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ELEMENTS
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BY ;

HORATIO N. ROBii^^'O.K, h%;D

AUTHOR OF A FULL Cdtr^te'OF ll^^^^C^.', .
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924227
 TRIGONOM-ETEY

PART I.

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.

SECTION I.
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES.
Trigonometry, in its literal and restricted sense, has
for its object the measurement of triangles. it When
treats of plane triangles it is called Plane Trigonometry .

In a more enlarged sense, trigonometry is the science

which investigates the relations of all possible arcs of the
circumference of a circle to certain straight lines, termed
trigonometrieal lines or circular functions^ connected with
and dependent on such arcs, and the relations of these
trigonometrical lines to each other.
The measure of an angle is the arc of a circle inter-
cepted between the two lines which form the angle the
center of the arc always being at the point where the
two lines meet.
-..The arc is measured by degrees j minutes, and seconds;
IJi^re being 360 degrees to the whole circle, 60 minutes
hl'one degree, and 60 seconds in one minute. Degrees,
and seconds, are designated by "
nliHutes, , ', ; thus,
270 read 27 degrees 14 minutes 21 seconds.
-^^f 2\fr^ is

.'The circumferences of all circles contain the same

nmber of degrees, but the greater the radius the greater
 SECTION I. -
245

is the absolute length of a degree. The circumference of

a carriage wheel, the circumference of the earth, or the
still greater and indefinite circumference of the
heavens,
has the same number of degrees ; yet the same number
of degrees in each and every circumference is the meas-
ure of precisely the same angle.

DEFINITIONS.
1. The Complement of an arc is 90 minus the arc.
2. The Supplement of an arc is 180 minus the arc.
3. The Sine of an angle, or of an arc, is a line drawn
from one end of an arc, perpendicular to a diameter
drawn through the other end. Thus, BF
is the sine of

the arc AB, and also of the arc BDE, BK is the sine
of the arc BD.
H
4. The an arc is the per-
Cosine of j) ^^

pendicular distance from the center of

the circle to the sine of the arc ; or, it is
the same in magnitude as the sine of
the complement of the arc. Thus, OF J
is the cosine of the arc AB; but CF=
KB, which is the sine of BD. ^

The Tangent of an arc is a line touching the circle

5.
in one extremity of the arc, and continued from thence, to
meet a line drawn through the center and the other ex-
tremity. Thus, AH
is the tangent to the arc AB, and

DL is the tangent of the arc DB

6. The Cotangent of an arc is the tangent of the com-

plement of the arc. Thus, DL, which is the tangent of

the arc DB, is the cotangent of the arc AB.
Remark. The co is but a contraction of the word complement.

7. The Secant of an arc is a line drawn from the center

of the circle to the extremity of the tangent. Thus, CR
is the secant of the arc AB, or of its supplement BDE,

8. The Cosecant of an arc is the secant of the comple-

ment. Thus, CLy the secant of J5i>, is the cosecant oiAB.

21*
246 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
9. The Versed Sine of an arc is the distance from tiio

extremity of the arc to the foot of the sine. Thus, Al

s the versed sine of the arc AB^ and I)K is the versed

line of the arc BB,

For the sake of brevity, these technical terms are con-
tracted thus : for sine AB^ we write nn. AB ;
for cosine
A S, T7e write co. AB\ for tangent AB^ we write tan,
AB, etc.

From the preceding definitions we deduce the follow

mg obvious consequences :

1st. That when the arc AB becomes

insensibly small,
or zero, its sine, tangent, and versed sine are also
nothing, and its secant and cosine are each equal to
radius.
2d. The sine and versed sine of a quadrant are each
equal to the radius ; its cosine is zero, and its secant and

tangent are infinite.

3d. The chord of an arc is twice the sine of one half
the arc. Thus, the chord, J5(r, is double the sine, BF,
4th. The versed sine is equal to the difierence between
the radius and the cosine.
5th. The sine and cosine of any arc form the two sides
of a right-angled triangle, which has a radius for its
hypotenuse. Thus, (TFand FB are the two sides of the
right-angled triangle, CFB.
Also, the radius and tangent always form the two
sides of a right-angled triangle, which has the secant of
the arc for its hypotenuse. This we observe from the
right-angled triangle, OAH,
To express these relations analytically, we write

sin.' -h COS.' = i? ( 1 )

R' -I- tan.' = sec' (2)

From the two equiangilar triangles CFB^ CAH^ we

Have
OF : FB ^ OA : AH,
 SECTION I. 247

That id,

COS. : sin. =R : tan. ; whence, tan. = _ I (3^

cos
Also, OF , CB ^ CA : CH,
That is,

COS. : 72 = jR : sec. ; whence, cos. sec. = -B*. (4)

The tivo equiangular triangles, CAH and ODL, give

CA I AH = DL I DC.
That is,

R : tan. = cot. :
i2; whence, tan. cot. = iT. (5)

Also, OF I FB =. DL I DQ.
That is,

COS. : sin. = cot. :

i2; whence, cos. R= sin. cot. (6)
From equations (4) and (5), we have
COS. sec. = tan. cot. (7)

Or, COS. : tan. = cot. sec. :

We also have ver. sin. = R cos. (8)

The between the various trigonoraetrical lines

ratios

are always the same for arcs of the same number of

degrees, whatever be the length of the radius; and we
may, therefore, assume radius of any length to suit our
convenience. The preceding equations will be more con-
cise,and more readily applied, by making the radius
equal unity. This supposition being made, we have, for
equations 1 to 6, inclusive.
sin." + COS.*

tan. =

tan. =
248 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
zontal and the other vert-
ical. These equal parts w
are called quadrants, and
they may be distinguished
as the first, seccnd, third,
and fourth quadrants.
The center of the circle
18 taken as the orig:in of
 SECTION 1 24S

With (7 as a center, and CA as a

ladius, describe the arc ABF, and
from A lay off the arcs AD = 45,
=
AB 60, and AE = 90 then ;

is EB = 30.

1st. The side of a regular in-

scribed hexagon is the radius of
the circle, (Prob. 28, B. IV), and as the arc subtended
by each side of the hexagon contains 60, we have the
chord of 60 equal to the radius.
2d. The triangle CAII is
right-angled at J., and the
angle (7 is equal to 45, being measured by the arc AD\
bence the angle at H is also equal to 45, and the trian-

gle is isosceles. Therefore AH QA = radius of the

circle.

3d. The ABQ is isosceles, and Bn is a per-

triangle
pendicular from the vertex upon the base hence An = ;

nC Bm, But Bm is the sine of the arc BE, On is the
cosine of the arc AB, and An is the versed sine of the
same arc, and each is equal to one half the radius.
Hence the proposition ;
the cJwrd of 60, etc.

PROPOSITION II.

Given, the sine and the cosine of ttvo arcs, to find the sine
and the cosine of the sum and of the difference of the same
arcs expressed by the sines and cosines of the separate arcs.

Let G be the center of the

circle, CD the greater arc,
and DF the less, and denote
these arcs by a and h re-
spectively.
Draw the radius GD\ make
the arc DE equal to the arc
DF, and draw the chord EF,
From ^ and ^, the extremi-
Q M NO
ties, and I, the middle point
250

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
of the chord, let fall the perpeiuliciilars FM, EP, and
IN, on the radius GO, Also draw DO, the sine of the
arc 01), and let fall the perpendiculars III on FM, and
EK on IK
Now, by the definition of sines and cosines, BO =
&\n.a\ CfO cos.a; FI = sin. 6; GI = co&.b. We are
to find

FM = sin. {a -\- h); GM = cos. [a -{ h); -

EP = sin. {a~b); GP = cos. (a h).

Because IN is parallel to DO, the two a's, GBO^

GIN, are equiangular and similar. Also, the A FHI is
Biinilar to the A
GIN; for the angles, FIG and HIN,
two equals, taking away tKe
are right angles; from these
common angle IIIL, we have the angle FIR the angle
GIN The angles at and iV^are right angles; there- H
Ibre, the A's FHI, GIN, and GDO, are equiangular
and similar; and the side RI is homologous to IN
and DO.
Again, as FI = IE, and IK is parallel to FM^
FH = IK, and HI = KE.
^j similar triangles we have
GD DO = GI IN : :

That is, R sin.a = cos.b IN; or, IN==

: : . ( 1 )
^^"-y.
Also, GD GO = FT FH, : :

That is, R
72 :
HF; or, FH=
cos.a = sin.6 iTi^;
cos.a-*
FH- g^^-^j^ lllj, : (2)

Also, GD GO = GI GN : :

That is, '^ cos.a = cos,b (7iV^; or, (7iV^=

: ; ^
3 ^
co_s^cos^6^

Also, GD DO = FI IH, : :

That is, R sin.a = sin.6 IH; or, Zff = !liifJl!.^:^.

: : (4)
R
By adding the first and second of these equations, we
bave
IN 4 FH = F3I sin. (a + ft).
 SEOTION I. 251

,, ,
.
/ 7\ == sin.a cos.b -f- cos.a sin. 6
That IS, sin. (a + .

o) ^ .

By subtracting the second from the first, since

Z^ FJI^ IN^ IK^ EP, we have
8111.
,
^ ,.
= sin.a C0S.6
_ cos.a sin.ft
(a J)

By subtracting the fourth from the third, we have

GN IE = GM = COS. (a + h) for the first member.
TT / T\
= COS. a C0S.5 sin.a sin. J ,-
Ilence, cos. (a +,

o) ^ . (5)

15y adding the third and fourth, we have

aN-\- in= GN+NF= GF =^ co8.{ah),
rr
Hence, cos.(a
5) = COS. a cos. 6 +^ sin.a sin. 5 (o)
/ IS /^

Collecting these four expressions, and considering the

ra lius unity, we have ^;^. :.

h)= + sin.a cos.5 + cos.a sin. 6 ( 7 )

(a
b)=
sin. sin.a cos.6 cos.a sin. 6 (8)
cos.(a -hb)
cos.a coa.b sin.a sin.i (
9 )

fsin.(a
cos.(a
= cos.a cos.6 + sin.a sin.5
6) (10)

FormuljB (A) accomplish the objects of the proposi

tion, and from these equations many useful and import
ant deductions can be made. The following are the
most essential :

"
By a Iding ( ) to (
8
),
we have (
n ) ; subtracting (
8 )

fr^>m 7 12 9 added to 10 13
( )
gives ( ). Also, ( ) ( )
gives ( ) ,

( 9 ) taken from (
10 )
gives (
H ).

+ b)-{- sin. (a b) = 2sin.a cos.6

f
sin. (a (
H )

6in.(a + J)
sin. (a 5) = 2cos.a sin. 5 (12)
(B)
cos.(a + b) + cos.(a
b) = 2cos.a cos.6 (
13 )

cos.(a
b)
cos.(a + 6)
= 28in.a sin.6 (
14 )

If we put a-\-b = A, and a b = B, then H ( become^

)

(
15
), ( 12 ) becomes ( 16
), (
13 ) becomes (
17
),
and H be ( )

comes (18).
262 PLANF TRIGONOMETRY.

sm.\.A H-sin.5=2sin. t ^
2 ^ 2

sin.^ - sin.^ == 2cos. (- -) sin. (^V^) (

1^ )

(^)
oos.^ + cos.^ = 2cos. (^ -) COS.
(^-~) (
17 )

C08.J5 COS J. . 18)

..i^^).i.(^)
If we divide (
15 )
by (16 )j (observing that =
sin.

cos.
'-
tan.,

cos 1
ttnd -V^ = cot. = as we learn by equations (6) and
sin. tan.

(
5
), we shall have
A^^B AB^ rA+B>
sin. J. + sin .B ''^(-y-) "'^-(-2-) t^-^-C^-)
sin.^ sin.i> AB^ AB^ (19)
cos.(2-j ^^m.( -j tan.(-^)
Whence,
sin.JL+sin.^ : sin.J. sin.5 = tan.f A+Bs) : tan. (
A^B^)
2 / ^ 2'

That The sum of the sines of any two arcs is to the dif-
is :

ference of the same sines, as the tangent of one half the sum
of the same arcs is to the tangent of one
half their difference.
operating in the same way with the different equa-
By
tions in formulae {0), we find,

^sin.J. + sin.^ /A-{-B\

(20)

sin.^ + sin.^ ^ /A - ^\
cos.^ cosTZ
^^^'
V 2~~) (21)

mn.A sin.^ /^ _ ^.
^ *^^- (22)
cos.tI + co~sr^ \ 2 )
(^) sin.J. sin.^
_
~ ^^^-
/^ + ^A
cos.^ cos.^ { 2~) (23)

^^^'
cos.tI + cos..g ~
_ \~^ /

eos.i COS. J. ^ yAB\

(24)
tan.
V-T
 SECTiOxX I. 253

These equations are all true, whatever be the value

of the arcs designated by and we may, therefore, A B ;

assign any possible value to either of them, and if in

equations (20), (21), and (24), we make J9= 0, we shall

have,
sin.^ .A
= tan. = 1
-;
/OCX
(
25 )
i -f cos.^ 2 cot.JJ.
Bin. J. .A = 1

cos.^ =
f^^.
26
cot. -pr-
T ( )

{ 1 2 tan.J^
1 + cos.^ cot.^^ 1
27)
1 cos.^ tan. J J. tan'. J J.

K we now turn back to formulse (A), and divide equa-

tion ( 7 ) by (
9
),
and (
8 )
by (
10
), observing at the same
tame that
cos.
= -
tan., we shall have,'

. / ,x
= sin. a cos. J 4- cos.a sin. 6

,

tan. (a -f 6)
cos.a C0S.6 sin. a sin.i

tan. (a = sin. a cos. J cos.a sin. 6

5)
cos.a cos.^ + sin. a sin. 6

By dividing the numerators and denominators of the

second members of these equations by (cos.a cos.5), we
find,
sin. a COS. 6 co8.a sin. 5

tan.(a+M=
, ,v cos.a COS. 6
cos.a COS.
,
cos.a cos.i
; z=:- -.

sm.a sin.6 1 tan.a tan.6

tan.a-f-tan.J
(28)

cos.a COS. 6 cos.a COS. 5

sin. a COS. 5 cos.a sin.6
, ,, cos.a cos.6
cos.a C0S.6 tan. a
=-
tan. 5
tau.(a
^ 6)=
'
cos.a
-, -.

sin. a sin. 6
.
---^^ (29)
COS. l+tan.atan.5
cos.a COS. 6 cos.a COS. 6

If in equation (H), formulae (B), we make a == J, we

ihall have,
sin. 2a = 2sin.a cos.a (30)

Making the same hypothesis in equation (13), gives,

C08.2a + 1= 2co8'.a (31)

22
254 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
The same hypothesis reduces equation (14) to

l_cos.2a = 2siIl^a (32)

The same hypothesis reduces equation (

28 ) to

, o
tan.2a = - -
~
1
2tan.a
tan\a
,qq\
(33)

If we substitute a for 2a in (31) and (32)^ we shall have

1 + cos.a = 2cos.'Ja. (34)

and 1 cos.a = 2sin.'Ja. (35) ^

PROPOSITION III.

In any right-angled plane triangle, we may have the fol-

:
lowing proportions
1st. The hypotenuse is to either side, as the radius is to the
sine of the angle opposite to that side,^
2d. One side is to the other side, as the radius is to the tan-

gent of the angle adjacent to the first side,

3d. One side is to the hypotenuse, as the radius is to the
secant of the angle adjacent to that side.

Let CAB represent any right-

angled triangle, right-angled at
A.

(Here, and in all cases hereafter, we shall represent the angles of a

triangle by the large letters A, B, C, and the sides opposite to them,

by the small letters a, b, c.)

From either acute angle, as C, take any distance, as

CD, greater or less than OB, and describe the arc BU.
This arc measures tlie angle 0. From B, draw BF par-
allel to BA ;
and from B, draw BG, also parallel to BA
or BF.
By the definitions of sines, tangents, secants, etc, BF
isthe sine of the angle 0; EG
is the tangent, CQ the

secant, and CF the cosine.

 SECTION I. 255

Now, Ly proportional triangles we have,

GB: BA=CD: DF or, a : c =R : 8in.(7
CA: AB= CU: EG or, b : c =- E : tan.O
CAiCB ^ CE Ca :
or, b : a =^ R : sec.C
Hence the proposition.
ScnoLiuM. If the hypotenuse of a triangle is made radius, one side
is the sine of the angle opposite to it, and the other side is the cosine
of the same angle. This is obvious from the triangle CDF.

PROPOSITION IV.

In any triangle, the sines of the angles are to one another

as the sides opposite to them.

Let ABC be any tri-

angle. From the points
A and B, as centers,
with any radius, de-
Hcribe the arcs meas-
urinf): these anorjes, and
draw pa, CD, and mn,
perpendicular to AB,
Then, pa = sin. J., and mn = sin.^.

By the similar A*s, Apa and ACD, we have,

R : sin.^ ^biCD\
R{CD) sin.A or,
= b (1)

By the similar a*8, Bmn and BCD, we have,

R sm.B = a: CD; or, R(CD) = a sm.B
: (2)

By equating the second members of equations (

1 )

and (2)
h sin. -4 = a sin. 5.
Hence, sin.^ : sin. 5= a : b

Or, a : b = sin.A : sin.^.

ScnoLiUM 1. When either angle 90, sine radius.

is its is

ScnoLiUM 2. W^hen CB than AC, and the angle B, acute,

is less

the triangle is represented by ACB. When the angle B

becomes B^,
it is obtuse, and the triangle A CB^ but
is ;
the proportion is equally
256 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
true with either triangle for the angle CB^D = CBA, and
; the siu^
of CB^D is the same as the sine of AB^C. In practice we can deter-
mine which of these triangles is proposed, by the side AB being
greater or less than AC; or, by the angle at the vertex C being large,
as A CB, or small, as A CB^.
In the solitary case in which AC, CB, and the angle A, are given,
and CB less than AC, we can determine both of the A's JCB and
A CB'' and then we surely have the right one.
;

PROPOSITION V.

If from any angle of a triangle, a perpendicular he let fall

on the opposite aide, or base, the tangents of the segments of
the angle are to each other as the segments of the base.

Let ABO be the triangle. Let fall

the perpendicular CD, on the side

AB.
Take any and de-
radius, as Cn,
scribe the arc which measures the A av.^^^/B
angle 0. From n, draw qnp parallel to AB. Then it is
obvious that np is the tangent of the angle DCB, and nq
is the tangent of the angle ACD.
Now, by reason of the parallels AB and qp, we have,
qn :
7ip
= AD DB :

That is, tan.J.aZ> : tan.Z>(7^ = AD DB. z

PROPOSITION VI.

If a perpendicular he let fall from any angle of a triangh

to its opposite side or base, this base is to the sum of the other
two sides, as the difference of the sides is to the difference of
the segments of the base.

(See figure to Proposition 5.)

Let AB be the base, and from 0, as a center, with the

shorter side as radius, describe the circle, cuttiiig AB in
Q^, and AC
in F; produce to U. AC
 SECTION I. 257

It is obvious that AE is the sum of the sides AC and

CB, and ^i^is their difference.

Also, AD \q one segment of the base made by the per-
pendicular, and BB BCr is the other; therefore, the
difference of the segments is AG,
As J. is a point without a circle, by Cor. Th. 18, B.
m, we have
AE X AF = AB X AG
Hence, AB : AE ^ AF : AG,

PROPOSITION VII.
17ie sum of any two sides of a triangle is to their difference^
as the tangent of one half the sum of the angles opposite to

these sides, is to the tangent of one half their difference.

Let ABQ be
any plane triangle. ^
Then, by Proposition 4, we have,
BQ: AQ= sin.J. : sin.j5.

Hence, A B

^C + ^C:^C^(7=sin.^+sin.i?:sin.^ sin.^(Th.9,B.II).
But,

tan. ( i )
: tan. ( -
^
= sin.^ -f sin.^ : sin.-4

sin.jS, (eq. (10), Trig.)

Comparing the two latter proportions, (Th. 6, B. H),

we have,

Hence the proposition.

PROPOSITION VIII.

Given, the three sides of any plane triangle, to find some

relation which they must hear to the sines and cosines of thi

respective angles,
22* R
258 PLANE r 1 1 I G N M E T R Y.
Let ABO be
the triangle, and
let the perpen-
dic alar fall either

upon, or without
the base, as shown
C B
m the figures.
By recurring to Th. 41, B. I, we shall find

2a

Kow, by Proposition 3, we have

R : COS. = b : OJ),

Therefore, OB = ^, (2)

Equating these two values of OB, and reducing, we

have
COS. = E (a' + b" c'^
(
m
2ab

In this expression we observe, that the part c, whose

square is found in the numerator with the minus sign, is
tlie side opposite to the angle ; and that the denominator
is twice the rectangle of the sides adjacent to the angle..
From these observations we once draw the following
at

expressions for the cosine A, and cosine B :

COS. A R{b' + c' a'

in)
2fo

eos.^ = ^i^-^llZ.^-!). {P)

:aG

As
these expressions are not convenient for loganth-
mic compu'-ation, we modify them as follows:
If we put 2a A, in equation (
31
)j we have
COS. Jl + 1 = 2cos.'JJ..
In the preceding expression, {n)^ if we consider radius
Uxuty, and add 1 to both members, we shall have
 SECTION I. 259

= 5' 4. (7>
a"
COS. J. + 1 1 -f
2hc

= ^hc-^h' + c^ a*
Therefore, 2cos.'JJ.
2bc

^ {h + cY
g'

2bc

Considering 6 +as one quantity, and observing that

<?

