
16a3 /2 16a3
( /2 )
3
= (1 sin )d = 2 sin3 d = ,
3 /2 3 0
where the equality (*) is due to switching to polar coordinates.
Area of curved surface in space
Theorem. Suppose T is a surface which is the graph of a function z = f (x, y)

in the region D in xy-plane. Then the area of surfcae T is given by
defined
1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy.
D
Remark. In general, one can project the surface T onto other coordinate
planes.

Area of curved surface in space
Theorem. Suppose T is a surface which is the graph of a function z = f (x, y)

in the region D in xy-plane. Then the area of surfcae T is given by
defined
1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy.
D
Remark. In general, one can project the surface T onto other coordinate
planes.
Theorem. Suppose that T is a parameterized surface given by

r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k, in which the coordinate functions x, y
and z are continuously differentiable of u and v in domain T. Then the area of
surface T is given by
i j k
ru rv dudv, where ru rv = xu yu zu .
T
xv yv zv

Example. Find the area of the triangular surface G with vertices
(1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), and (0, 1, 1).
Solution.
It is easy to write down the equation of the surface G as

x1 y0 z0
0 = 0 1 2 0 0 0 = 2(x 1) + y + z, i.e. G is given by part of the
01 10 10
graph of z = 2(x 1) y. Project the surface G onto the xy-plane, and its
image is still a triangular region with vertices A(1, 0), B(0, 1), and C(0, 2).
Recall that projection is the same as dropping the last coordinate of the point.
It follows that the surface area of G is given by
1 2(1x)
6

dA = 2 2
1 + zx + zy dxdy = 2 2
1 + 2 + 1 dydx = .
G ABC x=0 1x 2
Example. If S is the part of the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 with
z 2, find the surface area of S.
Solution. Suppose the plane z = 2 meets the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 at a

curve C, and let (x, y, 2) be any point on C, then x2 + y2 = 2, so we know that
by projecting the surface S onto xy-plane, its shadow is given by the point in
the circular disc { (x, y) x2 + y2 2 }. Then S is the graph of the function
z(x, y) = x2 + y2 , so zx = 2x, zy = 2y. The area of surface S is given by

1 + z2x + z2y dA = 1 + 4(x2 + y2 ) dA =
2
x +y 22 2
x +y 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 + 4r2 rdrd = 1 + 4r2 d(1 + 4r2 ) =
0 0 8 0
[ ] 2
2 2(1 + 4r2 )3/2 13
= ( 33 1 ) = .
8 3 6 3
0

Let be the region given by x + y + z 1, and evaluate
Example. 2 2 2
I= (x2 + y2 + z2 )dV.

Solution. Use spherical coordinates, one has x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 , and hence

2 1
2 2 2
I= (x + y + z )dV = 2 2 sin ddd =
2 1 0 02 0 1
4 2
sin ddd = d sin d 4 d =
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1
[ ]2
0 [ ] [ cos ]0 .
5 0

Example. Find the volume of the (solid) region D bounded by 3 surfaces:

paraboloid x = y z2 , cylinder x = y/2, and plane y = 1.
Solution. The best way to describe the solid D is to make use of cross-section
If we fix the value of y = b, (0 b 2), this gives us a plane Sb parallel to the
xz-coordinate plane, this plane Sb will intersect the given solid region D with

an intersection D(b), with boundary given by the curves C1 : x = b z2 , and

C2 : x = b/2 on the plane Sb respectively. The curve C1 represents part

x = b z2 of a circle defined by x2 + z2 = b2 , and the curve C2 represents

portion of the line x = b/2 on the plane Sb . With this description, we can
sketch the circle and the line with various values of b (0 b 2), and then
find out the cross-section D(b) is given precisely by
2 + z2 b2 , x
3
D ( b ) = {( x, b, z ) x b/2 } = {( x, b, z ) 2 bz

3

b

2 b, 2 x b z2 } Then the volume of D is given by
2
( ) 3
2 y y z2
2
dAxz dy =
3 dxdzdy =
0 D(y) 0 2 y y/2

Example. Find the area of the portion T of the unit
1
sphere inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2 and z > 0.
Solution. The intersection of the unit sphere and the cylinder is a circle, and
the angle between the z-axis and a line from the origin to the circle is /4. We
parameterize the surface T by means of spherical coordinates as follows
r(, ) = (sin sin , cos sin , cos ) where 0 /4, and 0 2. In
this case, the intrinsic surface area element dS = r r dd = sin dd.
i j k
Note that r r = sin cos cos cos sin =
cos sin sin sin 0
sin2 sin i + sin

2
cos j sin cos k. And hence
r r = sin sin2 sin2 + cos2 sin2 + cos2 = sin .

