66 REVIEWS

Apocalypses should be mentioned. Perhaps Bishop Gore under-

rates their contribution, but there is no over-statement in the as-
sertion that Christ " approximates far more closely in teaching
to the prophets than to the later writers of Apocalypses" (p.
309). The chapter on the Atonfement presents the subject in a
way unsurpassed for brevity and clarity. The concise presenta-
tion of the views of Harnack, Schweitzer, Bossuet and Lake
(pp. 165-169) is excellent. Mention should also be made of
the exposure of Dean Rashdall's misconceptions of patristic
theology and Christology. It will be found a most serviceable
work.
F. H. HALLOCK

The Gift of Tongues: A Study in Pathological Aspects of Christianity. By-

Alexander Mackie. New York: Doran, 1921, pp. 275. $2.00.

An extensive survey and study of glossolaly and related

phenomena from apostolic days down to the present, with espe-
cial reference to the claims of the modern " tongues people." Its
conclusions are briefly summarized in the words, " It ought to
be a matter of popular knowledge that some states of mind and
some states of action which are called spiritual, and which are
claimed to be spiritual, are called spiritual and claimed to be
spiritual simply because they are unusual. It ought to be a
matter of common knowledge that such states of mind and ac-
tion are the expressions of diseased minds and diseased bodies,
that when we are dealing with an extraordinary religious ex-
perience we are very likely to be dealing with disease. . . . His-
torically such religious experiences are practically always as-
sociated with anti-moral conduct, and more particularly with
transgressions of accepted moral standards in the vita sexualis "
(p. vii). " There is every evidence pointing to the fact that the
tongues in their origin are either a fraud or pathological, or
both" (p. 264). " I n identifying the tongues movement with
holiness, we are identifying with holiness the criminaloid type
of mind" (p. 266). "Christendom has waited long and pati-
 REVIEWS 67

ently to see whether this thingthis gift of tonguesis of God.

It is of sickness, of poverty, of fatigue, of disease, of crime. It
is not of God" (p. 275).
There is little doubt that the evidence adduced supports these
conclusions : its pages, giving full source-material for the history
of the phenomenon (at least in later centuries), are dreary read-
ing save for the specialist in abnormal religious psychology.
We may suspect that other evidence existsit was St. Paul who
thanked God he " spake with tongues more than you all," for
example. But as William James stated in his Varieties, as the
principle which he himself followed, such states of mind are
best studied in their extreme forms. For the saint, superior
inhibitions may check the extravagant and pathological and anti-
moral manifestations observable in grosser natures. With St.
Paul, for example, the whole " current of his being " was set in a
moral direction ; and he was greatly concerned, we remember, to
recommend to his Corinthian friends the " more excellent way "
of love, and to define the " fruits of the Spirit " in ethical rather
than psycho-physiological terms. It need not invalidate religion
to find it accompained in subnormal minds with bizarre and
grotesque and even immoral phenomena; but it does invalidate
religion to identify it, and especially its highest realization, with
these phenomena. The author's point is well taken.
FREDERICK C. GRANT

Apology and Polemic in the New Testament By Andrew D. Heffern. New

York: Macmillan, 1922, pp. xii + 411. $3.50.

The posthumous publication of Professor Heffern's Bohlen

Lectures for 1915 furnish the latest evidence of an increasingly
popular development of NT study. Since E. F. Scott's Apolo-
getic of the NT (1907), English and American students have
become more and more aware of the existence of an apologetic
motive in hitherto unsuspected quarters. Not only in the
gospelsit is most readily recognizable in Matthew and John
but even in the epistles this motive is to be found. Polemic has
 ^ s
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