(5 4- cy
a' is the difference of two squares, we have

(t-|-c)>--a=(5+c-|-a) {b-]-ca) ;
but (6+ra)=i4-c+a 2a.

= [
b ^ c + a)( l> + a-2a )^
Hence, 2cos.'i^ +^c

/h -{- c + a\ /h -}- c -h a \

n
Or,
. 1 J
cos.*J^ = ^ 2 ) V
J
2 "";.

By putting = , and extracting square root,

the final result for radius unity is

COS. lA = v/l5p).
For any other radius we must write

^ 1 A
cos. = 4 /i^'s (
i-
a)
1^^ \/
^
i..

be

By inference, cos. ^B = a/^MZ1^

Also, COS. iC = \/^MiEI).

a6
In every triangle, the sura of the three angles is equal
to 180 and if one of the
; angles is small, the other
two must be comparatively large ;
if two of them are
email, the third one must be large. The greater angle
is always opposite the greater side; hence, by merely
inspecting the given sides, any person can decide at
once which is the greater angle; and of the three pre-
260 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
ceding equations, that one should be taken whicli applies
to the greater angle, whether that be the particular

angle required or not because the equations bring out

;

the cosines to the angles ; and the cosines to very small

arcs vary so slowly, that it may be impossible to decide,
with sufficient numerical accuracy, to what particular
arc the cosine belongs. For instance, the cosine 9.999999,
carried to the table, applies to several arcs; and, of
course, we should not know which one to take but this ;

difficulty does not exist when the angle is large ;

there-

fore,compute the largest angle first, and then compute

the other angles by Proposition 4.
But we can deduce an expression for the sine of any
of the angles, as well as the cosine. It is done as fol-
lows:

EQUATIONS FOR THE SINES OF THE ANGLES.

Besuming equation m ), and considering radius
( unity,
we have
COS. a= +^^^
a' 5^ (?
.

Subtracting each member of this equation from umty,

gives
(1)
i_cos.a=i-(_2-^^.
Make 2a = (7, in equation (32) ;
then a = \Q^
and 1 COS. 2sin.4a
(7 = (2)

Kquating the second members of (1) and (2},

2am.^0 =
2ab

_ c'-{ a- bf
2ab

* {c -\- b a){c -{- a b)

2d}
 SECTION I. 261

/c + b a\ /c + a b\
Or, n.4(7 = \IJl2XZKI2.
ab

c-\-h
a c+b-^a ^c-i-a b
=
c+a-{-b ,
r) .

But.-^-= -^ a.and__- ^ 1

Put ^
= , as before; then,

^ ab

By taking equation (i? ), and proceeding in the same

manner, we have

From = - *)Jf_r:I).
(n), sin. i^ v/C"

The preceding results are for radius unity ; for any

other radius, we must multiply by the number of units
in such radius. For the radius of the tables we write
72; and if we put it under the radical sign, we must
write R^\ hence, for the sines corresponding with our
we must write the equations thus,
loejarithmic table,

^ be

^ ac

^ ab

A large angle should not be determined by these

equations, for the same reason that a small angle should
not be determined from an equation expressing the
cosine.

In practice, the equations for cosine are more gener*

dlly used, because more easily applied.
262 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
The formulae which we have thus analytically devel
oped, express nearly the important relations between
all

the sines, cosines, and tangents of arcs or angles; and

we have also demonstrated all the theorems required for
the determination of the unknown parts of any plane
triangle, three of the parts of which are given, one at
least being a side.
Such relations might be indefinitely multiplied, but
those already established are i>ufficient for most practical
purposes, and when others a,re required, no difficulty
willbe found in deducing them from these.
The following geometrical demonstrations of many of
the preceding relations, are offered, in the belief that
they will prove useful disciplinary exercises to the stu-
dent. 6 ,

1st. Letthearc J.i>=J.; then i) (7= sin. J.; CGr=coa,A,

i>J=sin.J^; AD=2sm.iA; (7Z=cos.JJ.;
CI=I)0; and i>^=2D(9=2cos.J^.
The Single, DBA, is measured by
one half the arc AD that by J J..
; is,

Also, ADa = DBA=:iA.

Kow, in the triangle, BDCr, we have
Bin.DBa i>(^=sin.90 BD.
: :

That is, sin. JJl sin.^=l : : 2cos. JJ..

Or, &m,A2sm.^A cos.J^;

which corresponds to equation (
30 ).

In the same triangle,

Bin.9^ . BD=8m.BDa BG; : and sin.BDa^coa.DBQ
That is, 1 :
2co8.JJ.=co8.JJ. : 1+cos.J..
Or, 2cos.' JJL=l-fcos.J., same as equation (34).
In the triangle, DCrA, we have,
Bin.dO'' : AD ^ Bin. aDA aA, :

That is, 1 : 2sin. J^ = sin. J J. 1 cos.J..

:

2sin.'' ^A = 1 cos.
Or, J., same as equation ( 35 X
 SECTION I, 268

By similar triangles, we have,

BAiAD^ABiAa,-
That is, 22sin.JJ.
:
= 2sin.J^ versed : sin.-4..

Or, versed sin.^ = 28in.' ^A,

2d. FroTTi C as the center, with CA as the ^adiu^
describe a circle. Take any arc,
ABj and call it A and AD a less
;

arc, and call it JB then BI) is the

;

difference of the two arcs, and must

be designated by {A B) ;
arc AG
= arc AB ; therefore,
iYQl)a = A + B; i:a=^sm.A;
IJn = 8m.B;
Gn = sm.A-^mn.B;
=
Bn sin. J. sin.^.
Fm = mD CH= cos.B mn = cos. J. ; ;

therefore, Fm -{-mn^ co^.A + cos.jB = Fn ;

mD mn == cos.B cos.^ = nD ;

and i)6^ =
2sin.(^-:?).

Because, BF-=AD\ AB-YNF=A^B',

therefore, 180 (^ + J5) = arc FB,

or. 90^
(^) = jarcm
But the chord, FB^ is twice the sine of J arc FB ;

FB = 2sin. (90 = 2cos. ^

that is,
^-^) (^ )

The \__nGD [_BFI>, because both are measured

by one half of the arc BI); that is, by ( V and

- the

two triangles, GnD and FnB, are similar.

The angle, GFn, is measured by

(
\-

In the triangle, FBG, Fn is drawn from an angle per

264 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
pendicular to the opposite side ; therefore, by Propositioi*
6, we have,
an nB = tsin.aFn
: : tsm.BFn,

That is, siu.^+sin.^ : sin.^ siii.^=tanY \ : tan.

This is equation (
19 ). ^j^^^
{^^-^y
In the triangle, GnD, we have,
sin. 90 : DGr = sm.nI)G :
Gn; sm.nBa^cos.nCrD,
That is, 1 2sin. = cos. sin. JL+sin.^.
:
(f^) (^-^) :

sin.^ + siiL.^= 2sin.

Or,
(^^) cos. {^^
the same as equation (15).

8d. In the triangle, FnB, we have,

sin.90 : FB = sm.BFn : Bn.

That is, 1 : = : gin.^^sin.i^.

2cos.(^^) sin.(4.-:?)

Or,
sin.^-sin.^=2cos.(^^)sin.(^1^),
the same as equation (16).

4th. In the triangle, FBn, we have,

sin.90 : FB = cos.BFn : Fn.

That 1 2cos. = cos.^+cos.^.

is, :

(^^) cos.(^:p?)
:

Or, cos.JL + cos.^ = 2cos. cos. the

(f^^) (^ ~^),
ame as equation (
17 ).

5th. In the triangle, Gnl), we have,

sin.90 GB = sin.naB nB,
: :

That 1 =
is, : 2sin.
(^ ) sin. (^^ ) cos.5cos.A. :

.he same as equation (

18 ).

0th. In the triangle, FGn^ we have,

sin. GFn : Gn = cos. GFn : Fn.
 SECTION I. 265

That 18, 81U. J : Bin.A-fsin. B = cos. ) : c^s.^4.-h

009.B.

Or, (sin.^ -f sin.JS) cos. { = (cos.A

-
)
-f C08.J5) sin.

sin.

Or, ^1
^= = tan. J r ), the

, (
cos.^ + cos.j5 A-^B \ 2
cos.^
2
same as equation (20).

7th. In the triangle, FriB, we have,

Fn : nB :: 1 : tau. BFn,

Thatis, cos.^ + cos.JL : sin.JL sin.jB :: 1 :

tan.J(J.
B),
^ A
sin. sin.jB
- -B\
= tan. /A
,
,,
Or,' . the same
cos. J- -f COS.J&
(
\ 2 r),
as equation (22).

8th. In the triangle, GnB, we have,

Gn : nD : : 1 : tan.w(7i).

That is,

sin. -A + sin. ^ : cos. J? cos. ^ :: 1 : tsLU.f V ^

COS.
B COS.
~A = , /A ^\-
or,' -^ tan. ).
sin. A B
i (

4- sin. \ 2 )

NATURAL SINES, COSINES, ETC.

When the radius of the circle is taken as the unit of
measure, the numerical values of the trigonometrical
lines belonging to the different arcs of the quadrant, be-
come natural sines, cosines, etc. They are then, in fact,
but numbers expressing the number of times that these
linejii contain the radius of the circle in which they are
taken. The tables usually contain only the sines and
cosines, because tliese are generally sufficient for practi-
23
266 PLANE TRIGONOMEIR Y.
cal purposes, and the others, when required, are reaihiy
expressed in terms of them.
We proceed to explain a method for computing a table
of natural sines and cosines.
It was shown, in Book Y, that the linear value of thc(

arc 180, in a circle whose radius is unity, is

3.141592653.

This divided by 180 x 60, the number of minutes id

180, will give the length of one minute of arc, which ia

.00029088820867.

But there can be no between the

sensible difference

length of the arc V and its sine and, within narrow

;

limits, that sine will increase directly with the arc.

Hence,
 SECTION I. 267

Whence, cos. 1' = .9999999577.

COS. 2' = .9999998308.
COS. 3' = .9999993204.
COS. 4' = .99999932304.
COS. 5' = .99999894290.
COS. 6' = .99999847753.
COS. 7' = .99999792735.
COS. 8' = .9999973035.
COS. 9' = .9999965730.
COS. 10' = .9999957703.
The natural sines of arcs, differing by V, from 10 up
may be computed from those of arcs less
'
lo 1, an
10', oy means of equation (
H ), group B, which is

sin. (a + h)
= 2sin. a cos. b sin. {a b);
And when a = 5, this equation becomes
sin. 2a = 2sin.a cos. a. Eq. (30).

To find the sine of 11', we make a = 6', and b = 5' ;

then sin. 1 1' = 2sin. 6' cos. 5' sin. 1'== .003 19976^13

a = 6 == 6', sin. 12' = 2sin. 6' cos. 6'.

a= 6=
7', 6', sin. 13' = 2sin. 7' cos. 6' sin. V.
a = 6 =: 7, sin. 14' = 2sin. 7' cos. 7'.

a = 8, = 7, ^/ sin. 15' = 2sin. 8' cos. 7' sin. V

And so on to the

sin. 30' = 2sin. 15'cos.l5'.

sin.l = sin. 60' = 2sin. 30'cos.30'.
sin. 2 = 2sin.l cos. 1.
sin. 3 = 2sin. 2 cos. 1*" sin. 1, etc., etc., etc.

This process may be continued until we have found

tl:c sires and cosines of
arcs differing by 1', from all

to 90, the values of (he cosines being deduced success-

ively from those of the sines by means of the formula.

COS. = v/l sin.'.

In this calculation, we began by assuming that, for

small arcs, Ihe sines and the arcs were sensibly equal.
268 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
t must be remembered that this is but an approxima^
tion ;
and although the error in the early stages of the

process is not sufficient to affect any of the decimal iig-

ures which enter the tables, it will finally become so,
since it is constantly increased in the operations by
which the sines and cosines of the larger arcs are de-
duced from those of the smaller. When the error ha?
been thus increased until it reaches the order of the last
decimal unit of the table, which assigns our limit of
error, we must have the means of detecting and correct
it.
ing
ThiR consists in calculating the sines and cosines of
certain arcs by independent processes, and comparing
them vrith those found by the above method.
We have seen, for example, (Prop. 7, B. Y), that the
chord of

30^ 517638090; whence, sin. 15<^ =.258819045.

15" =^ .2610523842; " " 7 30' =.130526192.
7^30' -= .1308062583; " " 3 45' =.0654031291.

And so on to
sin. 14' 3" 45'" = .004090604.
etc. etc. etc.

The following elegant method of deducing, from the

sine of an arc, the sine and cosine of one half the arc, is

given, assuming that the student is familiar with the

simple algebraic principles upon which it depends.
Let us take the natural sine of 18, which is .8090170,
1 oo
and make x = sine, and y the cosine of 9 = --.
A

x' =^ 1) (1)
Then, -\- y'

and 2xy = .3090170 (2); Eq. (30)

Adding, we have
ir'+ 2xy +/ ==
1.3090170;
 SECTION 1. 269

Taking the square root, we have

a: + y = 1.144123. (3)

Subtracting (2) from (1),

x^ 2xy + y' = .690983;

taking the square root,

X y ^ .831254* (4)

Adding (3) and (4), 2x =^

.312869,

hence, x = 8in.9 = .1564345

Subtracting (4) from (3), 2y = 1.975377

hence, y = cos.9 = .9876885

Now, by making x = the sine of 4 30', and y = cosine

of 4 30', and as before
a; + y'
== 1

and 2xy = .1564345,

we obtain the sine and cosine of
4*^ 30'; and another
ope-
ration will give the sine and cosine 2 15', etc., etc.
Wemay in this manner compute the sines and cosines
of all arcs resulting from the division of 18 by 2, and
we may make their values accurate to any assigned deci-
mal figure.
This has been carried far enough to show how a tablo
of natural sines, etc., could be computed ; but in conse-
quence of the tedious numerical operations which the
process requires, other methods are resorted to in the
actual construction of the table.
The Calculus furnishes formulae giving the values of
the sines and cosines of arcs developed into rapidly con-

verging series, and from these the sines and cosines of

all arcs from 0 to 90, can be determined with great

* AVhen an arc is less than 45, the cosine exceeds the sine; and

when the arc is between 45 and 90, the sine exceeds the cosine.
Hence, when the arc is 9, y, its cosine, exceeds x, its sine and we ;

therefore plac ,d tJie minus sign before the second member of Eq. (4).
23*
270 PLAJE TRIGONOMETRY.
accuracy and with comparatively little labor. lu the laijt
two columns on each page of Table II, will be found the
values thuscomputed of the sines and cosines of every
degree and minute of a quadrant.

TRiaONOMETRICAL LINES FOR ARCS EXCEEDING 90.

From the annexed figure,

the construction of which
needs no explanation, are
deduced by simple inspec- ^
tion the results given in the

following

TABLE.

90 + a
 SECTION 1. 271

Bin. 118 = 8in.(90 + 28)

= cos.28 ;

tail. 118 = tau.(90 + 28)

= cot.28 ;

etc., etc., etc.

For the arc 230, we have

sin. 230 = sin. (270
40) = cos 40 ;

Rec.230 = sec.(270
40) = cosec.40 ;

etc., etc., etc.

In many investigations, it becomes necessary to con-

M iov the functions of arcs greater than 360 ; but since
tii3 addition of 360 any number of times to the arc a,
will give an arc terminating in the extremity of a, it is
obvious that the arc resulting from such addition will
have the same functions as the arc a. And hence it fol-
lows that the functions of arcs, however great, may be
ftxpressed in terms of the functions of arcs less than 90.
272 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.

SECTION II.

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY, PRACTICALLY APPLIED.

In the preceding section, the theory of Trigonometr5
has been quite fully developed, and the student should
now be prepared for its various applications, were he
acquainted with logarithms. But logarithms are no part
of Trigonometry, and serve only to facilitate the numeri-
cal operations. Trigonometrical computations can be
made without logarithms, and were so made long before
the theory of logarithms was understood.
For this reason, we proceed at once to the solution of
the following triangles.

1. The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 21,

and the base is 17 ; required the perpendicular and tiifl
acute angles.
Let CAB be the triangle, in
which CB = 21, and CA ^
17. AA^ith (7 as a center, and
CD = 1 as a radius, describe
tlxC arc DE, of which the sine
IS DF,the tangent is EG, and
the cosine is CF.

By similar triangles we have

CB '. CA '.'. CD CF',
that is, 21 : 17 : : 1 cos. C.

17
Hence^ i. C
21
= .80952+.
 SECTION II. 278

AVe must now turn to Table II, and find in the last two columnft
the cosine nearest to .80952, and the corresponding degrees and
minutes will be the value of the angle C.
On page 57, of Tables, near the bottom of the page, and in the
column with cosine at the top, we find .80953, which coriesponda
to 35 56' for the angle C. The angle B is, therefore, 54 3'.
T'ais Table is so arranged, that the sura of the degrees at the top

and bottom of the page, added to the sum of the minutes which are
found on the same horizontal line in the two side columns of the
pagC; is 90
Thus, in finding the angle C, the number .80953 was found in
the column with cosine at the head. / We therefore took the de*

grees from the head of the page, and the minutes were taken
from the left hand column, counting downwards.
For the side ABj we have the proportion
CF : FD :: CA :
AB;
or, cos. C : sin. C :: 17 :
AB-,
that is, .80953 : .58708 : : 17 : AB.
From which we find AB = .58708 x 17 -,- .80953;
whence, AB = 12.328.

If we had formed a table of natural tangents, as well as of natu-

ral sines, AB
could have been found by the following proportion

CF : FG :: CA i AB
or, 1 : tan. C :: 17 :
AB)
whence, AB = 17 tan. C.
The perpendicular AB may also be found b}^ the proportion
CD : BF :: CB :
AB-,
or, 1 : sin. C :: 21 :
AB-,
whence, AB = 21 sin. C = 21 x .58708 = 12.32868.

2. The two sides of a right-angled triangle are 150 ?nd

125 required the hypotenuse and the acute angles.
;

We may employ the same

figure as in the preceding prob-
lem.
^
Then, from the similar trian-
gles, CFD and CAB, we get

CF FD : :: CA :
AB-,
274 PLANE TRIG ONOMETBY.
that is, COS. C : sin. C :: 150 : 125 :: 6 :
5,
which gives 6 sin. 6' = 5 cos. 0;

hence, .
36 sin/G = 25 cos.6'.

A-dding member to member, 36 cos.^6' = 36 cos.*C.

we have 36 (sin.
'^

6^+ cos.'*
6^)
= 61 cos.* C.

Biitsin.2C4- cos.'C = 1, (Eq. (1) Trigonometry);

whence, 61 cos.^C = 36;

cos.^C = !^
61
= .5901639344:

and cos. = .76822, nearly.

To which this is the cosine, we turn to page 60
find the angle of

of tables, and looking in the column having cosine at the head; we

Bee that .76822 falls between .76828, which has 48' opposite to it
in the left hand column, and .76810, which has 49' opposite to it
in the same column. Now, the cosines of arcs less than 90 de-
crease when the arcs increase, and the converse ;
and while the
increase of the arc is confined within the limits of 1', the increase
of the arc will be sensibly proportional to the decrease of tli^ cosine,

0.76828 .76828
Hence, 0.76810 .76822

18 : 6 : : 60" : a/'

which gives x" = 20".

The angle C is, therefore, equal to 39 48' 20", and the angle
B =r 90 39 48' 20" = 50 11' 40".
To find CB, we have
 oECTION II. 275

Let CAB be the triangle.

Then, (Prop. 4, Sec. I),

riu. 50 11' 40" : sin. 90" :: 150 : CJi.

Whence,

>tie same as in the preceding example.

To find AB, we have
CD : DF :: CB :
AB;
that is, I : sin. (7 or cos. ^ :: 195.26 :
AB;
from which we find

AB = 195.26 sin. 39 48' 40";

or, AB =^ 125.0015.

Two sides, the one 30 and the other 35, and the in-
4.

eluded angle 20, of a triangle, are given, to find the

other two angles and the third side.
*Let BA G be the triangle, in which B
= 35, BA = 30, and the angle B=
20*^. From A, the extremity of the
shorter -side, let fall on BC
the perpen-
dicular AD, thus dividing the triangle
into the two right-angled triangles and BAD CAD.
Then, from the triangle BAD, we have

Ist,
276
 SECTION II. 277

Put CD { BD ^ CB = 21.

By addition, we get 2CD = 28.5527;

dividing by 2, and CD = 14.2763+.
And hence, BD = CB CD = 24 14.2763 = 9.7237.