Example. Find the area of the portion T of the unit
1
sphere inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2 and z > 0.
Solution. The intersection of the unit sphere and the cylinder is a circle, and
the angle between the z-axis and a line from the origin to the circle is /4. We
parameterize the surface T by means of spherical coordinates as follows
r(, ) = (sin sin , cos sin , cos ) where 0 /4, and 0 2. In
this case, the intrinsic surface area element dS = r r dd = sin dd.
i j k
Note that r r = sin cos cos cos sin =
cos sin sin sin 0
sin2 sin i + sin

2
cos j sin cos k. And hence
r r = sin sin2 sin2 + cos2 sin2 + cos2 = sin . Then its area
2 /4
= 1 dS = sin dd = 2 [ cos ]0/4 = (2 2).
T 0 0

Vector Fields
Definition. Let D R2 . A vector field on D is a vector-valued function F that

assigns to each point (x, y) in D a two dimensional vector F(x, y), i.e.
F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j = ( P(x, y), Q(x, y) ).
Definition. Let E R3 . A vector field on E is a function F that assigns to each

point (x, y, z) in E a three dimensional vector F(x, y, z), i.e. F(x, y, z) =
P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k = ( P(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) ).
Definition. If f : Rn R is a differentiable function, then f is a vector field on

Rn , and it is called the gradient vector field of f .
Definition. Let F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k be a vector field,
with differentiable coordinate functions. Then the curl of F is defined by curl
i j k
F(x, y, z) = F =
x

y

z = (Ry Qz , Pz Rx , Qx Py ).
P Q R
Definition. Let C be a piecewise continuously differentiable curve in a domain
D, parameterized by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k for a t b, and T(t) be the
unit tangent vector of C at r(t). Then the arc-length element ds is given by

ds = x (t)2 + y (t)2 + z (t)2 dt.
Definition. Let f be a scalar function defined in a domain D containing C, the

b
line integral of f with respect to arc-length of C is f ds = f (r(t)r (t) dt.
C a
Defintion The line integrals of f with respect to the coordinate axes are
b b

defined to be f dx = f (r(t)x (t)dt, f dy = f (r(t)y (t)dt and
b C a C a
C f dz = a f (r(t)y (t)dt respectively.
Remarks.
(i)
f dx = f dx, f dy = f dy, f dz = f dz, where C
C C C C C C
denotes the curve C with reversed orientation. (ii) f ds = f ds.
C C
Let F = (P, Q, R) be a continuous vector field defined on a region D, and C be
a piecewise continuously differentiable curve in a domain D, parameterized by
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k for a t b, and T(t) be the unit tangent vector of
C at r(t).
dy
Definition. F T ds = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = P(r(t)) dx dz
dt + Q(r(t)) dt + R(r(t)) dt .
Definition. The line of F along the curve C is defined to be

F T ds = ( P(r(t))x (t) + Q(r(t))y (t) + R(r(t))z (t) )dt.
C C
Remark. The line integral is sometimes called the work done of F along the
path C.

Example. Evaluate the line integral (x2 + y2 ) ds, where C is the straight line
C
segment from A(0, 0) to B(3, 4).

Solution. Let r(t) = (1 t)OA + tAB = (3t, 4t) for t [0, 1] be the convex

combination of vectors OA and AB.

C



Then ds = x (t)2 + y (t)2 dt = 32 + 42 dt = 5dt, and hence
(x2 + y2 ) ds =
C

C



1 1
125
(x2 + y2 ) ds = (3t)2 + (4t)2 5dt = 125 t2 dt = .

C 0 0 3

C



1 1
125
(x2 + y2 ) ds = (3t)2 + (4t)2 5dt = 125 t2 dt = .

C 0 0 3

Example. Evaluate the line integral y2 dx + x2 dy. where C is the part of the
C
graph of y = x2 from (1, 1) to (1, 1).
Solution. Let x = t where t [1, 1], then y = x2 = t2 , and hence r(t) = (t, t2 )
be a parametrization of y = x2 . It follows that y2 dx + x2 dy =
C
[ 5 ]1
2t4
1 ( ) 1
dx dy t 2
y2 (t) + x2 (t) dt = ( t4 (1) + t2 2t)dt = + = .
1 dt dt 1 5 4 1 5

Example. Evaluate the line integral xyz ds, where C is the path from
C
A(0, 0, 0) to D(1, 2, 3) consisting of three line segments joining together, the
first one is parallel to the x-axis, the second parallel to the y-axis, the third
parallel to the z-axis.
Solution. It follows from the description of the path that it starts first from
A(0, 0, 0) to B(1, 0, 0), next from B(1, 0, 0) to C(1, 2, 0); and finally from
C(1, 2, 0) to D(1, 2, 3). Note if a path is parallel to one of the coordinate axes,
so the remaining two coordinates are constant, in particular, their derivatives
with respect(to the time-parameter
) t are zero. With the description, one has

xyzds = +
+
xyz ds =
C AB BC CD
1 2 3 3 [ ]3
t 0 0dt + 1 t 0dt + 1 2 tdt = 2 tdt = t2 = 9.
0 0 0 0 0

Example. Evaluate the line integral F T ds, where F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk,
C
and C is the curve x = e2t , y(t) = et , z(t) = et for 0 t ln 2.
Recall that F T ds = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz, where T is the unit tangent vector
(field)
on the curve C and F = (P, Q, R) is a vector field. Then
F T ds = ( P(r(t))x (t) + Q(r(t))y (t) + R(r(t))z (t) )dt, where
C C
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k a t b is a parametrization of the curve C.