In the triangle ADB, we have

BA : BD :: 1 : cos. 5
or, 18 : 9.7237 :: 1 : cos. ^ = .54020

Table TT
o^ ki T> KQ f COS. 57 18' = .54024)
II, Page 63,
| ,,,. 570 ig. ^ .54000 }

diff. = 24 : 60" : : 4 : 10"

hence, L^ == ^7*^ 18' 10".

It will be observed that Examples 5 and 6 refer to the same tri-

ungle, and that in Example 5 the angle B was 57 18' 15". This
slight discrepancy in the results should be expected, on account of
the small number of decimal places used in the computations.

Second. By Prop. 8.

Sum of the sides, = 62.815,

half sura denoted by 5,
== 31.4075
a = 24
s a = 7.4075

Formula, cos. J ^= \
/
^^ ^, radius being unity.

s{s
d) = 31.4075 X 7.4075 = 232.65105625
he = 20.815 X 18 = 374.67

^^^J""-^ .62095 very nearly.

V":62()95 = .78800.

Hence, cos. I A =
.78800, and M
(Table II, page 59) 38o
Tery nearly ; the angle is therefore Aequal to 76, which agrees
with Example 5.

7.Given, the three sides, 1425, 1338, and 493, of a tn-

angle; required, the angle opposite the greater side, using
the formula for the sine of one half an angle.
24
278 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
Make a = 1425, h = 1338, and c = 493 ;
tlien the Li in

opposite the side a, and the formula is

be

in which s denotes the half sum of the three sides.

Then we have s = 1628,
= 290, = 1135,
s h s c (s h)

= 329150, ic = 659634,
^ C^' ^) (^
(8-^c) .498988
be

Hjnce, sin. M= ^'498988 = .70632.

In the table we jSod sin. 44 56' 28.5" ~ .70638.

Therefore, l^ = 44 56' 28.5", and A = 89 52' 5l" ;
but
little less than a right angle.

In these seven examples we have shown that it is possi-

ble to solve any plane triangle, inone which three parts,
at leastbeing a side, are given, without the aid of loga-
rithms. But, when great accuracy is required, and the
number of decimal places employed is large, the necessary
multiplications and divisions, the raising to powers, and
the extraction of roots, become very tedious. All of these
opera tiors may be performed without impairing the cor-
rectness of results, and with a great saving of labor, by
means of logaritlims but, before using them, the student
;

should be made acquainted with their nature and pro-

perties.

LOGARITHMS.
Logarithms are the exponents of the powers to which
6 fixed number, called the base, must be raised, to pro-
dace other numbers.
The exponent of number is also a number express-
a

ing how many times thefirst number is taken as a factor.

Thus, let a denote any number then a' indicates that a

;

has been used three times as a factor, a* that it has been

aoe.i four times as a fat-tor, and a" that it has been thus
uod n times.
 SECTION fl. 279

instead of calling tliese numbers S, 4,

Now, w,

exponents, we call them the logarithms of the powers a',

aS a\
To multiply a^ by a', we have simpl}' to wyMg a, giving
it an exponent equal to 2 + 5 thus, a^ x a^ a\
;

Hence, the sum of the logarithms of any number of factott

is equal to the logarithm of the product.
To divide a" by a, we have onl}^ to write a, gi'v^ng it

an exponent equal to 12 9;
thus, a"-r-a' a'; and, =
generally, the quotient arising from the division of a"* by
a", is equal to a"'~".
Hence, the logarithm of a quotient is the logarithm of the
dividend diminished by the logarithm of the divisor.
If it is required to raise a number denoted by a', to the
fifth power, we write a, giving it an exponent equal to
3x5; thus, (a')*=a", and, generally, (")"*= a"*".
Hence, the logarithm of the power of a number is equal to
the logarithm of the number multiplied by the cxponeiit of the
poiver.
To extract the 5th root of the number a', we write a,

giving it an exponent equal to f ; thus, \/a'=a^, and,

generally, to extract any root of a number, we divide the
exponent of the number by the index of the root, and the
quotient will be the exponent of the required root.
Hence, the logarithm of a root of a number is equal to the

quotient obtained by dividing the logarithm of the number by

the index of the root.

Now, understanding that by means of a table of loga-

rithms we may find the numbers answering to given
logarithms, with as much facility as we can find the loga-
rithms of given numbers, we see from what precedes that
multiplications, divisions, raising to powers, and the ex-
traction of roots, may be performed by logarithms ; and
the utility of logarithms, in trigonometrical computations,

mainly consists in the simplification and abridgment of

these operations by their use.
280 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
The common logarithms are those of which 10 is the
base ;
that is, they are the exponents of 10.

Thus, 10^ = 10 Hence the logarithm 10 =1.

10^=100 " " " 100 =2.
10=1000 " * " 1000 =3.
10* = 10000 " " " 10000 = 4.
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

10
Since
Jq
== 1 = 10'-' = lO**, and generally ==" =
or
1,

follovva that in this, as in all other

it
systems, the loga-
rithm ot 1 = 0.
From what precedes, it is evident that the logarithm of
any number between 10 and 100 must be found between
1 and 2 that is, its logarithm is 1 plus a number less
;

than 1; and any number between 100 and 1000, will

have for its logarithm 2 plus some number less than 1,
and so on. The fractional part of the logarithm of a
number is expressed decimally.
The entire number belonging to a logarithm is called
its index. The index is never put in the tables, (except
from 1 to 100), and need not be put there, because we
always know what it is. It is always one less than the
number of digits in the integer. Thus, the number 3754
has 3 for the index to its logarithm, because the number
consists of 4 digits; that is, the logarithm is 3 and some
decimal.
The number 347.921 has 2 for the* index of its loga-
rithm, because the number is between 347 and 348, and
2 the index for the logarithms of
is all numbers over 100,
and less than 1000.
All numbers consisting of the same figures, whether
integral, fractional, or mixed, have logarithms consisting
of the same decimal part. The logarithms differ only in
their indices.
24*
 SECTION II 281

Thus, the number 7956. has 3.900695 for its log.

the number 795.6 has 2.900695

the number 79.56 has 1.900695
the number 7.956 has 0.900695
the number .7956 has 1.900695
the number .07956 has 2.900695

From this we perceive that we must take the logarithm

01' t of the table for a mixed number or a decimal, the
same as if the figures expressed an entire number; and

then, to prefix the index, we must consider the value of

the number.
The decimal part of a logarithm is always positive;
out the index becomes negative when the number is a
decimal and the smaller the decimal, the greater the
;

negative index. Hence,

To prefix the index to a decimal, count the decimal
point as 1, and every cipher as 1, up to the first significant
figure, and this is the negative index.
For example, find the logarithm of the decimal
.0000831.
Num. .0000831; log. 5.919601.

The point is counted one, and each of the ciphers is

counted one; therefore the index is minus

five.
The smaller the decimal, the greater the negative
index ;
and when the number becomes 0, the logarithm is

negatively infinite.
Hence, the logarithmic sine of 0 is negatively infAiite^
Jtowever great the radius.

A number being given, to find its

corresponding logarithm.

The logarithm of any number consisting of four figures,

or less, is taken out of the table directly, and without the
least difficulty.

Thus, to find the logarithm of the number 3725, wf

24 *
282 PLANE TlllGONOMETRY
find 372 at the side of the table, and in the columo
marked 5 at the top, and opposite 372, we find .571126,
for the decimal part of the logarithm.

Hence, the logarithm of 3725 is 3.571126.

the logarithm of 37250 is 4.571126.
the logarithm of 37.25 is 1.571126, etc.

Find the logarithm of the number 834785.

This number is so large that we cannot find it in the
table, but we can find the numbers 8347 and 8348. The
logarithms of these numbers are the same as the loga-
rithms of the numbers 834700 and 834800, except the
indices.
834700 log. 5.921530
834800 log. 5.921582

Difference, 100 52

Now, our proposed number, 834785, is between the

two assumed numbers and, of course, its logarithm lies
;

between the logarithms of the two assumed numbers;

and, without further connnent, we may find it
by propor-
tion thus,
'100 :
= 52
85 : 44.2
Or, 1. : .85 = 52 : 44.2

Hence, for finding from the table the logarithm ot a

number consisting of more than four places of figuf^s,
we have the following

RULE.
Take from the table the log. of the number expressed by the
the four superior figures ; this, with the proper index, is the

approximate logarithm. Multiply the number expressed by the

remaining figures of the number, regarded as a decimal, by
the tabular difference, and the product will be the correction
to he added to the
approximate log. to obtain the true log
 SECTION II. 288

EXAMPLES.
1. Wliat is the log. of 357.32514?
The log. of 357.3 is 2.553033
No. not included, .2514
Tabular diff., 122

Prod., 30.6708 ; correction, 31

log. sought, 2.553064

The log of 35732.514 is 4.553064
.035732514 " 2.553064.

2. What is the log. of 7912532 ?

Approximate log., 6.898286

.532 X 55 =
correction, 29

True loff.
'to
= 6.898315.

A logarithm being given, to find its

corresponding number.

For example, what number corresponds to the log.

6.898315?
The index 6 shows that the entire part of the number must con*
tainseven places of figures. With the decimal part, .898315, of
the log., we turn to the table, and find the next less decimal part
to be .898286, which corresponds to the superior places, 7912.
The difference between the given log. and the one next less is

29. This we divide by the tabular difference, 55, because we are

working the converse of the preceding problem. Thus,

29 -- 55 = 527274-.
Place the quotient to the right of the four figures before found,
And we shall have 7912527.27 for the number sought.

This example w^s taken from the preceding case, and

the number found should have been 7912532 and so it ;

would have been, had we used the true difterence, 29.26,

m place of 29.
When the numbers are larcre, as in this example, the
284 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
result is liable to a small error, to avoid which the loga-
rithms should contain a great number of decimal places;
but the logarithms in our table contain a sufficient num-
ber of decimal places for most practical purposes.
Hence, for finding the number corresponding to a ay
given logarithm, we have the following

RULE.
Look in the table for the decimal part, of the given Icga-

rithm, and if not found, take the decimal next less, aiid take
out the four corresponding figures.
Take the difference between the given log. and the next less
in the table ; divide that differetice by the tabular
difference,
and write the quotient on the right of the four
superior fig*
ures, and number sought.
the result is the
Point off the whole number required by the given index,

EXAMPLES.
1.Given, the logarithm 3.743210, to find its corres-
ponding number true to three places of decimals.
Ans. 5536.177.
2. Given, the logarithm 2.633356, to find its corres-

ponding number true to two places of decimals.

'L.^.^L-^ ^ws. 429.89.

3. Given, the logarithm 3.291746, to find its corres-

ponding number. Ans. .0019577.

4. What number corresponds to the log. 3.233568 ?

Ans. 1712.25.
5. What is the number of which 1.532708 is the log.!
Ans. 34.0963.
6. Find Ihe number whose log. is 1.067889.

^ r,
Ans. 11.692.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE II.

Table I merely a table of numbers and their corres-

is

ponding logarithms, and requires no explanation other

 SECTION II. 286

than that which has been given in connection with the

8u])ject of logarithms.
Table II, with the exception of the last two oolunnib,
which contain natural sines and cosines, is a table in
which are arranged the logarithms of the numerical
valucc of the several trigonometrical lines corresponding
to tlie different angles in a quadrant. The values of
these 'ines are computed to the radius 10,000,000,000,
and more than the loga-
i^eir logarithms are nothing

rithms, each increased by 10, of the natural sines, co-

flines, and tangents, of the same angles because the ;

values of these lines, for arcs of the same number of de-

grees tiiken in different circles, are directly proportional
to the radii of the circles.
The natural sines are made to the radius of unity;
and, of course, any particular sine is a decimal fraction,
expressed by natural numbers. The logarithm of any
natural sine, with its index increased by 10, will give
the logarithmic sine. Thus, the natural sine of 3 is
.052336.

The logarithm of this decimal is 2.718800

To which add 10.

The logarithmic sine of 3 is, therefore, 8.718800

In this manner we may ffnd the logarithmic sine of

any other arc, when we have the natural sine of the
same arc.
If the natural sines and logarithmic sines were on the
eamo radius, the logarithm of the natural sine would be
the logarithmic sine, at once, without any increase of
the index.
The radius for the logarithmic sines is arbitrarily
taken so large that the index of its logarithm is 10. It
might have been more or less but, by common consent,
;

it is settled at this value; so that the sines of the smallest

arc3 over used shall not have a negative index.
286 PLANE TKIGONOMETRY
In our preceding equations, sin. a, cos. a, etc., rofei
to natural sines; and by such equations we determine
their vakies in natural numbers; and these numbers are

put in Table II, under the heads of iV^. sine and iV. cos.,
as before observed.
When we liave the sine and cosine of an aye, the

tangent and cotangent are found bj Eq. (3) and (6) thus, ;

tan. =E sin. ,
(
^
o
.

)
^
cot. =- - -
R
C03.
:

COS. Biri.

and the secant is found by equation i-^]; that is,

sec. = .

COS.

For example, the logarithmic sine of 6 is 9.01923(>,

and its cosine 9.997614. From these it is required to
find the logarithmic tangent, cotangent, and secant.
R sin. 19.019235
Cos. subtract 9.997614

Tan. is
 SECTION II. 287

The colnmii liaving sine at the top has cosine at the

bottom, and the opposite, because angles read from abo'^ e

are complementary to those read from below. The differ-

ences of consecutive logarithms corresponding to 10" are

given for both sine and cosine, but the tangents and cotan-
gents have the same column of difierences for the reason
that log. tan. -flog. cot.=log. R^ ^nd is therefore constant

llence, by just as much as log. tan. increases, log. cot. de-

2reases and the converse.
As cosines and cotangents decrease when arcs increase,
and increase when arcs decrease, the proportional parts
answering to seconds for them must be subtracted.
ihcample. Find the sine of 19 17' 22".
The sine of 19 17', taken directly from the table, is 9.518829
The difference for 10" is 60.2; for 1" is 6.02; and
for 6.02 X 22 = 132

flence, log. sine 19 17' 22" is 9.518961

From this it will be perceived that there is no difficulty

in obtaining the sine or tangent, cosine or cotangent, of

any angle greater than 30'.

Conversely : Given, the logarithmic sine 9.982412, to

find its corresponding arc. The sine next less in the
table is 9.982404, which gives the arc 73 48'. The differ-
ence between this and the given sine is 8, and the dif-

ference for is .61Vtherefore, the number of seconds

;

corresponding to 8, must be discovered by dividing 8 by

the decimal .01, which gives 13. Hence, the arc sought
LS 73 48' 13".

These operations are too obvious to require a rule.

and such arcs are sometimes
SVTien the arc is very small,

rc(|uired in Astronomy,

it is necessary to be
very accu-
rate ;
for this reason we omitted the difference for seconds
or all under 30'. Assuming that the sines and tan-
arcs

gents of arcs under 30' vary in the same proportion as

tlie arcs themselves, we can find the sine or tangent of

any vQvy small arc, with ^reat exactness, as follows:

288 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
The sine of 1', as expressed in the table, is 3.463726
Divide this by 60; that is, subtract logarithm 1.778151

The logarithmic sine of 1", therefore, is 4.685575

Now, for the sine of 17", add the logarithm of 17 1.230449

Logarithmic sine of 17", is 5.916024

In the same manner we may find the sine of any other

amall arc.
For example, find the sine of 14' 21 J"; that is, 861.5".

The logarithmic sine of 1" is 4.685575

Add lojrarithm of 861.5, 2.935254

Logarithmic sine of 14' 21 r', 7.620829

Two lines drawn, the one from the surface and the
other from the center of the earth, to the center of the
sun, make with each other an angle of 8.61''. "What is
the logarithmic sine of this angle ?

The log. of the sine 1" is 4.685575

Log. of 8.61, 0.935003

Log. sine of sun's horizontal parallax =s 5.620578

GENEllAL APPLICATIONS WITH THE USE OF

LOGARITHMS.
L EIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY.

One figure will be sufiicient to represent the triangle

lu all of tlie following examples ;
the right ansjle being
at B.

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
1.

given the base AB, 1214, and the angle

A, 51 40' 30", to find the other parts.
 SECTION II. 289

To find BO.
Radius, 10.000000
: tan. ^, 51*> 40' 30", 10.102119
:: AB, 1214, 3.084219

:
BC, 1535.8, 3.186338
Remark. When the first term of a logarithmic proportion is radmn,

the required logarithm is found by adding the second and third loga-
rithms, rejecting 10 in the index, which is dividing by the first term.
In all cases we add the second and third logarithms together ; which,
in logarithms, is multiplying these terms together ; and from that sum
we subtract the first logarithm, whatever it may be, which is dividing
by the first term.
To find AC.
Sin. (7,
or cos. A, 51 40' 30", 9.792477

:
AB, 1214, 3.084219
.: Radius, 10.000000

:
AC, 1957.7, 3.291742
To find this resulting logarithm, we subtracted the first logarithm
from the second, conceiving its index to be 13.

Let ABC represent any plane triangle, right-angled

at^.
2.
Given, AC
73.26, and the angle A, 49 12' 20";
required the other parts.
Am. The angle (7,
40 47' 40" BC, 55.46 and AB, 47.86.
; ;

3. Given, AB 469.34, and the angle A, 51 26' 17", to

9 ad the other parts.
Am. The angle (7, 38 33' 43";' BC, 588.7 and ^(7, 752.9. ;

4. Given, 493, AB and the angle (7,

20 14' ; required,
the remaining parts.
Am. The angle A, 69 46'; BC, 1338 ;
and ^a, 1425.5.
5. Let AB = 331, and the angle A = 49 14' what are
;

the otlier parts ?

Am. AC, 506.9; BC, 383.9; and the angle (7, 40 46'.
6. If J. (7=45, and the angle (7=37 22', what are the
?
remaining parts
Am. AB, 27.31; BC, 35.76; and the anglo.4, 52 38
25 T
290 PLANE TRIGOJ^OMETRT.
7. Given, ^(7=4264.3, and the angle J. = 56 29' 13",
to find the remaining parts.
Ans.AB, 2354.4; ^(7, 3555.4; and the angle 0, 33 30'47".
8. If 4^ = 42.2, and the angle A = 31 12' 49'', what
are the other parts ?
Ans, A
0, 49.34 ; BO, 25.57 ;
and the angle C, 58 47' 11".
j. h AB = 8372.1, and BO =^ 694.73, what are the
jtlier parts?
iAG, 8400.9;
the angle C, 85"" 15' 23" ;
and the
^^^^-
} angle A, 4^ 44' 37".

10. If AB be 63.4, and AC be 85.72, what are the

other parts ?

(
BO, 57.69 ;
the angle 0, 47 41' 56" ;
and the
^^'''
(
angle A, 42 18' 4".

11. Given, AQ ==
7269, and J.^ = 3162, to find the
other parts.
. f BO, 6545 the angle 0, 25 47' 7"
; ;
and the
'^^'
I angle ^, 64 12' 53".

12. Given, AO =^
4824, and BO --=
2412, to find the
other parts.
r The angle ^ := 30 00', the angle = 60 00',
^^^
^^'
I and AB = 4178.
13. The distance between the earth and sun
is 91,500,000

miles, and at that distan^^.e the semi-diameter of the snn

subtends an angle of 16'. What is the diameter of the
"

sun in miles ? Ans. 887,674.

In this example, let E be the center of the earth, S that of th

Bun, and EB
a tangent to the sun's surface. Then the A EBS
is right-angled at B, and BS
is the semi-diameter of the sun. The
ftlue of 2BS is required.
 SECTION II. 291

14. The
equatorial diameter of the earth is 7925 miles,
and the distance of the sun 91,500,000 miles. What angle
will the semi-diameter of the earth subtend, as seen from
the sun? Ans. 8M".
This angle is called, in astronomy, the sun's horizontal parallax.

The preceding figure applies to this example, by supposing E to

be the center of the sun, S that of the earth, and BS equal to

3956 miles.

15. The mean distance of the moon from the earth is

60.3 times 3960 miles, and at this distance the semi-

diameter of the moon subtends an angle of 15' 32*'.
What is the diameter of the moon in miles ?
Ans. 2157.8 miles.
^,

n. OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY.
PROBLEM I.

In a plane triangle^ given a side and the two adjacent

angles, to find the other parts.

In the triangle ABQ, let =^ AB ^
376, the angle A 48 3', and =
the

angle B
= 40 14', to find the other
parts.
^ ^
As the sum of the three angles of every

triangle is
always ISC', the third angle, (7, must be 180
88
ir = 9143'.
To find AQ.
Sin. 91 43', 9.999806
: ^5,376, 2.575188
:: sin.i? 4r U, 9.810167

12.385355

:
AGy2ASy 2.385550
the same as the cosine of
Observe, that the sine of 91 4.^' is

l43'
21^2 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
To find BO,
Sin. 91 43', 9.999805
:
^5,376, 2.575188
:: sin. ^ 48 3', 9.871414

12.446602

: sin. 5(7, 279.8, 2.446797

PROBLEM II.

In a plane triangle, given two sides and an angle opposite

one of them, to determine the other parts.

Let AD = 1751 feet, one

of the given sides the angle ;

D= 31 17' 19'' ; and the side

opposite, 1257.5. From these
data, we are required to find
the other side and the other
two angles.
In this case we do not know whether AG or AE represents
1257.5, because J. (7= AE. If we take AG for the other given
side, then G is D
the other required side, and DA G is the vertical
angle. If we take AE for the other given side, then DE the is

required side, and DAE is the vertical angle. In such cases we

iletermine both triangles.

To find the angle E^ 0.

(Prop. 4.) AG::== AE = 1257.5, log. 3.099508

:
Z>, 31 17' 19", sin. 9.715460
::^J9, 1751, log. 3.243286

12.958746

E= G, 46 18', sin. 9.859238

From 180 take 46 18', and the remainder is the angle DGA
: 133 42'.

The angle 2)^ (7 = AGE D, (Th. 11, B. I) ;

that is, DAG = 46 18' 31 17' 19" = 15 0' il".

The angles D and Ej taken from 180, give

DAE = 102 24' 41".
 SECTION II. 21^3

To find DQ.
Sin. Z>, 31 17' 19", log. 9.715460
; At\ 1257.5, log. 3.099508
:: ^m.DAC 15 0' 41", log. 0.413317
294 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
Tan. 74 2V 20", 10.552718
613.5. 2.787815

13.340593
4115.5 log. (subtracted), 3.614423

tsin.^(,I)AE-:) tan.28 V 36", 9.726170

15 ut the half sum
plus the half difference of any two quantities
IB
equal to the greater of the two; and the half sum minus the
half difference is
equal the less.

Therefore; to 74 21' 20",

Add 28 r36",

DAE =. 102 22' 56",

E = 46 19' 45",

To find AE,
Sin. E, 46 19' 45", 9.859323
:
DA, 1751, 3.243286
:: sin.Z>, 31 17' 19", 9.715460

12.958746

AE, 1257.2, 3.099423

PROBLEM IV.

Given, the three sides of a plane triangle, to find the anglc$.

Let AC ^ 1751, CB = 1257.5, AB = 2364.5, to find

tlie angles A, B, and 0.

II' we take the formula for cosines, we C

will compute the greatest angle, which i

C To correspond with the formula.

cos. ^C = \/
^ ^ ab
% A B
we must take a =. 1257.5, h = 1751, and c = 2364.6.
The half sum of these is,

s = 2686.5; and s c^ 322.

SECTION
296 PLANE TKIG OiX OMETK'k.
6. Given, AB 793.8, JBO 481.6, and AC 500.0, to lina
the angles.

, J[_A,^5-WS2^^; L^,
*
36 49' 18"; and L^
I 107 5b' 10''.

7. Given, AB 100.3, BO 100.3, and AO 100.3, lo find

the angles.
The ^^^^^
-^^^^ ^' 60; the angled, 60; and
angled, '
the
Ans * i
\ angle 0, 60.
8. Given, AB 92.6, BO 46.3, and AO 71.2, to rind the
angles.

,^ L-4, 29 17' 22";

f
L^, 48 47' 30"; and L^,
^""'l 101 55' 8".
9. Given, AB 4963, BO 5124, and AO 5621, to find
the angles.
.
^'''* /L^, 57 30' 28"; L-^, 67 42' 36"; and L^',
I 54 46' 55".
10. Given, AB 728.1, ^(7 614.7, and A 583.8, to find
the angles.
.
^^'
f L^ = 54 32' 52", l_B= 50 40' 58", and L^
\ = 74 46' 10".
11. Given, AB 96.74, BO 83.29, and AO 111.42, to
find the angles.

A j L-^ = 46 30' 45", L^ = 76 3' 46", and L^

^'''l =57 25' 29".
^
12. Given, 363.4, AB BO
148.4, and the angle 102 B
18' 27", to find the other parts.
. =
j[_A 20 9' 17", the side 420.8, and [_0 A0 =
^"^''t =57 32' 16".
1.3. Given, AB 632, BO 494, and the angle A 20 13',
to find the othe^r parts, the angle (7 being acute.
/ L<^==
26 18' 19", L^ = 133 25' 41", and
""''X ^(7=1035.7.
14. Given, 53.9, AB AO
46.21, and the angle 58" B
16', to find the other parts.
Ans. \_A = 38 58', l_0= 82 46', and B0-= 34.16.
 SECTION II. 297

15. Given, AB
2163, BC
1672, and the angle C 112
18' 22", to find the other parts.
Ans. AC, 877.2; L^^, 22 2' 16"; and L^. 45 39' 22".
16. Given, AB 496, BO 496, and the angle B 38 16',
to find the other parts.
Ans. AO, 325.1; L^, 70 52'; and L^, 70 52'.
17. Given, AB
428, the angle C 49 16', and {AC-^
BC) 918, to find the other parts, the angle B heing
obtuse.

'
. r The angle A= 38 44' 48", the angle B= 91
^*\ 59' 12", ^(7=564.5, and J5(7= 353.5.
18. Given, AC 126, the angle B 29 46', and {AB-^
^(7) 43, to find the other parts.
.
^** jfThe angle
^=
55 51' 32", the angle (7=94
t 22' 28", AB =
253.05, and J5C 210.05. =
19. Given, AB 1269, AC 1837, and the angle A 53*

16' 20", to find the other parts.

A / L^ = 83 23' 47", I {7= 43 19' 53", and BC

^""1 1482.16.
298 PLANE TRllJONOMETRY.

SECTION III.

A^PI'LICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY TO MEASURING

HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.

In this useful application of Trigonometry, a base line

Is always supposed to be measured, or given in length;

and by means of a qnadrant, sextant, circle, theodolite,

or some other instrument for measuring angles, such

angles are measured as, connected with the base line and
the objects whose heights or distances it is proposed to
determine, enable us to compute, from the principles of
Trigonometry, what those heights or distances are.
Sometimes, particularly in marine surveying, horizontal
angles are determined by the compass but the varying
;

eflect of surrounding bodies on the needle, even in situa-

tions little removed Irom each other, and the general
construction of the instrument itself, render it unfit to be
employed in the determination of angles where anything
like precision is required.
The following problems present sufficient variety, to

guide the student in determining what will be the most

eligible mode of proceeding, in any case that is likely to
occur in practice.

PROBLEM I.

Being desirous of finding the distance between two

Q and D, I measured a base, AB, of 384
listant objects,

7ards, on the same horizontal plane with the objects Q

 SECTION III. 299

and D, At A, found the angles DAB = 48* 12', and

I
CM^ = 89 18'; at B, the angles ABC 46 14', and
ABB 87 4'. It is required, from these data, to com-
pute the distance between C and D,
From the angle GAB, take the angle DAB) the

remainder, 41 6*, is the angle (7-42>. To the angle

DBAy add the angle DABy and 44 44', the supple-

ment of the sum, the angle ADB.
is In the same

way the angle ACB, which is the supplement of

the sum of CAB and CBAj is found to be 44 28'.

Hence, in the triangles ABC and ABD, we have

Sin. ACB, 44 28',

:
AB, 384 yards,
:: Bin. ABCy 46 14',
300 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.

ta.l^-i:^(= 22=54') 9.625797

the angle A CD, sum, 92" 21'

the angle ADC, diff., 46 33'

Siii.^i>C7, 4683', 9.860922

:
^(7, 395.9 yards, 2.597585
: : sin. CAD, 41 6', 9.817813

12.415398

CD, 358.5 yards, 2.55447ft

PROBLEM II.

To determine
the altitude of a lighthouse, I obsei-vtJ
the elevation of its top above the level sand on the sea-
shore, to be 15 32' 18'' and measuring directly from
;

it,638 yards along the sand, I then found its elevation

to be 9 ^6^ 26". Required the height of the lighthouse

Let CD represent the height of the light-

house above the level of the sand, and let B
be the first station, and A the second ; then
the angle CBD is 15 32' 18, and the angle
CAB is 9 56' 26"; therefore, the angle
A CB, which is the difference of the angles
CBD and CAB, is 5 35' 52".

Hence, Sin. ^ Cj5, 5 35' 52", 8.989201

:
AB, 638, 2.804821
: ; sin. angle A, 9 56' 26", 9.237107

12 041928

BC, 1129.09 yards, 3.052727

Radius, 10.000000
BC, 1129.09, 3.052727
sin. CBD, 15 32' 18", 9.427945

12.480672

2X7,302.46 yards. 2.480672

 SECTION III 301

PROBLEM III.

Coming from sea, at the point D 1 observed two

headlands, A
and B, and inland, at a steeple, wliicli
(7,

between the headlands. I found, from a map,

appeared
that the headlands were 5.35 miles apart that the dis- ;

tance from A
to the steeple was 2.8 miles, and from
B to the steeple 3.47 miles and I found, with a sextant,
;

that the angle ^i>(7 was 12 15, and the angle BDQ, 15
30'. Required mj distance from each of the headlands,
and from the steeple.

CONSTRUCTION.
The angle between the two headlands is
thesum of 15 30' and 12 15', or 27 45'.
Take double this sum, 55 80'. Conceive AB
to be the chord of a circle, and the arc on
one side of it to be 55 30' ; and, of course,
the other will be 304 30'. The point D
will be somewhere in the circumference of
this circle. Consider that point as determined, and draw CD.
In the triangle ABCy we have all the sides, and, of course, we
can find all the angles;
and if the angle A
CB is less than 180
27 45' = 152 15', then the circle cuts the line CD in a point

Ey and G is without the circle.

Draw AEy BE, AD, and BD. AEBD is a quadrilateral in a

circle, and \__

AEB + [__
ADB = 180.
The L ADE = the | ABE, because both are measured by one
half the arc AE. Also, [_ EDB = [__ EAB, for a similar reason.
Now, in the triangle AEB, its side AB, and all its angles, are
known; and from thence AE can be computed. Then, having the
two sides, AC and AE, of the triangle AEC, and the included
angle CAE, we can find the angle AEC, and, of course, its supple-

ment, AED. Then, in the triangle AED, we have the side AE,
and the two angles AED and ADE, from which we can find AD
The computation, at length, is as follows :

26
302 PLANE TRIGONOMjflTRY.

To find AE.
Angle EaB = 15<^ 30' Sin. AEB, 152 15', 9.668027
Angle f:JiA = 12 15' :
AB, 5.35, .728354

27 45' : : sin. ABE 12 15' 9.326700

180 10.055054

Apgle AEB = 152 15' AE, 2.438, .387027

To find the angle BAG.

BG, 3.47

AB, 5.35

AGy 2.80
 SECTION III 803

To find the angles AEQ and ACE,

AC + AE 5.238 .719165
I AC^AE .862 1.558709
AEC + ACE 80
: tan. 3' 2' 10.755928

10.314637

tan.
AECACE 21 30' 12" 9.595472

tangle AEC, 10P33a4^^8um.

iingle ACEotA CD, 58 32^ 50^^ diff.

mngleOBA, 12 15^

7047^50^^ supplement 10912a0^^ angle CAD

-
3523^56^^ angle CAB

.
304 PLANE TRICxONOMETRY.
Let CD be the spire, A the first station, and
B the second ;
then the vertical angle CAD is
.^'
23 50' 17"; and as the horizontal angles, CAB ^.- /
and CBA, are 93 4' 20" and 54 28' 36", re- /
\
spectively, the angle ACB, the supplement of
their sura, is 32 27' 4".

To find AC.
9.729G34
side AB, 416, 2.619093
sin.^^C; 5428'36", 9.910560

12.529653

side ^(7, 631, 2.800019

To find DC.
Radius, 10.000000
side vie, 631, 2.800019
tan. DA (7,
23 50' 17", 9.645270

DC, 278.8, 2.445289

13y the application of Pro-

blem 4, we can compute the
distance between two horizon-
tal planes, if the same object
is visible from both. a^
For example, let Jf be a
prominent tree or rock near
the top of a mountain, and by observations taken at A^
we can determine the perpendicular Mn. By like obser-
vations taken at B^ we can determine the perpendicular
Mm. The difierence between these two perpendiculars is
nm, or the dift'erence in the elevation between the two
points A and B. If the distances between A and w, or B
and m, are considerable, or more than two or three miles,
corrections must be made for the convexity of the earth ;

but for less distances such corrections are not necessity.

 SEcrioN III. S05

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
1. Required the height of a wall whose angle of eleva-
tion, at the distance of 463 feet, is observed to be 16
21'. Ans. 135.8 feet.

2. The angle of elevation of a hill is, near its

bottom,
81 18', and 214 yards farther off, 26 18'. Required the
perpendicular height of the hill, and the distance of the
perpendicular from the first station.
( The height of the hill is 565.2 yards, and the
Ans. < distance of the perpendicular from the first
I station is 929.6 yards.
3. The wall of a tower which is 149.5 feet in height,
makes, with a line drawn from the top of it to a distant
object on the horizontal plane, an angle of 57 21'.
What is the distance of the object from the bottom of
the tower? Ans. 233.3 feet.
4. From
the top of a tower, which is 138 feet in height,
I took the angle of depression of two objects standing
in a direct line from the bottom of the tower, and upon
the same horizontal plane with it. The depression of the
nearer object was found to be 48 10', and that of the
further, 18 52'. What was the distance of each from
the bottom of the tower ?
. f Distance of the nearer, 123.5 feet; and of the

\ further, 403.8 feet.

5."Being on the side of a river, and wishing to know
tliedistance of a house on the opposite side, I measured
812 yards in a right line by the side of the river, and then
/ound that the two angles, one at each end of this line,
subtended by the other end and the house, were 31 15'
and 86 27'. What vas the distance between each end
of the line and the house ? Ans. 351.7, and 182.8 yards.
6. Having measured a base of 260 yards in a straiglit
line, on one bank of a river, I found that the two

angles, one at each end of the line, subtended by the

26* U
 goo PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
other end and a tree on the opposite bank, were 40^ and
80. What was the width of the river?
Ans. 190.1 yards.
7. From an eminence of 268 feet in perpendicular

height, the angle of depression of the top of a steeple

which stood on the same horizontal plane, was found to
1 e 40^ 8', and of the bottom, 66 18'. What was the
height of the steeple ? Ans. 117.76 feet.

8. Wanting to know the distance between two objects

which were separated by a morass, I measured the dis-

tance from each to a point from whence both could be
seen the distances were 1840 and 1428 yards, and the
;

angle which, at that point, the objects subtended, was 36*^

18' 24". Required their distance. ^w. 1090.85 yards.
9. From the top of a mountain, three miles in
height,
the visible horizon appeared depressed 2 13' 27". Re-

quired the diameter of the earth, and the distance of the

boundary of the visible horizon.
.
.r Diameter of the earth, 7958 miles distance of
;

\ the horizon, 154.54 miles.

10. From a ship a headland was seen, bearing north
39 23' east. After sailing 20 miles north, 47 49' west,
the same headland was observed to bear north, 87 11'
east. Required the distance of the headland from the
ship at each station.
.
j At first station, 19.09 miles ;
at the second,
^'^''
I 26.96 miles.
11. The top of
a tower, 100 feet above the level of tlie
sea, was seen
on the surface of the sea, from the mast-
as
head of a ship, 90 feel above the water. The diameter
of the earth being '''960 miles, what was the distance
between the observei and the object?
Ans. 23.92 plus j\ for refraction 25.76 miles.
12. From the top of a tower, by the seaside, 143 feet

high, it was observed that the angle of depression of a

 SECTION III. 307

ship's bo'tom, then at anchor, measured 35 ; what, then,

was the ".hip's distance from the foot of the tower ?

Ans. 204.22 feet.

13. Wanting to know tlie breadth of a river, I meas-

ured a base of 500 yards in a straight line on one bank;
and at each end of this line I found the angles subtended
hy the other end and a tree on the opposite bank of the
river, to be 53 and 70 12'. What, then, was the per-
pendicular breadth of the river? Ans. 529.48 yards.
14. What
is the perpendicular height of a hill, its

angle of elevation, taken at the bottom of it, being 46,

and 200 yards further off, on a level with the bottom,
81 ? Ans. 286.28 yards.
15. Wanting to know the height of an inaccessible
tower, at the least accessible distance from it, on the
same horizontal plane, I found its angle of elevation to
be 58 then going 300 feet directly from it, I found the
;

angle there to be only 32 required the height of the

;

tower, and my distance from it at the first station.

f Height, 307...54 feet.
Ans. , ...
\ Distance, ...^^g
192.:

16. Two
ships of war, intending to cannonade a fort,
are, by the shallowness of the water, kept so far from it,
that they suspect their guns cannot reach it with effect.
In order, therefore, to measure the distance, they separate
fi'omeach other a quarter of a mile, or 440 yards, and then
each ship observes and measures the angle which ttie

other ship and fort subtends these angles are 83

; 45',
and 85 15'. What, then, is the distance between each
ship and the fort? .
^ns. /
2292.26 yards.
2298.05 "
I
17. A
point of land was observed by a ship, at sea, to
bear east-by-south ;* and after sailing north-east 12 miles,

That is, one point south of east. A point of the compass if

808 PLANE TKIGONOMETRY.
it was found
to bear south-east-by-east. It is required to
determiue the place of that headland, and the ship's dis-
tance from it at the last observation.

Ans, Distance, 26.0728 miles.

know my distance from an inaccessible

18. "Wishing to

object, 0, on the opposite side of a river, and having

a chain or chord for measuring distances, but no instru-
ment for taking angles from each of two stations, A
;

and B, which were taken at 500 yards asunder, I meas-

ured in a direct line from the object, 0, 100 yards, viz.,
AC and BD, each equal to 100 yards; and I found that
the diagonal AD measured 550 j^ards, and the diagonal
BO 560. What, then, was the distance of the object
from each station A and Bt ^^^' j AO, 536.27
.
yards.
"
\J50, 500.14
19. A
navigator found, by observation, that the summit
of a certain mountain, which he supposed to be 45 min-
utes of a degree distant, had an altitude above the sea
horizon of 31' 20". Kow, on the supposition that the
earth's radius is 3956 miles, and the observer's dip was
4' 15", what was the height of the mountain ?
Ans. 3960 feet.

Remark. This should be diminished by about one eleventh

part of itself, for the influence of horizontal refraction.

20. From two ships, A

and B, which are anchored in
a bay, two objects, and D, on the shore, can be seen.
These objects are known to be 500 yards apart. At the
ship A, the angle subtendedby the objects was measured,
and found and that by the object J) and
to be 41 25' ;

the other ship was found to be 52 12'. At the other

ship, the angle subtended by the objects on shore was
found to be 48 10'; and that by the object (7, and the
Bhip A, to be 47 40'. Kequired the distance between
 SECTION III. 309

tJie ships, and the distance from each ship to the objecta
on shore.
between ships, 395.7 yards.
From ship A to object i), 743.5 "
From ship A to object 0, 467.7 "
From ship
{Distance B to object D, 590.5
"

To solve this problem, suppose the distance between the ships to

be 100 yards, and determine the several distances, including the
distance between the objects, C and /), under this supposition; then

multiply the values thus found for the required distances by the
quotient obtained by dividing the given value of CD
by the com-
puted valae.
 PART II.

SPHERICAL GEOMETRY
AND

TRIGONOMETRY.

SECTION I.

SPHERICAL OEOMETRY.
DEFINITIONS.
1. Spherical Geometry has for its object the investiga-

tion of the properties, and of the relations to each other,

of the portions of the surface of a sphere which are
bounded by the arcs of its great circles.
2. A
Spherical Polygon is a portion of the surface of a
sphere bounded by three or more arcs of great circles, called
the sides of the pol^^gon.
3. The
Angles of a spherical polygon are the angles
formed by the bounding arcs, and are the same as the
angles formed by the planes of these arcs.
4. A
Spherical Triangle is a spherical polygon having
hut three sides, each of which is less than a semi-circum-
ference.
5. A Lune is
a portion of the surface of a sphere in-
chided between two great semi-circumferences having a
common diameter.
6. A Spherical Wedge, or Ungula, is a portion of the
solid sphere included between two great semi-circles having
a common diameter.
 feECTION I. 311

7. ASpherical Pyramid is a portion of a sphere bounded

by the faces of a solid angle having its vertex at the
center, and the spherical polygon which these faces inter-
cept on the surface. This spherical polygon is called the
base of the pyramid.
8. The Axis of a great circle of a sphere is that diameter
of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the
circle. This diameter is also the axis of all small circles
parallel to the great circle.
9. APole of a circle of a sphere is a point on the sur-
face of the sphere equally distant from every point in the
circumference of the circle.

10. Supplemental, or Polar Triangles, are two triangles on

a sphere, so related that the vertices of the angles of
cither triangle are the poles of the sides of the other

PROPOSITION I.

Ant/ two sides of a spherical triangle are together greatef

than the third side.
Let AB, AC, and BO, be the three
sides of the triangle, and I) the center
of the sphere.
The angles of the planes that form
the solid angle at D, are measured by
the arcs AB, AC, nndBC But any
two of these angles are together greater
than the third angle, (Th. 18, B. VI). Therefore, any two
Kides of the triangle are, together, greater thau tbe third side.
Hence the proposition.

PROPOSITION II.

TJie sum of the three sides of avy spherical triingle is les%

than the circumference of a great circle.