Solution I. First x (t) = 2e2t , y (t) = et , z (t) = et . And F T ds =
ln 2 ( ln 2 C
)
e2t 2e2t + et et + et (et ) dt = (2e4t + e2t e2t ) dt = .
0 (0 )
Solution II. Note that F = xi + yj + zk = 21 (x2 + y2 + z2 ) .
field F =
Given a conservative f , then the line integral (or work done of F
along C) is give by F Tds = F dr = f dr = f (r(b)) f (r(a)),
C C C
where C is parameterized by r(t) (a t b).

Example. Evaluate the line integral 2x cos y dx x2 sin y dy along (i) The
C
x-axis from (1, 0) to (1, 0); (ii) The parabola y = (x 1)2 from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

C

1 1
dx
2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy = (2t) cos(0) dt = 2tdt = t2 1t=1 = 0.

C 1 dt 1

C

1 1
dx

C 1 dt 1
(ii) Parameterize the curve (i) by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti + (t 1)2 j for
dx dy
1 t 0, so dt = 1 and dt = 2(t + 1).

C

1 1
dx

C 1 dt 1
dx dy
1 t 0, so dt = 1 and dt = 2(t + 1). 2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy =
C

C

1 1
dx

C 1 dt 1
dy
1 t 0, so dx dt = 1 and dt = 2(t + 1). 2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy =
1 [ C ]
dx dy
(2t) cos((t + 1)2 ) (t)2 sin((t + 1)2 ) dt =
t=1 dt dt
1 [ ]
2t cos((t + 1)2 ) 2(t + 1)t2 sin((t + 1)2 ) dt =
11 [ ]
d 2 2 2 d 2
(t ) cos((t + 1) ) + t (cos((t + 1) )) dt =
1 dt dt
1
d 2 ()
(t cos((t + 1)2 )) dt = 0.
1 dt
The reason for (*) is that F(x, y) = 2x cos yi x2 sin yj = (x2 cos y) is a
conservative field. We will try to explain in more detail in the next tutorial.

Example. Evaluate the line integral x2 dy, where C is the cardioid with polar
C
equation r = 1 + cos ,
Solution. Write down the equation in rectangular coordinates, we have

x( ) = r( ) cos = (1 + cos ) cos , and y( ) = r( ) sin = (1 + cos
) sin ,
so y ( ) = cos (1 + cos ) sin2 = cos 2 + cos . It follows that x2 dy =
C
5

x( )2 y ( )d = cos2 (1 + cos )2 (cos 2 + cos ) d = = .
2

Example. Find the curl of F = (x2 z)i + xez j + xyk.
i j k
Solution. curlF = F =
x

y

z =
x2 z xez xy
( ) ( ) ( )
z 2 (xez ) 2
y (xy) z (xe ) i + x (xy) z (x z) j + x z) k =

y (x
x(1 ez )i (y + 1)j + ez k.
Let F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj y2 kk. Find curl F.
i j k
Solution. curlF = F =
x

y

z = (2y + xy)i + xj + yzk.
xz xyz ez

Theorem. If f (x, y, z) is a scalar function and has continuous 2nd order partial
derivatives, then curl (f ) = 0.
i j k

Proof. curl (f ) = x y z =
fx fy fz
( (fz )y (fy )z )i + ( (fx )z (fz )x )j + ( (fy )x (fx )y )k = 0.
Corollary. If F is conservative (i.e. F = f ), then curl F = 0.
Remark. This can be used as a necessary condition for checking if a given

vector field F is conservative. We will discuss about the sufficient condition
later.
Example. F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj y2 k is not conservative because curl
F = (2y + xy)i + xj + yzk = 0.

Example. Which of the following vector field F satisfies that curl F = i + j k.
A. xi + yj + zk B. xi + yj zk C. yi + zj xk D. i + j k E.
None of the above
Solution. The answer is E. The vector fields in A, B, D are conservative, i.e.

F = f for some scalar functions, so it follows that curlF = curl(f ) = 0. And
one evaluates that
( curl )
(x)
(yi + zj xk) = y z
z i + = i + = i + j k, so C is not the
right answer.