Let ABO be a spherical triangle the two si.les, AB

;

and AC, produced, will meet at the point whicu is iiame-

tncaUy opposite to A, and the arcs, ABB an' AOB are
312 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.

together equal to a great circle. But,

by the last proposition, BQ
\^ less

BD
than the two arcs, and C. B
There-
AB + BO + AO,
fore, is less than
ABB + AQD; that is, less than a

gi'eat circle.
Hence the proposition.

PROPOSITION III.

The extremities of the axis of a great circle of a sphere

are the poles of the great circle^ and these points are also
the poles of all small circles parallel to the great circle.

Let be the center of

the sphere, and theBB
axis of the great circle. y/^"
Cm Am''-, then will jB and
i>, the extremities of the
axis, be the poles of the
and also the poles
circle,
of any parallel small cir-
cle, as FnE.
For, since BB is per-
pendicular to the plane
of the circle.
 SECTION I. 313

perpendicular, BO'^ are all equal, (Tli. 4, B. VI); Leuce,

the arcs themselves are equal, and B is one pole of the
circle, FnE, In like manner we prove the arcs, DF^ Dn,
DF, etc., equal, and therefore I) is the other pole of the
same circle.

Hence the proposition, etc.

Oor. 1. A
point on the surface of a sphere at the distance
of a quadrant from tivo points in the arc of a great circle^ not
at the extremities of a diameter^ is a pole of that arc.

Bm, Bm\ are each quadrants, the angles,

For, if the arcs,
BOm and BOm\
are each right angles; and hence, BO
is perpendicular to the plane of the lines, Om and Om',

which is the plane of the arc, m' \ m

is therefoi^ the B
pole of this arc.
Cor. 2. The angle included between the arc of a great circle
and the arc of another great circle^ connecting any of its points
with the pole, is a right angle.

For, since the radius, BO, is perpendicular to the plane

of the circle. Cm Am", every plane passed through this
radius is perpendicular to the plane of the circle hence, ;

the plane of the arc Bm

is perpendicular to that of the

arc Cm ; and the angle of the arcs is that of their planes.

PROPOSITION IV.

The angle formed hy two arcs of great circles which inter-

sect each other, is

equal angle included between the tan-
to the

gents to these arcs at their point of intersection, and is meas-

ured by that arc of a great circle whose pole is the vertex of
the angle, and which is liinited by the sides of the angle or
the sides produced.

Let AMand AN
be two arcs intersecting at the
point A, and let AE
and AF be the tangents to these
arcs at this point. Take AC and AD, each quadrants,
and draw the arc CD, of which A is the pole, and OC
and OD are the radii.
27
814 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
!N'ow, since theplanes of the arcs intersect in the radiui
OA, and AU a tangent to one arc, and
is AF
a tangent
to the other, at the common point A,
^ p
these tangents form with each other an

angle which is the measure of the angle

of the planes of the arcs bnt the angle
;

of the planes of the arcs is taken as the

angle included by the arcs, (Def. 3).
Again, ber;ause the arcs, A and AD,
are each quadrants, the angles, 00, A
AOD, are right angles ; hence the radii,
6^6^ and OD, which lie, one in one face,
and the other in the other face, of the
diedral angle formed by the planes of the arcs, are

perpendicular to the common intersection of these faces

at the same point. The angle, 00 D, is therefore the
angle of the planes, and consequently the angle of the
arcs but the angle OOD is measured by the arc OD.
;

Hence the proposition.

Oor. 1. Since the angles included between the arcs oi
great circles on a sphere, are measured by other arcs of
great circles of the same sphere, we may compare such
angles with each other, and construct angles equal to
other angles, by processes which do not differ in principle
from those by which plane angles are compared and con-
structed.
Oor. 2. Twoarcs of great circles will form, by their in-

tersection, four angles, the opposite or vertical ones of

which will be equal, as in the case of the angles formed
by the intersection of straight lines, (Th. 4, B. I).

PROPOSITION V.

The surface of a hemwphere may he divided into three right-

angled and four quadrantal triangles, and one of these right-

angled triangles will be so related to the other two, that two

of its sides and one of its angles will he complemental to th^
 SECTION I. 315

iides of one of them, and two of its sides siipplementjl to two

of the sides of the other.

Let ABO be a right-angled spherical triangle, right

angled at B.
Produce the sides, ABandAC, and
Ihey will meet at A', the opposite
]>oint on the sphere. Produce BC,
both ways, 90*^ from the point B, to
P and P', which are, therefore, poles
to the arc AB, (Prop. 3). Through
A, P, and the center of the sphere,
pass a plane, cutting the sphere into
two equal parts, forming a great circle on the sphere,
v/hich great circle will be represented by the circle
PAP' A' in the figure. At right angles to this plane,
pass another plane, cutting the sphere into two equal
parts this great circle is represented in the figure by the
;

fitraight line, POP', A and A' are the poles to the great
circle, POP' and \
P and P' are the poles to the great

circle, ABA'.
Now, OPB is a spherical triangle, right-angled at i),
and its sides OP
and CD are complemental respectively
to the sides 5(7 and AO oi the A ABO, and its side PD
is complemental to the arc DO, which measures the

\^BAOo^ thejsame triangle. Again, the A A' BO right- I'd

angled at B, and its sides A'O, A'B, are supplemental

respectively to the sides AO, AB, of the /sABO. There-
fore, the three right-angled A's, ABO, OPD, and A'BO,
Lave the required relations. In the AOP, the side A AP
is a quadi*aiit, and for this reason the is called a quad- A
rantal triangle. So also, are the A's A' OP, AOP', and
P'OA', quadrantal triangles. Hence the proposition.
Scholium. In every triangle there are six elements, three sides and
three angles, eaLed the parts of the triangle.
Now, if all the parts of the triangle ABC
nre known, the parts of
each of the /^'s, PCD
and A^BC, are as completely known. And
DFhen the parts ol the ^ PCD are known, the parts of the a'^ ^ (^^
316 SPHBRICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
and A^CP are also known for, the side PD measures each .>f the
; *i |

PiCand PA'C, and the angle CPD, added to the right angle A' PD,
gives the A^PC, and the
|
CPA is supplemental to this. Hence,
|

the solution of the A ^-SCis a solution of the two right-angled and

four qaadrantal A's, which together with it make up the surface of

the hemisphere.

PROPOSITION VI.

If there he three arcs of great circles whose poles are the

angular points of a spherical triangle, such arcSy if produced^

will form another triangle, whose sides will he supplemental
to the angles of the first triangle, and the sides of the first

triangle will he supplemental to the angles of the second.

Let the arcs of the three great cir-
cles be GH, PQ, KL, whose poles are

respectively A, B, and Q. Produce the

three arcs until they meet in B, E, and
F. We are now to prove that E is the
pole of the arc AC; D
the pole of the
arc BQ', F
the pole to the arc AB.
Also, that the side EF, is supplemental
to the angle ;
A ED
to the angle (7;
and BF
to the angle B; and also, that the side AC ih

supplemental to the angle E, etc.

A pole is 90 from any point in the circumference of
Hs great circle and, therefore, as
;
A
is the pole of the

arc GE, the point A

90 from the point E. As O is
is

the pole of the arc LK, is 90 from any point in

that arc; therefore, (7 is 90 from the point E; and

A
E being 90 from both and (7, it is the pole of the arc
AC In the same manner, we may prove that I) is the

pole of BO, and I' the pole of AB.

Because A
is the pole of the arc GE, the arc GH
measures the angle A, (Prop. 4) ;
for a similar reason,

PQ measures the angle B, and LK measures the angle (7.

Because J5; is the pole of the arc AC. EE=90''

Or, EG-h Gff= 90
For a like reason, FH -^ GH -r- 90
 SECTION I. ai7

Adding tliese two equations, and observing that Crfl

B A^ and afterward transposing one A, we have,
EG + G ff + FIT = ISO"" A.
Or, FF=^1S0^A ^
In like manner, FD = 1S0'> B ()
BF = 180 (7
\
And, J

But the arc (180*^ A), is a supplemental arc to A^ by

the definition of arcs; therefore, the three sides of the

triangle BFF, are supplements of the angles A, B, C, of

the triangle ABO.

Again, as F is the pole of the arc AC, the whole angle

E is measured by the whole arc LE,

But, AO-hCIT=90'>
Also, AC + AL = 90^
By addition, AC + AC -h OH AL = 180 -\-

By transposition, AC+CII-{-AL = lSO''AC

That is, LIT, ov F=1S0 AO ^
In the same manner, ^=-180 yl5 > {(>)

And, 2) =180 ^(7 J

That is, the sides of the first triangle are supplemental

to the angles of the second triangle.

PROPOSITION VII.

The sum of the three angles of any spherical triangle, tt

greater than two right angles, and less thayi six right angles.
Add equations ( ), of the last proposition. The first
member of the equation so formed will be the sum of
the three bides of a spherical triangle, which sum we
may designate by The second member will be 6 right
S.

angles (there being 2 right angles in each 180) less the

three angles A, B, and 0.

That is, S =6 right angles

{A B -^ -{- 0)

By Prop. 2, the sum S! is less than 4 right angles;

27*
318 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
tlierelbre, to it add s, a sufficient quantity to make 4
right angles. Then,
4 right angles =6 right angles
(A + B -i- (T) -\-
8

Drop or cancel 4 right angles from both members, and

transpose {A -\- B + Cf).

Then, A -\- B+ = 2 right angles + 8.

That the three angles of a spherical triangle mako

is,

a greater sum than two right angles by the indefinite

quantity s, which quantity is called the spherical excess,
and greater or less according to the size of the triangle.
is

Again, the sum of the angles is less than 6 right angles

There are but thi^ee angles in any triangle, and each one of
them must be less than 180, or 2 right angles. For, an
angle is the inclination of two lines or two planes and ;

when two pianos incline by 180, the planes are parallel,

or are in one and the same plane therefore, as neither
;

angle can be equal to 2 right angles, the three can never

be equal to 6 right angles.

PROPOSITION VIII.

On the same sphere, or on equal spheres, triangles which

are mutually equilateral are also mutually equiangular ; and,

conversely, triangles which are mutually equiangular are also

mutually equilateral, equal sides lying opposite equal angles.
First. Lot ABO and DEF, in
which AB = BE, AC= DF, and
BO = EF, be two triangles on
the sphere whose center is 0;
then will the (_ ^? opposite the
side BO, in the first triangle, be

equal the [_B, opposite the equal

side EF, in the second; also

L ^= 1 ^, andLC'=L-^.
 SECTION I. 819

For, drawing the radii to the vertices of the angles of

these triangles, we may conceive to he the common
vertex of two tried ral angles, one of which is hounded
by the plane angles AOB, BOO, and AOO^ and the other
by the plane angles DOU, EOF, and DOF. But the
plane angles bounding the one of these triedral angles,
arc equal to the plane angles bounding the other, each
t') ea h, since they are measured by the equal sides of the

two triangles. The planes of the equal arcs in the two

triangles are therefore equally inclined to each other,
(Th. 20, B. VI) ; but the angles included between the
planes of the arcs are equal to the angles formed by the
i^rcs, (Def. 3).
Hence the [_ ^, opposite the side BC^ in the Al A
IS equal to the |__ i>, opposite the equal side EF^ in ti *

other triangle ;
and for a similar reason, the [__B=l_Ey
andtheL^(7=L-^-
Second. If, in the triangles ABC and
DEF, being f
the same sphere whose center is 0, the [_A = \_D,ih
^B = [_E, and the [_C = [__F\ then will the side AB,
opposite the [_ C, in the first, be equal to the side DE^
opposite the equal [__F, in the second; and also the si'*
AC equal to the side DF, and the side equal to tbcBC
side EF.
For, conceive two triangles, denoted by A'B'C* and
B'E'F^ supplemental to and DEF, ABC
to be formed;
then will these supplemental triangles be mutually equi-
lateral, for their sides are measured by 180** less the

O] posite and equal angles of the triangles ABC and

LEF, (Prop. G); and being mutually equilateral, they
are, as proved above, mutually equiangular. But the
trianglCii ABC
and are DEF
supplemental to the tri-

argles A*B*C* and D'E'F' and their sides are therefore

\

measured severally by 180 less the opposite and equal

andes of the triangles A'B^C and D'E'F\ (Prop. 6).
320 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
Hence the triangles ABQ
and DEF^ which are mutually
equiangular, are also mutually equilateral.
Scholium. With the three arcs of great circles, AB, AC, and BC
either of the two triangles, ABC, DEF, may be formed; but 't is evi
dent that these two triangles cannot be made to coincide, tliough they
are both mutually equilateral and mutually quiangular. Spherical
triangles on the same sphere, or on equal spheres, in which the sidejf
and angles of the one are equal to the sides and ^ingles of the other
eacii to each, but are not themselves capable of superposition, jirt

called symmetrical triangles.

PROPOSITION IX.

On the same sphere, or on equal

spheres, triangles having
two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to
each, and the included angles equal, have their remaining
sides and angles equal.
Let ABQ and DEF be two
triangles, in which AB
BE,
AQ = BF, and the angle A
D; then will the side
the angle
BO he equal to the side FE,
the ^ = the L^, and
L L
For, BE lies on the same
if

side of BF that AB does of AC, the two triangles, ABO

and DEF, may be applied the one to the other, and Ihey

may be j)roved to coincide, as in the case of plane tri-

angles. But, if BE
does not lie on the same side of BF
that AB
does of AO, we may construct the triangle t\ hich
is symmetrical with BEF; and this symmetrical triangle,
when applied to the triangle ABC, will exactly coincide
with it. But the triangle BEF, and the triangle sym-
metrical w^ith it,are not only mutually equilateral, but
also are mutually equiangular, the equal angles lying
opposite the equal sides, (Prop. 8) and as the one or the
;

other will coincide with the triangle ABO, it follows thai

 SECTION I. 321

the triangles, ABC and DEF, are either absolutely or

By m metrically equal.
Cor, On same sphere, or on equal spheres, trianglei
the

having two angles of the one equal to two angles of the other^
each to each, and the included sides equal, have their remain-

ing sides and angles equal.

For, if L^ = L A L^ = L^j and side AB = side

DE, the triangle DUF, or the triangle symmetrical with

\t, will exactly coincide with A ABC, when applied to it

as in the case of plane triangles; hence, the sides and

angles of the one will be equal to the sides and angles

of the other, each to each.

PROPOSITION X.

In an isosceles spherical triangle, the angles opposite the

equal sides are equal.

Let ABC be an isosceles spherical tri-

angle, in AB and AC are the equal

which
sides then will l_B = [_
;
(7.

For, connect the vertex A with D, the

middle point of the base, by the arc of a
great circle, thus forming the two mutu-
ABB and ABC.
ally equilateral triangles,
They AB is common,
are mutually equilateral, because
=
BB DC hy construction, and AB=AChy supposition;
hence they are mutually equiangular, the equal angles
hidng opposite the equal sides, (Prop. 8). The angles B
and C, being opposite the common side AB, are there-
fore equal.

Cor. The arc of a great circle which joins the vertex

of an isosceles spherical triangle w^ith the middle point of
the base, is p Brpendicular to the base, and bisects the ver-
tical angle of the triangle ; and, conversely, the arc of a
322 SPIIEIIICAL GEOMETRY.

greiit circle which

bisects the vertical angle of an isosceloe

spherical triangle, is perpendicular to, and bisects the

base.

PROPOSITION XI.

If two angles of a spherical triangle are equal, the opposite

fides are also equal, and the triangle is isosceles.

In the spherical triangle, ABQ, let the {_B = L_(7; then

will the sides, AB and AQ, opposite these equal angles,
be equal.
For, let P be
the pole of the base, BC,
and draw the arcs of great circles, PB^

PQ\ these arcs will be quadrants, and at

right angles to BC, (Cor. 2, Prop. 3).

Also, produce CA and BA to meet PB

and P(7, in the points E and P. Now,
the angles, PBP
and POP, are equal,
because the first is equal to 90 less the
[_ABC, and the second is equal to 90
less the equal {_ACB', hence, the A's,
PBP and PQE, are equal in all their parts,
since they have the [_P common, the \__PBP = [_PCE,
and the side PB equal to the side PC, (Cor., Prop. 9).
PP is therefore equal to PP, and [_PPC=- [__PPB.
Taking the equals PP and PP, from the equals PQ
and PB, \yq have the remainders, PQ and PB, equal;
and, from 180, taking the L's PFB and PEQ, we have
the remaining |__'s, AFQ and AEB, equal. Hence, the
^' ^, AFQ nwdi AEB, have two angles of the one equal to

two angles of the other, each to each, and the included

sides equal; the remaining sides and angles are therefore

equal, (Cor., Prop. 9). Therefore, AC i^ equal to BA,

and the A ABC is isosceles.

Cor. An equiangular spherical triangle is also equilat-

eral, and the converse.

 SECTION I. 23

ilEMARK. In this demonstration, the pole of the base, 6',

is sup-

posed to fall without the triangle, ABC. The same

figure ftiay be used
for the case in which the pole falls within the triangle ; the modifi-
cation the demonstration then requires is so slight and cbvioue, that
it would be superfluous to suggest it.

PROPOSITION XII.

The greater of two sides of a spherical triangle is opposite

the greater angle ; and, conversely, the greater of two angles

of a spherical triangle is opposite the greater side.

Let ABC be a spherical triangle, in which the angle A

is greater than the angle B then is the side BQ greater
;

than the side AC.

Through A draw the arc of a
AD, making, with J.j5, ^
great circle, i^^^^f' S^^
the angle BAD equal to the angle
ABD. The triangle, DAB, is isos-

celes, and DA = DB, (Prop. 11).

In the A ACD, CD + AD>AG,
(Prop. 1.) ; or, substituting for AD its equal DB, we have,
CI) + DB> AC.
If in tlie above inequality we now substitute CB for

CD+DB, it becomes CB > CA.

Conversely if the side CB be greater than the side CA,
;

then is the \_A >

the [_B. For, if the [_A is not greater
than the \_B, either equal to it, or less than it.
it is The
L_J. not
is equal to the L.jB; for if it were, the tnanglc
would be isosceles, and CB would be equal to CA, whic)
iscontrary to the hypothesis. The \_A is not less than
the \_B', for if it were, the side (7^ would be less than the
side CA, b}' the first part of the proposition, which is also
contrary to the hypothesis ; hence,
the \__A must be groatei
than the L^-
\J24 SP :i E R 1 C A L GEO isl ET r. Y

IMIUFUSITION XI II.
Two symmetrical spherical triangles are equal id area.

Let ABO and DUF be two A's on the ^hme sphere,

having the sides and angles of the one equal to the sidei
and angles of the other, each to
each, the triangles themselves
not admitting of superposition.
It is to be proved that these
C^*s have equal areas.
Let Pbe the pole of a small
circlepassing through the three
points, ABC, and connect P
with each of the points, A, B,
and 0, by arcs of great circles. JSText, through draw B
the arc of a great circle, BP\ making the angle DBF'
equal to the angle ABF, Take BF^ BF, and draw =
the arcs of great circles, F^B, F'F.
The A's, ABF
and BBF', are equal in all their parts,
because AB=BB, BF=BF',
and the l_ABF=[_BBF\
(Prop. 9). Taking from^the [_ABO the [_ABF, and
from the [_BBF the l_BBF\ we have the remaining
angles, FBO and F'EF, equal; and therefore the A's,
BQF and BFF', are also equal in all their parts.
Now, since the a's, ABF and DBF', are isosceles, they
will coincide when applied, as will also the A's, BQF
andBFF\ for the same reason. The polygonal areas,
A BQF and BBFF\ are therefore equivalent. If from
the first we take the isosceles triangle, FAQ, and from Ino
second the equal isosceles triangle, F'DF, the remainders,
or the triangles ABQ
and DBF, will be equivalent.
Remark. It is assumed in this demonstration that the pole P falls
without the triangle. Were it to fall within, instead of without, no
)ther change in the above process would be required than to add the
iaoscoles triangles, PAC, P^DF, to the polygonal areas, to g:* thi
-rfoas of the triangles, ABC, DEF.
 SECTION I. 325

Cor, Two spherical triangles on tlie sante sphere, or on

equal spheres, will be equivalent 1st, when they are

mutually equilateral;
when they are mutually equi-
2(1,

angular
3d, when two sides of the one are equal to
;

two sides of the other, each to each, and the incluiied

angles are equal
4th, when two angles of the one are
;

equal to two angles of the other, each to each, and the

included sides are equal.

PROPOSITION XIV.

If two arcs of great circles intersect each other on the sur*

face of a hemisphere, the sum of either two of the opposite tri-
angles thus formed will be equivalent to a lune whose angle ik
the corresponding angle formed by the arcs.

Let the great circle, AEBQ, be the base of a hemi

sphere, on the surface of which the great semi-circumfer
ences, BBA
and CBE, inter-
sect each other at B ;
then will
the sum of the opposite tri-

angles, BBC and BAE, be

equivalent to the lune whose
angle is BBC', and the sum
of the opposite triangles,
CBA and BBE, will be equiv-
alent to the lune whose angle
is CBA.
Produce the arcs, BBA and
CDE, they intersect on the opposite hemisphere at IT;
uiitil

ihen, since andCBE BEH

are both semi-circumference
of a great circle, Taking from each the
they are equal.
common part BE, we have CD =IIE. In the same way
we prove BB ~ HA, and AE^BC. The two triangles,
BBC and HAE, are therefore mutually equilateral, and
hence they are equivalent, (Prop. 13). But the two tri-
anglen, HAE and ABEy together, make up the lune
28
326 SPHEKICAL GEOMETRY.
DURAB; hence the sum of the a's, jBDCand ADU, la

equivaleni to the same luiie.

By the same course of reasoning, we prove that the

Bum of the opposite A's, DAO
and DBE^ is equi^^aleut
the lune DCHAD, whose angle is ABC.

PROPOSITION XV.
Tht surface of a lune is to the whole surface of the
sphere^
as the angle of the lune is to four right angles ; or, as the arc
which measures that angle is to the circumference of a great
circle.

IjetABFCA be a lune on the

surface of a sphere, and BCB
an arc of a great circle, whose
poles are A
and F, the vertices
of the angles of the lune. The
arc, BO, will then measure the

angles of the lune. Take any

arc, as BB, that will be con-
tained an exact number of times
in BO, and in the whole circum-
ference, and, beginning at B, divide the arc and
BOEB,
the circumference into parts equal to BB, and join the

points of division and the poles, by arcs of great circles.

We shall thus divide the whole surface of the sphere
into a number of equal lunes. Now, if the arc BO con-
tains the arc BB m times, and the whole circumference
contains this arc n times, the surface of the lune will
contain m
of these partial lunes, and the surface of the
sphere will contain n of the same ;
and we shall have.

Surf lune : surf, sphere :: m : n.

But, m : n :: BO : circumference great circle ;

Lence^ surf lune : surf sphere : : BO : cir. great circle;

or, surf, lune : surf, sphere :: [_B0O : 4 right angles.
 SECTION I. 327

This demonstration assumes that BD is a common

measuie of the arc, BC, and the whole circumference. It
may happen that no finite common measure can be
found but our reasoning would remain the same, even
;

though this common measure were to become indefinitely

small.
Hencethe proposition.
Any two lunes on the same sphere, or on equal
Cor. 1.

spheres, are to each other as their respective angles.

ScnoLiuM.
Spherical triangles, formed by joining the pole of an
arc of a great circle with the extremities of this arc by the arcs of

great circles, are isosceles, and contain two right angles. For this
reason they are called bi-rectangular. If the base is also a quadrant,
the vertex of either angle becomes the pole of the opposite side, and
each angle is measured by its opposite side. The three angles are them
right angles, and the triangle is for this reason called tri-rectangular.
It is evident that the surface of a
sphere contains eight of its tri-
fectangular triangles.
Cor. 2. Taking the right angle as the unit of angleSj
and denoting the angle of a lune by A, and the surface
of a tri-rectangular triangle by T, we have,
surf, of lune : BT :: A :
4;
whence, surf, of lune = 2A x T.

Cor. 3. A
spherical ungula bears the same relation to
the entire sphere, that the lune, which is the base of tne

ungula, bears to the surface of the sphere ; and hence,

any two spherical ungulas in the same sphere, or m
equal spheres, are to each other as the angles of their re-
Bi ective lunes.

PROPOSITION XVI.
The area of a spherical triangle is measured hy the excess

of the sum of its angles over two right angles^ multiplied hy

the tri-rectangular triangle.

Jj^t ABC h^ a spherical triangle, and BJEFLK ihe cir-

cumference of the base of the hemisphere on which this

triangle is situated.
828 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
Produce the sides of the tri-
angle until they meet this cir-
cumference in the points, i>, E^
F, L, K, and P, thus forming
the sets of opposite triangles,
DAE, AKL BEF, BFK\ OFL,
;

CDF,
]^ow, the triangles of each of
these sets are together equal to
a lune, whose angle is the cor-

responding angle of the triangle, (Prop. 14) ;

hence we
have,
A BAE + A AKL =2A X T, (Prop. 15, Cor. 2).

aBEF + aBFK= 2B X T.

A CFL + A ODF = 20 X T.

If the first members of these equations be added, it is

evident that their sum will exceed the surface of the
hemisphere by twice the triangle ABO; hence, adding
these equations member to member, and substituting for
the first member of the result its value, 4:T 2/^ ABO, +
we have
4:T + 2z\AB0 == 2A.T + 2B.T -h 20.T
or, 2T-\- aABO= A.T + B,T O.T -\-

whence, Z^ABO = A.T + B.T + 0.T2T.

That is, /\ABO ={A-^ B + 02) T.
But A -^ B+ 2 is the excess of the sum cf the

angles of the triangle over two right angles, and T (!

notes the area of a tri-rectangular triangle.

Hence the proposition ;
the area, etc.
 SECTIOJS 1. 329

PROPOSITION XVII.
The area of any spherical 'polygon is measured by the excess

of the sum of all its angles over two right angles^ taken as
many times, less two, as the polygon has sides, multiplied by
the tri-rectangular triangle.

Let ABODE be a spherical poly-

gon then will its area be meas-
;

ured by the excess of the sum of

the angles, A, B, 0, D, and E, over
two right angles taken a number
of times which is two less than
the number of sides, multiplied by
T, the tri-rectangular triangle.
Through the vertex of any of the
angles, as E, and the vertices of
the opposite angles, pass arcs of great circles, thus divi-
ding the polygon into as many triangles, less two, as the
polygon has sides. The sum of the angles of the several
triangles will be equal to the sum of the angles of the
polygon.
Now,the area of each triangle is measured by the
excess of the sum of its angles over two right angles,
multiplied by the tri-rectangular triangle. Hence the
sum of the areas of all the triangles, or the area of the

polygon, measured by the excess of the sum of all the

is

angles of the triangles over two right angles, taken as

many times as there are triangles, multiplied by the tri-
rectangular triangle. But there are as many triangles aa
the polygon has sides, less two.
Hence the proposition ;
the arex of any spherical poly-
gon, etc.

Ccr. If *S' denote the sum of the angles of any spherical

polygon, n the number of sides, and T the tri-rectan-
gular triangle, the right angle being the unit of angles \

the area of the polygon will be expressed by

IS 2 (n
2)J X r =x {S2n -f 4) T.
28*
3?0 SPHERICAL TJiiGONOMETRT.

SECTION II

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
A three sides and
Spherical Triangle contains six parts

(tree angles any three of which being given, the other
three may be determined.

Spherical Trigonometry has for its object to explain the

differentmethods of computing three of the six parts of
a spherical triangle, when the other three are given. It

may be divided into Right-angled Spherical Trigonome-

try,and Oblique-angled Spherical Trigonometry ; the first
treating of the solution of right-angled, and the second
of oblique-angled spherical triangles.

RIGHT-ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETlfJ^: .

PROPOSITION I.

With the sines of the sides, and the tangent of ONE side
of any right-angled spherical triangle, two plane triangles can
Reformed that will he similar, and similarly situated.
Let ABC be a spherical triangle,
right-angled at B and let B be the
;

center of the sphere. Because the

angle CBA is a right angle, the plane
CBB is perpendicular to the plane
BBA. From C let fall CH, perpen-
dicular to the plane BBA ;
and us the
 SECTION II. 831

plane CBD is perpendicular to the plane DBA, CR will

lie in j:he plane CBI)^ and be perpendicular to the line

2>j5,and perpendicular to all lines that can be di-awn in

the plane DBA, from the point ^(Def. 2, B. VI).
Draw EG perpendicular to DA, and draw (7(7; GG
will lie wholly in the plane CDA, and CEG is a right-

angled triangle, right-angled at H.

We will now demonstrate that the angle DGC is a

right angle.
The aCHG, gives CE'-hEG' = CG' (1)
right-angled
The right-angled aDGE, gives DG'+EG'=DE' (2)
By subtraction, CS' DG'=CG' DE' 3 ( )

By transposition, CE' + DE' = CG' -f DG' (4)

But the first member of equation (4)^ is equal to

(7Z>*, because ODE is a right-angled triangle ;

Therefore, CD' = CG' + DG'

Hence, CD is the hypotenuse of the right-angled tri-

angle DGC, (Th. 39, B. I).

From the point B, draw BF at right angles to DA,
and BF at right angles to DB, in the plane CDB ex-
tended ;
the point F
will be in the line Draw DC FF,
and as F
is in the plane CDA, and is in the same F
plane, the line FF
is in the plane CD A. Now we are to
prove that the triangle is CEG
similar to the triangle
BFF, and similarly situated.
As EG and BF are both at right angles to DA, they
are parallel and as EC and BF are both at right angles
;

to DB, they are parallel and by reason of the parallels,

;

the angles GEC and FBF are equal but GEC is a right ;

angle therefore, FBF is also a right angle.

;

Now, as GE and BF are parallel, and CE and BF

are also parallel, we have,
DE DB =: RG: BF
:

And, DE DB = EG BF
I :
832 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
Thei-efore, IiaBE = HO BF (Th. 6, B. U.;,
: :

Or, Ha HQ = BE BF.
I I

Here, then, are two triangles, having an angle in the

one equal to an angle in the other, and the sides about
the equal angles proportional; the two triangles are
therefore equiangular, (Cor. 2, Th. 17, B. 11) and they ;

are similarly situated, for their sides make equii anfjlca

at H and B with the same line, BB,
Hence the proposition.
Scholium. By the definition of sines, cosines, and tangents, we
perceive that CH is the sine of the arc BC, DH is its cosine, and RB
its tangent; CG is the sine of the arc AC, and DG its cosine. Also,
BE is the sine of the arc AB, and DE is the cosine of the same arc.
With this figure we are prepared to demonstrate the following propo-
eitions.

PROPOSITION II.

In any right-angled spherical triangle, the sine of one side

is to the tangent of the other side, as radius is to the
tangent
of the angle adjacent to the first-mentioned side.
Or, the sine of one side is to the tangent of the other side,
as the cotangent of the angle adjacent to the first-mentioned
side is to the radius.

For the sake of brevity, we will represent the angles

of the triangle by A, B, 0, and the sides or arcs opposite
ho these angles, by a, h, c, that is, a opposite A, etc.

In the right-angled plane triangle EBF, we have,

EB : BF = B : tsin.BEF
That is, sin.c : tan.a == B : tan. J.,

which agrees with the first part of the enunciation. By

reference to equation (5 ),
Section I, Plane Trigonometry,
we shall find that,
tan. J. cot. J. = i2";

= B'
therefore, tan.^ -.
cot. J.
 SECTION II. 333

Substituting value for tangent^, in tlie preceding

tliis

proportion, and dividing the last couplet by i2,

we shall
have,
Bin.c : tan.a == 1 : -.
cot.A
Or, ein.c :
= cot.-4 B.
tan. a :

Or, M sin.c = tan.a cot. J., (

I )

which answers to the second part of the enunciation.

Cor. By changing the construction, drawing the tan-

gent to AB, in place of the tangent to BC, and proceed-

ing in a similar manner, we have,
R sin.a = tan.c cot. 0. (
2 )

jti;OPOSITION III.

In any right-angled spherical triangle, the sine of the right

angle is to the sine of the hypotenuse, as the sine of either of

the other angles is to the sine of the side opposite to that angle.

The sine of 90, or radius, is designated by B.

In the plane triangle, CHCr, we have.
Bin. ORG CG = sin. (7(7// CH
: :

That is, B sin. 5 = sin.^ sih.a

: :

Or, B sin.a = sin. 6 sin. JL (

3 )

Cor. By a change in the construction of the figuie,

drawing a tangent to AB, etc., we shall have,

B :
= sin.(7 sin.c
sin.6 :

Or, B sin.c = sm.h sin. (7. (

4 )

Scholium. Collecting the four equations taken from this and the

preceding proposition, we have,

(
1 )
i? sin.c = tan.a cot.^
(2) i? sin.a = tan.c C cot.

(3) i?8in.a = 8in.6 sin.^

( 4 ) E sin.c = sin. C
sin.ft
834 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRr.
These equations refer to the right-angled
triangle,ABC; but the principles are true
for any right-angled spherical triangle. Let
us apply them to the right-angled triangle,
rJDC, the complemental triangle to ABC,

Making this application, equation

(
1B sin. CB = tan. PD cot. C
)
becomes
(
2R sin.FD = tan. CD cot.P
)
becomes
3 becomes R sm.FB = s'm.FC sin. C
( )

4 becomes R sin. CD = ain.PC sin.P

( )

By obsorving that sin. CD =~ cos. AC = coa.b.

And that tan.PD = cot. ". c/ = cot.^, etc. ; and by running equa-
tions ( w ), (m ), ( ),
and {p ), back into the triangle, ABC, we shall

have,
(5) Rcos.b ^= cot.^ cot. 6^'

{Q) R G08.A cot.6 = tan.c

(7 )
R cos.A = cos.a sin. C
( 8 )
i? cos.6 = cos.a cos.c

By observing equation (
6 ), we find that the second member refers
to sides adjacent to the angle A. The same relation holds in respect
to the angle C, and gives,
(
9 )
i? cos. C= cot.6 tan.a.

Making the same observations on (

7 ),
we infer,

(
10 )
i? cos. C = cos.c sin.^.

Observ-^tion 1. Several of these equations can be de-

duced geometrically without the least difficulty. Fox
example, take the figure to Proposition 1. The pamllela
ir the plane, DBA, give,

DB : J)II= DE : DG.
That is, R : cos.a = cos.c : cos.b,

A result identical with equation (

8
)^ and in words it is

expressed thus : Radius is to cosine of one side, as the cosine

of the other side is to the cosine of the hypotenuse.

Obsekvation 2. The equations numbered from (1) to

(10) cover every possible case that can occur in right-*

angled spherical trigonometry; but the f-ombinations are
 SECTION 11. 335

too various to be remembered, and readily applied to prac-

tical use.
We
can remedy this inconvenience, by taking the com-
plement of the hypotenuse, and the complements of the two
oblique angles, in place of the arcs themselves.
Thus, b is the hypotenuse, and let b' be its complement.
Then, 5+ 6'== 90; or, 5= 90 5'; and, sin.6 = cos.b',
oos.b = sin.i'; tan. J = cot.6'. In the same manner, if A^
is the complement to A,
Then, sin.^ =
cos.^'; cos. J. = sin. J.'; and, tan. ^4 =
cot.^'; and similarly, sin. (7= cos. (7'; cos. (7= sin.C"; and
tan. (7= cot. (7.

Substituting these values for 5, A, and (7, in the fore-

going ten equations (a and c remaining the same), we

have.

NAPIE R*S CIRCULAR PARTS.

(11) H sin. = tan.a tan.A'
(7 :
Omitting the consid-
(12) 72 sin. a = tan.<? tan. (7 eration of the right an-

72 sin. a = cos. 6' coa.A'

gle, there are five parts.
(13)
Each part taken as a
(14) Bmn.c = cos.5' COS. (7'
middle part, is connect-
(15) E sm.b' = tan. J.' tan. (7 ed to its adjacent parts
(16) Rsm.A'^ tan.y tan. (7 by one equation, and
(17) Rsm.A' = cos.a COS. (7' to its extreme parts by
another equation there-
(18) R6m.y = COS. a COS. (7
;

fore, ten equations are

(19) Rsm.C'= tan. 5' tan. a required for the combi-
(2C) Esm.C'= C03.C cos.^' nations of all the parts.

These equations are very remarkable, because the first

members a*'e al. composed of radius into some sine, and
the riecond members are all composed of the product of
two tangents, or two cosines.
To condense these equations into words, for the pur-

pose of assisting the memory, we will refer any one of

them directly to the right-angled triangle, ABC\ in the
last fi^ire.
830 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
When the right angleis left out of the question, a

right-angled triangle consists oi jive parts

three sides,
and two angles. Let any one of these parts be called a
middle part; then two other parts will lie adjacent to this
part, and two opposite to it, that is, separated from it by
two other parts.
For instance, take equation (H), and call c the middle
part; then A' and a will be adjacent parts, and C and 5'
opposite parts. Again, take a as a middle part ; then e
and be adjacent parts, and A' and h' will be oppo-
Q' will
site parts and thus we may go round the triangle.
;

Take any equation from (11) to (20), and consider the

middle part in the first member of tlie equation, and we
shall find that it corresponds to one of the following inva-
riable and comprehensive rules :
1. The radius into the sine of the middle part is equal to

the product of the tangents of the adjacent parts.

2. The radius into the sine of the middle part is equal to

the product of the cosines of the opposite parts.

These rules are known as Kapler's Rules, because they
were first given by that distinguished mathematician,
who was also the inventor of logarithms.
In the application of these equations, the accent maybe
omitted if tan. be changed to cotan., sin. to cosin., etc.

Thus, if equation (
13 were to be employed, it would be
)

written, in the first instance, i?. sin.a= cos.^' cos. J.', to

insure conformity to the rule then, we would change it
;

into R sin.a = sin.6 sin. J..

Remark. We caution the pupil to be very particular to take the

lomplemenis of the hypotenuse, and the complements of the oblique

angles.
 SECTION III. 537

SECTION III.

OBLIQUE-ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

The preceding have had reference to
investigations
right-angled spherical trigonometry only, but the appli-
cation of thepe principles covers oblique-angled trigonom-

etry also; for, every oblique-angled spherical triangle

may be considered as made up of the sum or difference

of two right-angled spherical triangles. With this ex-

planatory remark, we give

PROPOSITION I.

In all spherical triangles, the sines of the sides are to each

yther, as the sines of the angles opposite to them.

This was proved in relation to right-angled triangles in

Prop. 3, Sec. II, and we now apply the principle to ob-
lique-angled triangles.
Let ABO be the triangle, and let
CD be perpendicular to AB, or to
AB produced.
Then, by Prop. 3, Sec. U, we have,
R s'm. AO = sin. J.
: : am.CI),

Also,
Bin.CB : E = sm.CD : sin. B,
29 w
AS^ SPHERICAL TRIGONO ME I K -J.

multiplying these two proportions together, term

By
by term, and omitting the common factor M, in the first
couplet, and the common factor, s>m. OJ), in the second,
we have
&'m.CB : 8m.A0==&m,A : sin.^.

PROPOSITION II.

In any spherical triangle, if an arc of a great circle be let

fall from any angle perpendicular to the opposite side as a

base, or to the base produced, the cosines of the other two

sides will be to each other as the cosines of the segments of
the base.

By the application of equation 8, (Sec. 11), to the last

Hgure, we have,
B COS. J. = COS. AD cos.BO
(7

Similarly, B coa.BQ = coa.DO coa.BD

Dividing one of these equations hy the other, omitting
common factors in numerators and denominators, we

have,
COS. J. (7
_ COS. AD
coa.BO coa.BD
Or, COS. J. (7 : coa.BO = coa. AD : coa.BD.

PROPOSITION III.

If from any angle of a spherical triangle, a perpendicular

^e let fall on the base, or on the base produced, the tangents

of the segments of the base will be reciprocally propcrticnal

00 the cotangents of the segments of the angle.

By the application of Equation 2, (Sec. II), to the lap*

figure, we have,
R am.CD = tan. JD cot ACD.
 SECTION III. 889

Bimilarly, R sin.Ci) = tan.BD cotBCD

Therefore, by equality,
tan.^2> cot ACD = tan.BD cotBCJJ
Or, tan.^i> : taii.J5i> = cotBCB LOt AOI>, :

PROPOSITION IV.

T^ii same construction remaining, the cosines of the angles

at the extremities of the segments of the base are to each
9ther as the sines of the segments of the opposite angle.

Equation 7, (Sec. II), applied to the triangle ACD, givi^<*

=
R coa.A COS, CD sin. ACD (*)

Also, R C03.B = coQ.CD Bin.BCD (<^

Dividing equation {s) by (0, gives

cos.^ _ B\u. A CD
coQ.B sin.BCD
Or, cos.^ : cos. J. = sin.BCD : am. A CD,

PROPOSITION V.

The same construction remaining, the sines of the segments

of the base are to each other as the cotangents of the adjacent

angles.

Equation 1, (Sec. II), applied to the triangle ACD, give*

R am. AD = tan.Ci) cot.^ ()

Sv.nilarly, i2 sin.^i) = tan.^^Z) cot.j5 (0

Dividing () by (0, gives
am.AD _ cot.A
am.BD cot.B

(!r, am.BD i,m.AD :

= cot.-B : cot.^!
a40 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
PROPOSITION VI.

The same construction remaining^ the cotangents of the two

tides are to each other as the cosines of the segments of the

angle.

EquatioD 9, (Sec. II), applied to the triangle J. (7i>, givea

B cos.^ CD = cot. Jl Q tan. CD {s)

S milarly, R cos.BCD = cotBC tan.OZ) (0

Dividing {s) by (0, gives

COS. ACD cot AC
cos.BCD cot.BC
Or, cot AC: cotBC== cos.ACD : co8.BCD.

PROPOSITION VII.