Example.
Apply Theorem of Independence of Path to show that the line
integral y2 dx + 2xy dy + zdz, from the fixed point A to the fixed point B is
C
independent of the path C from A to B.
If F is a conservative vector field ( i.e. F = (f ) ) defined on a domain D

containing a path C, parameterized by r(t) where a t b, Then the work

done by F along the path C is given by C F Tds = f (r(b)) f (r(a)).

Solution. Rewrite the line integral y2 dx + 2xy dy + zdz = F Tds, where
C C
T is the unit tangent vector field of C. In this case,
F(x, y, z) = (y2 , 2xy, z) = (f (x, y, z) where f (x, y, z) =

Example.
Apply Theorem of Independence of Path to show that the line
integral y2 dx + 2xy dy + zdz, from the fixed point A to the fixed point B is
C
independent of the path C from A to B.
If F is a conservative vector field ( i.e. F = (f ) ) defined on a domain D

containing a path C, parameterized by r(t) where a t b, Then the work

done by F along the path C is given by C F Tds = f (r(b)) f (r(a)).

Solution. Rewrite the line integral y2 dx + 2xy dy + zdz = F Tds, where
C C
T is the unit tangent vector field of C. In this case,
F(x, y, z) = (y2 , 2xy, z) = (f (x, y, z) where f (x, y, z) = xy2 + z2 /2. And
hence the vector filed F is conservative. It follows that
C F Tds = f (r(b)) f (r(a)) = 0 for all the closed path C with r(a) =r(b). It
follows from the theorem of path-independence that the line integral C F Tds
is independent of the choice of the path C with the same starting and terminal
points.

Let F be a continuous vector field with domain D.

Definition. The line integral C F dr is independent of path in D, if

C F dr = C F dr for any 2 paths C1 and C2 in D that have the same initial
1 2
and terminal points.
Definition. A curve is closed if its terminal point coincides with its initial point.

Theorem. The line integral C F dr is independent of path in D if and only if
C F dr = 0 for every closed path C in D.

Remark. This is a consequence of F dr = F dr.
C C
Theorem. The following statements has the following relationship:

(1) F is conservative on D.

(2) C F dr is independent of path in D;

(3) C F dr = 0 for any closed path in D.

2010 Lecture 008 Unfinished

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2010 Lecture 008 Unfinished

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Theorem.

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 1 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 1 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 1 / 24

In this tutorial, we will review:

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 1 / 24

Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the projection image

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 2 / 24

Solution. Let R = { (x, y ) x + y 1, x 0, y 0} be the projection image

Solution. Define the linear transformation f : R3 R3 de-

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 3 / 24

Solution. Define the linear transformation f : R3 R3 de-

z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV = 4 z dV. We use the

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 4 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 5 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 5 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 5 / 24

= 2 4a2 r2 rdrd = 4a2 r2 d(4a2 r2 )d

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 5 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 5 / 24

Theorem. Suppose T is a surface which is the graph of a function z = f (x, y)

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 6 / 24

Theorem. Suppose T is a surface which is the graph of a function z = f (x, y)

Theorem. Suppose that T is a parameterized surface given by

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 6 / 24

It is easy to write down the equation of the surface G as

Solution. Suppose the plane z = 2 meets the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 at a

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 8 / 24

Solution. Use spherical coordinates, one has x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 , and hence

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 9 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 10 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 11 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 11 / 24

Definition. Let D R2 . A vector field on D is a vector-valued function F that

Definition. Let E R3 . A vector field on E is a function F that assigns to each

Definition. If f : Rn R is a differentiable function, then f is a vector field on

Definition. Let f be a scalar function defined in a domain D containing C, the

C f dz = a f (r(t)y (t)dt respectively.

Definition. The line of F along the curve C is defined to be

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 14 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 15 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 15 / 24

(x2 + y2 ) ds = (3t)2 + (4t)2 5dt = 125 t2 dt = .

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 15 / 24

(x2 + y2 ) ds = (3t)2 + (4t)2 5dt = 125 t2 dt = .

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 15 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 16 / 24

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 17 / 24

Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 18 / 24

Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy = (2t) cos(0) dt = 2tdt = t2 1t=1 = 0.

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 18 / 24

Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy = (2t) cos(0) dt = 2tdt = t2 1t=1 = 0.

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 18 / 24

Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy = (2t) cos(0) dt = 2tdt = t2 1t=1 = 0.

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 18 / 24

Solution. (i) Parameterize C by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j = ti for 1 t 1.

2x cos ydx x2 sin ydy = (2t) cos(0) dt = 2tdt = t2 1t=1 = 0.

Solution. Write down the equation in rectangular coordinates, we have

(I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 c 11 7F 19 / 24

Let F(x, y, z) = xzi + xyzj y2 kk. Find curl F.