The cosine of any side of a spherical triangle^ is equal to

the 'product of the cosines of the other two sides, plus the

product of the sines of those sides multiplied by the cosine

of the included angle.
Let ABC be a spherical triangle,
and CD a perpendicular from the
angle C to the side AB^ or to
the side AB produced. Then, by
Prop. 2,
Jos.JL(7:cos.a5=cos.^i>: cos.^iXl)
When CD falls within the tri-

angle,
BD = {AB'-AD)',
and when CD falls without the triangle,
BD = {AD AB).
Hence, cos.BD = cos.(^i> AB)
Now, cos.(^^ ^AD) = co8.{AD
AB),
because each of them is equal to

208. AB COS. AD -f 8m. AB siii. AD, (Eq. 10, Prop. 'A

Sec. I, Plane Trig.).
 SECTION III. 341

This value of cus. BD, put in proportion (1), gives

COS ^ 6* : COS. CB = cos. JD : cos. J^^ cos.^Z^+sin.^i? sm.AD (

2 )

Dividing the last couplet of proportion (2) by cos.^ Z>,

observing tliat

- Tn = tan. AD,

and we have
cos.A O : 008.(7.5 =1 : cos.^^ + sin.^^ tan, AD (3)

By applying equation 6, (Sec. II), to the triangle A CD^

taking the radius as unity, we have

008.^4 = cot.J.(7tan.^i> [k)

But, tan.^(7cot.^C==l,(Eq.5, Sec. I, Plane Trig.) [1]

Multiply equation [k) by tan. ^(7, observing equation

(0, and we have
tan.^Ccos.^ = tan.^D
Substituting this value of tan. ^2), in proportion (3),
we have
C0S.-4 C : COS. CB = \: co^,AB + sin. J. J5 tan. J. C cos. J. (
4)

Multiplying extremes and means, gives

COS. CB=co9,.A C Qos.AB-\- sin.^^ (cos.^ Q tan.^ Q) cos. Jl.

But, tan. J. Q= ^-
cos.^ C
, or, cos. J. C tan. A C = sin. A 0,

Therefore, cos. 6^5 = cos. A (7 cos.^J5+ sin.^^ sin.^0

cos.^.
If the sides opposite the angles. A, B, and (7, be le^
dpectively represented by a, b, and c, this equation
becomes,
co8.a=coa.3 cos.(?4- sin.5 sin.c cos.^.

This formula conforms to the enunciation in respect to

the side a. Now, by interchanging h and , and and A^ B
in the last equation, we get the formula for cos.J, which is,

cos.5=cos.a^ co8.(?+6in. sin.c cos. J?.

29*
842 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Interchanging c and a, and C and J., we get the formula
for cos.<?, which is,

co8.<? = cos.a C08.6 -f sin.a sin. 5 cos.Ol

Hence, we have the three symmetrical formulae:

cos. a= cos. 6 cos.c + sin.^ sin.c
cos.J.^
cos.6 = cos.a cos.c + sin.a sin.(? cos.^ > {S)
cos.c = cos.a C08.5 + sin.a sin. J cos.Cj

From these, by simple transposition and division, we

deduce the following formulae for the cosines of the
angles of any spherical triangle, viz :

= cos.a
C0S.5 cos.c^
cos. J.
sin. 5 sin.c

cos.^ = COS. 5 cos.a cos.c

m
sin. a sin.c

= cos.c
cos.a COS. 5
cos. (7
sin. a sin. 6

By meansof these equations we can find the cosine of

any of the three angles of a spherical triangle in terms

of the functions of the sides but in their present form
;

they are not suited for the employment of logarithms,

and we should be compelled to use a table of natural
sines and cosines, and to perform tedious numerical ope-

rations, to obtain the value of the angle.

They are, however, by the following process, tians-
formed into others well adapted to the use of logarithms.
In Eq. 34, Sec. I, Plane Trig., we have
1 + COS. J. = 2cos.^J^.
Therefore, 2cos.'iJ. = 1 + cos.a C0S.5 C08.6'

sin.6 sin.(?

(sin. 6 sin.c
cos. 6 cos.<?) -f cos.a
(m).
sin.6 sin.c

But, cos.(5 + <?) =

C0S.5 cos.c
sin.c sin.6, (Equation
9. Section I, Plane Trig.). By comparing .this equation
 SECTION III 843

with the second member of equation {m), we perceive

that equation (
^ ) is readily reduced to

= cos.a
cos.(5-f c)
2cos.iA
sin.6 sin.c

Considering (b-hc) as one are, and then making apf li-

of equation ( 18 ), Plane Trigonometry, we have,
<iation

^. /a+b-j-c\ . /b-\-c a\
2cos.'J^ =
sin.6 sin.c

b +c b -\- c +a and if we put S to

But, a;
2

represent
b

+ c + a we
,
shall have,

cos. - = sin.iS' sin.f/S' a)

A
-j-\ \
2 sin.osm.c

Or, COS. - = s/ ^^n.S8m.{S a)^

2 ^ sin. 6 sin.c

The second member of this equation gives the value

cf the cosine when the radius is unity.' To a greater
radius, the cosine would be greater; and in just the same
proportion as the radius increases, all the trigonometrical
lines increase ;
above equation to
therefore, to adapt the
our tables where the radius is M, we must write in the R
second member, as a factor; and if we put it under the
radical sign, we must write R^.
For the other angles we shall have precisely similaT
equations :

^ = ^/ Bin.jS-ay
i^'^sin.^y
That is, COS.
Sin. 6 Bin.c

C08. -= . / -R'sin-S' 6in.(^-&) (T)

Sin. a sin.c

COB. ^= . / -R'sin.^ sm.{S-e)

sin. a sin. 6
844 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
To deduce from formulae (jS), formulae for the siiies of
the half of each of the augles of a spJ^erical triangle, w
proceed as follows :

From Eq. 35, Sec. I, Plane Trig., Me have

2sin.^ ^A = 1 COS. J..
Substituting the value of cos. J., ^aken from formuise
(S), and we have,

2sin.' i Jl =1 cos.a C0S.5 cos.<?

sin. 6 sin.(?

cop a
= (sin. 5
^
sin.(?-f-cos.6 cos.c)
-^r'
sm.o sm.c
,
(
.
^i

But, co8.(^ CO
(?)
= sin.5 sin.c + cos.ft cos.<?, Q^, 10,
Sec. I, Plane Trig.).
This equation reduces equation (
) to

sin. 6 sin.ff

Considering {h ooc) as a single arc, and applying equa-

tion 18, Sec. I, Plane Trig., we have

2sin. ( )
sm. (
)

sm.ft sm.c

J3ut,
= ^ c = S c, if we put S

%h__c *

Also, = h = Sb.

Dividing equation [o^) by 2, and making these substi

tutions, we have

sin. 6 sm.c

when radius ia unity.

 SECTION III. 340

When radius is -B, we have

^ ^ 8111.0 sin.c

Similarly,
*^' sm.J^ '^
= \/
^
-^^= A ^ ^
(^^>
sill. a sin.c

= ^/ ^^6
And, sin. J (7 V ig-^8in.(^--a)siii.(
^TTTTr^T^rA sin. a sin.6

The above equations are now adapted to our tables. We

bIuiUshow the application of these formulae, and those in
group (T), hereafter.

PROPOSITION VIII.

The cosine of any of the angles of a spherical triangle, it

tqual to the product of the sines of the other two angles mul-
tiplied by the cosine of the included side,
minus the product

of the cosines of these other two angles.

Let ABC be a spherical triangle, and

A'B'Q' supplemental or polar tri-
its

angle, the angles of the first being de-

noted by A, B, and (7, and the sides
opposite these angles by a, h, c, respect-
ively; A', B', denoting the
C, a', h\ c',

angles and corresponding sides of the

second.

By Prop. 6, Sec. I, we have the following relations be

tween the sides and angles of these two triangles.
A' = 180 a^B'-^ 180 I, Q' ^ 180 <?;

a! = 180 A,V - 180 B,c'^ 180 (7.

The first of formuliB (^), Prop. 7, when applied to th

polar triangle, gives
poH rtr' r-r POO y ock^ /?' 4- Rin ft' sin.c' cos. -4.' (1)
346 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
which, by substituting the values of a', 6', c', and A%
becomes

cos.(180-.^) = cos.(180
C) + sin.(180
B) sin.(180 Q) cos.(180cos.(180
j5)
2
a), ( )

But,

cos.(180J.) = cos.J., etc., 8in.(180j5)=8in.J5, etc.;

anf]placing these values for their equals in eq. (2), and

changing the signs of both members of the resulting
equation, we get
COS. J. = sin.^ siu.(7 cos.a cos.^ cos. (7,

which agrees with the enunciation.

By treating the other two of formulae ('S), Prop. 7, in
the same manner, we should obtain similar values for the
cosines of the other two angles of the triangle ABQ\
or we may get them more easily by a simple permuta-
tion of the letters J., B, 0, a, etc.
Hence, we have the three equations

COS. J. = sin.^ sin. (7 cos.a cos.B cos. (7

cos.B = sin. J. sin.6^cos.6 cos. J. cos. (7 )-

(H
COS. (7 = sin.^ sin.i? cos.c cos. A cos.B }
By transposition and division, these equations become

cos.a = ^:^-^?!l? (3)

sin.^ sin. (7

cos.5
,
= cos.B + cos.^ COS. (7
.
^
sin.^ sm.C^
. .

C08.C = COS. (7
r-
+ COS.A cos.B
r^
i

siii.A. siu.B

Prom these we can find formulae to express the sme or

tL 6 cosii . of one half of the side of a spherical triangle,
m terms of the functions of its angles ;
thus :

Add 1 to each member of eq. (3), and we have

1 4 cos.a = cos.^ + cos.B cos. (7 -f sin.^ sin. (7

in.^ sin. (7
 SECTION .II. Wt
C08.A + COS.(jB
0)
Bin.B sin.O

But, 1 + cos.a = 2cos.* Ja ; heuce,

2co8. ia = .^

v^.^^
sin.^ sin. (7

and sin je cos. A + cos.(^ C) = 2cos.J(^ +B (7)co8.}

{Ai-CB) (Eq.17, Sec. I, Plane Trig.), we have

2cos. ia = 2C0S.KA + ^ - (7)co8.i(^ + 0-B)

ein.B sin. (7

Make A + BC^2S2C,
^ + J5+ (7= 2/Sf; then
A + 0B^2S2B,i(A-{-B-C) = S0,Sind i{A
4
0B) = S B; whence

sin.B Sin. (7

or,' cos.Ja
^
= V^
, /^^i:(;==(7)cos.(AS' j5)'
^-^ 4>^-^
sin.5 sin. (7

o- .1
Similarly, cos.JJ
1 11 = V
\ /cOS.(aS' J.)COS.(aS' (7) V
.^- > s in.^ Bin
/Tr/\
^^ ^

and, COS.J.
= ^/coTp^J^;^
^ sin.^ sin.^

Tofind the sin.Ja in terms of the fiinctions of tlie

angles, we must subtract each member of eq. ( ) from 1,

3

by which we get

cos.a = 1 ^ cos.^ + C0S.5 cos.(7

1 r
p .
^
sin.^ sin.C/

But, 1 cos.a= 2sin.'Ja; hence we have,

.
5
__
(sin. sin.C cos.^

cos.(7)
cos.J.
^Sin. hCl

: :
sm.jS sin. 6^

Operating upon this in a manner analogous to that lj

which cos.Ja was found, we get,
348 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

m.ia
Bin ^
= < ;

sin.^
-:^ - ^ V
^

I sin. 6^ /
. ,, ( cos.S cos.(SB)] ^ .

i sin.J. sin.^ J

L tlie first equation in ( TT) be divided by the first m

{
^'^
),
we shall have,

J _ r COS.aS' cos.(aS' ^) IJ

And corresponding expressions may be obtained fof

tan. 1 6 and tan.Jc.

NAPIER'S ANALOGIES.
If the value of co^.o, expressed in the third equation

of group (aS'), Prop. 7, be substituted for cos.c, in the

second member of the first equation of the same group,
we have,
COS. a = cos.a cos.'i + sin. a sin. 5 cos. 5 cos. C+ sin.J sin.c cos.j4;
which, by writing for cos.^'J its equal, 1
sin.'5, becomes,
coa.a=cos.a cos. a sin. ''6-}- sin. a sin. 6 cos. i cos. (7+sin. 6 sin.c cos.^.

Or, = cos.o. sin.'^i-j-sin.a sin. 6 cos.6 cos.C-{-sm.b sin.c cos.J..

Dividing through by sin. J, and transposing, we find

cos.^ sin. c= cos.a sin.a cos.6 cos.
sin.6 (7;

.

= cos.a sm.h sin.a cos.6 cos. (7 ,, ,

.once, cos.^1 (1)

sm.tf

substituting the value of cos

By in the second of the .

equations of 7
group (S), Prop. ; or, merely writing Ibi B
A, and interchanging h and a, in the above value, foi

ti^os. A, we obtain,
^ C0S.5 sin.fl^ sin.5 cos.^ cos.(7. ,,
cos.^ = ;
(2)
 SECTION III. 349

Adding equations (1) and (2), member to member,

we have,
^ = 8in.(a+5)
^ 8in.fa-}-6) C08.C.
COS. J. + cos.-B sm.c
^^
>

by remembering that sin.a cos.6-f cos.a sin.68in.(a+6).

(See Eq. (7 ), Sec. I, Plane Trig.).

Wh 3nce, cos. J. + cos. J5 = (1 cos. 0) ?^^^ K (

^ )

In any spherical triangle we have, (Prop. I),

sin.-^. : sin. J5 : : sin.a : sin. 5 ;

And therefore, Bm.A + Bin.B : sin.^ : : sin.a + sin.5 :

sin. 6.

Hence,
.

Bin. A + sm.J5 = (sin.a 4-

^ .
. T>
^^
.

sin. 5) sin.J?
^-^ .

sm.6

But, ?iE^ = ?L4 which value of ?^4. 5n the above

sin. 6 sin.tf sm.o

equation, gives
+ sin.5) sin.(7 ,.v
+ sm.j5T> = (sin.a
.
.
.

sm. J. ^^
-.
^ . (4)
sm.c

Dividing equation (4) by equation (3), member by

member, we obtain,
sin. J. + sin.^ __ sin. (7 sin.a + 8in.6 .^.
co8.-4 + cos.^ 1 coB.O sin.(a4-i)

Comparing this equation with Equations (20) and (20),

riec. I, Plane Trigonometry, we see that it can bo re-

duced to

-,-,_,. . y-t sin.a + sin. 5 ,v

^
-,

iau.l(A-hB)-='CotiCx .
, ,, (6)
sm.(a + h)
.

Again, from the proportion,

sin. J. : sin.^ : : sin.a :
sin.5,

we likewise have,

ein.^ 8in.J5 : sin.^ :: in.a Biu,b : %m.h;

80
350 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

tieuce, sm.^ sm.^ =r (sin.a sin.o) = (sm.a ^

-

sin.6
.

8111.6)
,.

sin.(7
-

sm.c
.

Dividing this equation by equation (3), member bj

niember, we obtain,
sin.J. sin.^ _
sin. (7 sin.a sin. 5
cos.^ + cos.^ 1 008.(7 sin.(a-f-6)*
Comparing with Equations (22) and (26)^ Sec.
this I,
LMfcue Trigonometry, we see that it will reduce to

MA sin.a
sin. 6 _.

^) = cot.i(7x
T>i . , /-.

tan.i(^
^^ ^ -^,
sin.
-y^. (7
''

(a -f h)

Now, sin.a + sin.6 = 2sin.(-2~) COS. (^r~); Eq. (15),

Sec. I, Plane Trig.).

and, sin. (a + =
6)
2sin.(^"2") ^^^-(^4")' ^^- (^^^

Sec. I, Plane Trig.).

Dividing the first of these by the second, we have
a Jn
sin. a + sin.6 cos.(-^)

cos.(_^)
Writing the second member of this equation for ita
first member in Eq (6), that equation becomes
^^^'
tan. ^
\{A + B\ = cot. i(7
^^^g . (8)
cos. J(a4-6)

Bj a similar operation, Eq. (7) may^be reduced to

tan. ^^
i{A -B)=^ y
cot. K
^ '!"' ^.'^"f l
sin.i(a4-^')
(9)

Equations (8) and (9) may be resolved into the pro-

portions
cos. \(a + I) : COS. J(a 5) : : cot. J (7 : tan. J(JL + j5) ;

sin. J(a + ^) : sin. J(a 5) : : cot. \C : tan. J(J. B),

These proportions are known as Napier's 1st and 2d
 SECTION III. 351

Analogies, and may h& advantageously used in the solu-

tion of spherical triangles, when two sides and the in-
cluded angle are given.
When expressed in language, these proportions fur-
nish the following rules:
1. The cosine of the half sum of any two sides of a
spheri-
cal triangle is to the cosine of the half difference of the same,

tides, as the cotangent of half the included angle is to ^.he.

tangent of the half sum of the other two angles.

2. The sum
of any two sides of a spheri'
sine of the half
cal triangle is to the sine of the half difference of the same

tides, as the cotangent of half the included angle is to the

tangent of the half difference of the other two angles.

The half sum, and the half difference of two angles
of a spherical triangle, may be found by these rules, wiien
two sides and the included angle iire given; and by add-

ing the hrlf sum to the half difference, we get the

greater of these two angles, and by subtracting the half
difference from the half sum, w^e get the smaller. The
third side may then be found by proportion.
We have analogous proportions applicable to the case
in which two angles and the included side of a spherical
triangle are given.
To deduce these, let us represent the angles of the tri-
angle )iy A, B, and C, and the opposite sides by a, 6, and
c ; A\ B% (7, a\ h\ c', denoting the corresponding anglea
and sides of the polar triangle.

Now, Eq. (9) is applicable to any spherical triangle,

and when applied to the polar triangle, it becomes

But by Prop. 6, Sec. I, Spherical Geometry, we have

A' = 180'^ a, jB' = 180 h,a = 180 c,

a' = 180 ^, 6' = 180 B,c' = 180 C.

Whence, l{A'B')=^i{ha\ J(' + ^0 = 180 --i-,

j(a'
- 6') = \(B - ^), J(7 = 90<> - \c.
852 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
By the substitution of these values in Eq (w), thut

equation l)ecomes
, -,,
tan. ^'
J 6
Jf-rt-W
= sin.K^
a)^
.
A).tan.
^' -.
sin. +
,
ic,
i(^ ^)

or,*
.
tan. i(a
^^
,

,.
6)
^
==
sin.
-. UA + B)^
^f
sin. J(J.
.
,
^
tan. ic,
^'
,
b)
^)
a) = tan. J(a
Bi.uce tan. J(6 5),
and sin. ^(^ A) =
sin. i(^ B).
By applying Eq. (
8 ) to the polar triangle, and treating
the resulting equation in a manner similar to the above,
we find
^^''
tan. i{a + b)
= 7 5 ^^^' J^,
^ ^ ^^)
f.^f
cos. ^{A + B)
Equations [p] and (?) may be resolved into the fol-

lowing proportions.
sin. \{A + B) : sin. \{A
B) :: tan. \c : tan. J(a
COS. J(J. + ^) : COS. \(A
B) II tan. Jc : tan. J(a -\
h)\

b).

These proportions are called Napier's 3d and 4th

Analogies, and when expressed in words become the fol-
lowing rules:
1. The cosine of the half sum of any two angles of a
spherical triangle the cosine of the half difference of the
is to

same angles, as the tangent of half the included side is to the

tangent of the half sum of the other two sides.
2. The sine of the half sum
of any two angles of a spheri-
cal triangle is to the sineof the half difference of the samx
angles, as the tangent of half the included side is to the tan-

gent of the half difference of the other two sides.

The half sum, and the half difference of two sides of
a spherical triangle, may be found by these rules, when
two angles and the included side are given and by add- ;

ing the half sura to the half difference, we get the greater
>f these sides, and by subtracting the half diff*eren<je

from the half sum, we get the smaller.

 SECTION IV. !I68

SECTION IV.

ISPHEllICAL TRIGONOMETRY APPLIED.

SOLUTION OF RIGHT-ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES.

A GOOD general conception of the sphere is essential

to a practical knowledge of spherical trigonometry, and
this conception is hest obtained by the examination of
an globe. By tracing out upon its surface the
artificial

various forms of right-angled and oblique-angled tri-

angles, and viewing them from different points, we may
soon acquire the power of making a natural representa-
tion of them on paper, which will be found of much as-
sistance in the solution and interpretation of problems.
For suppose one side of a right-angled
instance,
spherical triangle to be 56^, and the angle between this
side and the hypotenuse to be 24. What is the hypote-

nuse, and what the other side and angle ?

A
person might solve this problem by the application
of the proper er^uations or proportions, without really
comprehending it ; that is, without being able to form a
distinct notion of the shape of the triangle, and of its

relation to the surface of the sphere on which it is

situated.
If refer this triangle to the common geographical
we
globe, the side 56 may be laid off on the equator, or on
a meridian. In the first case, the hypotenuse will be the
arc of a great circle drawn through one extremity of the
Bide 56, above or below the equator, and making with
80* X
SM SPHERICAL TKIGO.VOxMETRY.
it an angle of 24 the other side will be an arc of a
;

meridian. In the second case, the side 56 falling on a

meridian, the hypotenuse will he the arc of a great circle
drawn through one extremity of this side, on the right
or left of the meridian, and making with it an angle of
24 the other side will he the arc of a great circle, at
;

Tight angles to the meridian in which the given side lies.

Generally speaking, thd apparent form of a spherical
triangle, and consequently the manner of representing
iton paper, will difter with the position assumed for tl e
eye in viewing it. From whatever point we look at a
sphere, its outline is a perfect circle in the axis of which
the eye is situated; and when the eye is, as will be here-
after supposed, at an infinite distance, this circle will be
a great circle of the sphere. All great circles of the
sphere whose planes pass through the eye, will seem to
be diameters of the circle which represents the outline
of the sphere.
We will now suppose the eye to be in the plane of the
equator, and proceed to construct our triangle on paper.
Let the great circle,
PASA'y represent the out-
line of the sphere, the di-
ameter AA' the equator,
and the diameter FS the
central meridian, or the
meridian in whose plane
the eye is situated. Let
AB~ 56^, represent the
given side, and J. (7,making
with AB the angle BA 0=
24, the hypotenuse, then will BC, the arc of a meridian,
be the other side at right angles to AB, and the triangle,
ABO, corresponds in all respects to the given triangle.
Again measure off 66 from P
to Q, draw the arc DQ,

make the arc A'G equal to 24, and draw the quadrant
PEG. The triangle FQP will also reoresent the given

triangle in every pMrticular.

 SECTION IV. 355

"We know from the construction, that DV, = 24, is

greater than BO, and that AC is greater than AB, that
is, greater than b6.
In lilce manner, we know that A', = 24, is greater
than QR, and that FR is greater than FQ, because FR
18 more nearly equal toFG, =90^, thanP is to FA, =90

For illustration and explanation, we also give the fol-

lowing example :

In a light- angled spherical triangle, there are given,

the hypotenuse equal to 150 33' 20", the angle at the
base, 23 27' 29", to find the base and the perpendicular.
Let A'BQ in the last figure, represent the triangle in
which A'Q= 150 33' 20", the [_ BA'Q^ 23 27' 29",
and the sides A'B and BO are required.
This problem presents a right-angled spherical tri-
angle, whose base and hypotenuse are each greater than
90 ;
and
in cases of this kind, let the pupil observe,
that the base is greater than the hypotenuse, and the oblique
is greater than a
angle opposite the base, right angle. In
all cases, a spherical triangle audits supplemental triangle
make a lune. It is180 from one pole to its opposite,
whatever great circlebe traversed. It is 180 along the
equator J.',^^ and also 180 along the ecliptic J. CM.'.
The lune always gives two triangles; and when the
sides of one of them are greater than 90, we take the

triangle having supplemental sides ;

hence in this case
we operate on the triangle ABO.
AC is greater than AB, therefore A'B is
greater than
the hypotenuse AO,
The y_AOB is less than 90; therefore, the adjacent
angle A' OB is greater than 90, the two together being
equal to two right angles.
These facts are technically expressed, by saying, that
the sides and opposite angles are of the same affection,*

* Same that is, both greater or both less than 90,

affection :
Dif
f^ent affection : the one greater, the other less than 90.
Sbiy SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
Now, two sides of a right-angled spherical triaj^^jle
if the

are of the same affection, the hypotenuse will be less than

90 and if of different affection, the hypotenuse will be
;

greater than 90"^.

If, in every instance, we make a natural construction

of the figure, and use common judgment, it will be im-
possible to doubt whether an arc must be taken gr-3alei
or less than 90.
We ACB, AQ 180
150 33'
To find
will
Wnow= we solve the triangle
29 26' 40".
use Eq. (3) or (13), Prop. Sec. n.,
BC, 3,
thus:
5, sin. 29 26' 40" . 9.691594
A, sin. 23 27' 29" . 9.599984

a,sin. 11 17' 7" . 9.291578

To find AB, we use equation (

1 ) or (
H ), thus :

a, tan. 11 17' 7" . 9.300016

, A, cot. 23 27' 29" . 10.362674

c,sin. 27 22' 32" . 9.662690

180
^'J5=152 37' 28"

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN RIGHT-ANGLED SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY.

1. In the right-angled spherical

= 118 21' AB
^\
triangle ABQ, given
4", and the angle A = 23 40' 12", to
^^-s..,^^^^
/

find the other parts. B

.
{AC, 116 17' 55"; the angle (7, 100 59' 26";

\ and BQ, 21 5' 42".

2. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
AB 53 14' 20", and the angle 91 25' 53", to find A
the other parts.
. r J.(7, 91 4' 9"; the angle (7,
53 15' 8";
^^*'
I and BC, 91 47' 10' .
 SECTION IV. 357

3. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC^ given

AJ5 102 50' 25", and the angle 113 14' 37", to A
find the other parts.
84 51' 36"; the angle (7, lOP 46' 56";
.
[AC,
^^\ and^C^, 113 46' 27".
4. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABQ, given

A B 48 24' 16", and BQ

59 38' 27", to find the
other parts.
. f AC, 70 23' 42"; the angle A, 66 20' 40^';
I and the angle (7, 52 32' 56".
5. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
AB 151 23' 9", and BC
16 35' M", to find the
other parts.
.
(AC, 147 16' 51"; the angle C, 117 37' 25";
I and the angle A, 31 52' 49".
6. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
AB 73 4' 31", and ^C86 12' 15," to find the other
parts.
. f ^(7, 76 51' 20"; the angle A, 77 24' 23";
I and the angle C, 73 29' 40".
7. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
^C 118 32' 12", and AB
47 26' 35", to find the
other parts.
. f BC, 134 56' 20"; the angle A, 126 19' 2";
\ and the angle (7, b^"" 58' 44".
In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
8.

AB 40 18' 23", and AC 100 3' 7", to find the

other parts.
( The angle A, 98 38' 53" ; the angle
J,
I C, 41 4' 6" ; and ^(7, 103 13' 52".
y.In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, given
AC 61 3' 22", and the angle A
49 28' 12", to find
the other parts.
( AB, 49 36' 6" the angle (7, 60 29' 20'' ;
;
^*'
I and ^(7, 41 41' 32".
10. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABCj given
868 SPHERICAL TRlJONOMETRy.
AB 29 12' 50'', and the angle 37 26' 21", to lind
the other parts.

/-Ambiguous; the angle A, 65^ 27' 57", or its

An8,< supplement; AC, 53 24' 13", or its sup-
V plement; BO, 46 55^ 2", or its supplement
11. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABO, given
AB 100 10' 3", and the angle 90 14' 20", to find
tlie other parts.
rAO, 100 52", or its supplement; BO,
9'
Ans. < 1 19' or its supplement ; and the
55'^,
L angle ^,1 21' 12", or its supplement.
12. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABO, given
AB 54 21' 35", and the angle 61 2' 15", to find
the other parts.
rBO, 129 28' 28", or its supplement; AO,
An8.< 111 44' 34", or its supplement; and the
I angle A, 123 47' 44", or its supplement.
13. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABO, given
AB 121 26' 25", and the angle 111 14' 37", to
find the other parts.
rThe angle A, 136 0' 5", or its supplement;
Ans. I AO, m"" 15' 38", or its supplement; ard
L BO, 140 30' 57", or its supplement.

QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES.
The solution of right-angled spheri-
ral triangles includes, also, the solu-
noi: of quadrantal triangles, as may be
secTj by inspecting the adjoining fig-
ure When we have one quadrantal
triangle, we have four, which with one
fight-angled triangle,fiU upihe whole hemisphere^
To the solution of either of the four quadrantal
eflfect

mangles, APO, AP'O, A'PO, or A'P'O, it is sufficient

to solve the small
right-angled spherical ABO.
triangle
 SECTION IV. 369

To the half lune AF'B, we add the triangle ABC,

and we have the quadrantal triangle AP^C; and by sub-
tracting the same from the equal half lune AFB, we
have the quadrantal triangle PA C.
When we have the side, AC, of the same triangle, we
have its supplement, A'C, which is a side of the triangles
A^PC, and A'P'O. When we have the side, CB, of
the small triangle, by adding it to 90, we haxe P'O, a
side of the triangle A'P'Q\ and subtracting it from 90,
we have P(7, a side of the triangles APC, and A!PC.

PROBLEM I.

In a quadrantal triangle^ there are given the quadrantal

gidej 90, a side adjacent, 42 21', and the angle opposite
this laat side, equal to 36 31'. Required the other parts.

By this enunciation we cannot decide whether the triangle APG

or APGf is the one required, for AC = 42 2V belongs equally
to both triangles. The angle AFC = AFC^ 36 31' = AB
We operate wholly on the triangle ABC.

To find the angle A, call it the middle part.

Then, R cos. CAB = R sin.PA C = cot. J: C tan.AB.

cot AC = 42 21' . 10.040231
isin.AB = 36 3r . 9.869473
cos. CAB = 35 40' 51" ~9!909704
'

90
PAC = 54 19' 9"
PAC:= 125 40' 51"

To find the angle C, call it the middle part

Rco&.ACB = CAB cos. AB,
sin.

Bin.CAB = 35 40' 51"

cos.^^ = 36 31'
860 SPIlERtCAL TRIGONOMETRY.
To find the side BO, call it the middle part,
Rsin.BG = tan. AB coi.ACB.
tan.AB = 36 31' 0" 9.869473
cot A CB = 62 2' 45" 9.724835

sin.^C = 23 8' 11" 9.594308

90
PC = 66 51' 49"
P-C = 113 8' 11"

Wq now have all the sides, and all the angles of the
four triangles in question.

PROBLEM II.

In a quadrantal spherical triangle, having given the quad-

rantal side, 90, an adjacent side, 115 09', and the included

angle, 115 55', to find the other parts.

This enunciation clearly points out

the particular triangle A'P'C, A'P'
= 90 ; and conceive A'0= 115 09'.
Then the angle P'A'Q== 115 55' = ^j
P'D,
From the angle P'^'atake 90, or
P'A'B, and the remainder is the angle
OA'B=^ BAO= 25 55'.

We here again operate on the triangle ABO. A'C,

taken from 180, gives
64 51' = ^a
To findBO, we call it the middle part.
E sin. 5 (7= sin.^Csin.^^a
Bm.AO = 64 51' 9.956744 .

sin.^^O = 25 55' . 9.640544

sin.^C = 23 18' 19" . 9.597288

90
FC 113 18' 19"
 SECTION IV. 861

To find AB, we call it the middle fart,

R?\n.AB = i^n.BC qoLBaC.
tan. BC = 23 18' 19" . y.G34251
?ot.BAC = 25 55' . 9.313423

sinAB = G226' 8" .

8.947674
180
AB = 117 33' 52" = the ande AP'a

To find the angle (7, we call it the middle part.

R COS. C = cot A C tau.BC.

cot.AC = 64 51'
S62 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
90, and the two adjacent angles, one 69 13' 16'', the
other 72 12' 4", to find the other parts.

C
One of the remaining sides is 70 8' 39". the
Ans. < other is 73 17' 29", and the angle opposite
I the qnadrantal side is 96 13' 23".
4. In a quadrantal triangle, given the quadrantal side,
90, one adjacent side, 86 14' 40", and the angle oppo-
site to that side, 37 12' 20", to find the other parts.
r The remaining side is 4 43' 2" the angle op-
;

Ans. < posite, 2 51' 23" and the angle opposite

;

I the quadrantal side, 142 42' 3".

5. In a quadrantal triangle, given the quadrantal side,
90, and the other two sides, one 118 32' 16", the other
67 48' 40", to find the other parts
the three angles.
rThe angles are 64 32' 21", 121 3' 40", aud
Ans, < 77 11' 6" the greater angle opposite the
;

t greater side, of course.

6. In a quadrantal triangle, given the quadranta^ side,
90, the angle opposite, 104 41' 17", and one adjacent
side, 73 21' 6", to find the other parts.
J ^^* (
Remaining side, 49 42' 16" ; remaining
I
angles, 47 32' 38", and 67 56' 13".

SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE-ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES.

All cases of oblique-angled spherical trigonometrj
may be solved by right-angled Trigonometry, except
two; because every oblique-angled spherical triangle is
composed of the sum, or the difference, of two right-
angled spherical triangles.
WJien a side and tivo of the an angle and iwit
angles, or
of the sides are given, to find the other parts, conform to
the following directions :

Let a perpendicular be drawn from an extremity oi a

given si le, and opposite a given angle or its supplement;
thifl will form two right-angled spherical triangles and :
 SECTION IV. 9C8

one of them have its hypotenuse and one of its ad-

will

jacent angles given, from which all its other parts can
be computed and some of these parts w^ill become aa
;

known parts to the other triangle, from which all its

parts can be computed.
To facilitate these computations, we here give a sum-
mary of the practical truths demonstrated in the fore-
going propositions.
1. The sines of the sides of spherical triangles are propor-
tional to the sines of their opposite angles.
2. The sines of the segments of the base, made hy a
per-
pendicidar from the opposite angle, are proportional to the
cotangents of their adjacent angles.
3. The cosines of the segments of the base are proportional
to the cosines of the adjacent sides of the triangle.
4. The tangents of the segments of the base are reciprocally

proportional to the cotangents of the segments of the vertical

angle.
5. The cosines of the angles at the base are proportional
to the sines of the corresponding segments of the vertical
angle.
6. The cosines of the segments of the vertical angle ar

proportional to the cotangents of the adjoining sides of the

triangle.
The two cases in which right-angled spherical triangles
are not used, are,
1st. When the three sides are given to find the angles ;

and,
2d. When
the three angles are given to find the sides.
The of these cases is the most important of all,
first

and for that reason great attention has been given to it,
and two series of equations, (T'and U, Prop. 7, Sec. Ill),
have been deduced to facilitate its solution.
As
heretofore, let ABQ represent any triangle whose
angles are denoted by A, B, and C, and sides by a, b.
S64 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
and c ;
the side a being opposite L. ^j the side b oppo-
site L ^? <^tc.

EXAMPLES.
1. In the triangle ABa,a = 70 4' 18" ;
5 = 63 21' 27" ;

and c, 59 16' 23*^ required the angle A,

;

The formula for this is the first equation in group Ty

Prop. 7, Sec. Ill, which is

A_ /E' sin.iS'sin.f/S'
aV J
2 V sin. 6 sin.c /

We write the second member of this equation thus

v/" (^\ (.^) (sm.S) sin.(^ a)

showing four distinct factors under the radical.

The logarithm corresponding to - -. is that of sm.d

subtracted from 10; and of

B
-. is that of sin.c sub-

tracted from 10, which we call sin.complement

BC=a= 70 4' 18"
AB==c= 59 16' 28" sin. com. .065697
J[C= 5 = 63 21'^ 27" sin. com. .048749

2)192 42' 8"

 SECTION IV. 865

To find the angle B,

sin. a sin.c

^\/
V _(S-)
Bin.a/ (S-)
Vsin.c/
(8in.S)
^ ^ sin.{S^b)
^

b =r G3 21' 27"
c= 59 16' 23" sin.com. . .065697
a= 70 4^ 18" 8in.com. . .026875

2)192 42' 8"

S= 96 21' 4" sin. . . 9.997326
Sh=^ 32 59' 37" sin. . . 9.736034
2 )19.825872

iB= 35 4' 49" COS. . ~li7912936

2

B= 70 9' 38"

i3y the other equation in formulse {T, Prop. 7, Sec.

Ill), we can find the angle C; but, for the sake of variety,
we will find the angle Cbj the application of the third
equation in formula} (C/, Prop. 7, Sec. III).

^^' sin.(>y- h)sm.iS-a)

,in^ C-\/

Vsin.^/ (J^)
-v/' (Sj) CSh')y sm.{Sa)
sin. v v y
Vsin.a/
c= 69 16' 23"
0= 70 4' 18" sin.com. .026817
h = 63 2V 21" sin.com. .048479
2 )192 42' 8'^

S = 96 21' 4"
^__ = 26 16' 46" sin. . 9.646158
iS 6 = 32 59' 37" sin. . 9.7360 34
2 ) 19.4574"88

iC=3223'17" sin . 9.778744

2_
0=64 46' 34"
85*
3G6 SPIIEKICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
To sLow the harmony and practical utility of these two
Bets of equations, we will find the angle A^ from the
equation

sin.M =sj (J^) (J^) sin.(>S' 6) sin.(>Sf c).

a = 70 4' 18"
b = 63 21' 27" sin.com. .048749
c=: 59 16' 23 " sin.com. .065697

2)192 42' 8"

S= 96 21' 4"
^'_6= 32 59' 37" sin 9.736034
^_c=37 4' 41" sin. 9.780247
2 ) 19.630727

U = 40 49' 10"
9
sin. 9.815363

A = 81 38' 20"
2. In a spherical triangle ABC, given the angle J., 38'
19' 18"; the angle B, 48 0' 10''; and the angle (7,
121 8' 6"; to find the sides a, 5, c.

By passing to the triangle polar to this, we have,

(Prop. 6, Sec. I, Spherical Geometry),
A = 38 19' 18" supplement 141 40' 42"
B= 48 0' 10" supplement 131 59' 50"
C= 121 8' 6" supplement 58 51' 54"
We now find the angles to the spherical triangle,
the sides of which are these supplements.
Thus, . 141 40' 42"
131 59' 50" sin.com. .128909
58 51' 54" sin.com. .067551

2)332 32' 26"

166 16' 13" sin.

9.875375
24 35' 31" sin. 9.619253

2) 19191088
66< 47' 37r cos. 9 595544
 SECTION IV. 867

60 47' 37 i"

2r_

angle = 121 35' 15"

supp. = 58 24' 45" = a of the original triangle,
lij the same manner we End h = 60 14' 25" c = 89 1
;
14".

perhaps better to avoid this indirect process of

It is

computing the sides of a spherical triangle when th

angles are given, by the application of the equations in
group V
or IF, Prop. 8, Sec. EEL will illustrate We
their use by applying the second equation in group (TF),
for computing the side h. This equation is

fiin \h (
368 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

^^ '
r a = 23 57' 13'^, angle B - 91 26' 44, and C -
I 102 5' 52''.

2. Given, Jl 81 38' 17", i? = 70 9' 38", and = C^

64 46' 32", to find the sides a, h, c.
.^ r a == 70 4' 13", h =
63 21' 24". and (?= 59 16'
t 21".
3. Given, the three sides, a =
93 27' 34", h --^ 100 4
26", and =
96 14' 50", to find the angles A, B, and 0.
t?

^^ r
*
^=
94 39' 4", ^=
100 32' 19", and (7= 96
t 58' 35".
4. Given, two sides, b = 84 16', c 81 = 12', and the
angle (7= 80 28', to find the other parts.
''The result is
ambiguous, for we may consider
the angle B as acute or obtuse. If the angle
B is acute, then A = 97 13' 45", .B 83 11' =
An%.
24", and a = 96 13' 33". If Bis obtuse, then

A= 21 16' 43", B= 96 48' 36", and a =

21 19' 29".
5. Given, one side, (?=64 26', and the angles adjacent,
^ = 49, and ^ = 52, to find the other parts.
/ 6 = 45 56' 46", a = 43 29' 49", and (7= 98
I 28' 4".
6. Given, the three sides, a =90, h= 90, (?
= 90, to
find the angles A, B, and C.

A = 90, B = 90, and (7= 6Q\

Ans.
7. Given, the two sides, a = 77 25' 11", c = 128 13'
47", and the angle (7 = 131 11' 12", to find the other
parts.

^^ *
r J = 84< 29' 20", A = 69 13' 59' and B= 72 28'
I 42".
8. Given, the three sides, a 68 34' 13", h 59 = =
21' 18", and c =
112 16' 32", to find the angles A, B,
and 0.

^ f ^ = 45 26' 38", B = 41 11' 30' ,

(7 = 134 53>
 SECTION IV. 869

9. Given, a = 89^ 2V 37'', 5

= 97 18' 39", t;=86 53'

46", to find A, B, and Q.

.
/ ^ = 88 57' 20", B= 97 21' 26", (7 = 86 47'
I 17".
10. GU'on, a =
31 26' 41", c =
43 22' 13", and the
=
an^le ^ 12 16', to find the other parts.
r Ambiguous; b =
73 7' 34", or 12 17' 40";
Ans.l angle ^=157 3' 44", or 4 58' 30"; (7= 16

I 14' 27", or 163 45' 33".

11. lu a triangle, ABC^ we have the angle A^b^^ 18'
40", B^ 39 10' 38"; AD, one of the segments of the
base, is 32 54' 16". The point D
foils upon the base

AB, and the angle C is obtuse.. Required the sides of

the tiiangle and the angle C.
Ambiguous ;
(7:= 135^ 25', or
135" 57' ;
c=122^ 29', or
Ans.
123 19' ;
a= 89 40', or
90 20' ;
h=: 49 23' 41".

12. Given, A = 80 10' 10", B = 58 48' 36", (7 = 91<

62' 42", to find a, h, and c.
Afu. an79 38' 22", 5 = 58 39' 16", (7=86 12' 50".
B70 SPHERICAL TIlIGO^^OMETRy,

SECTION V,

APPLICATIONS OF SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY TO

ASTRONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY.

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY APPLIED TO ASTRONOMY.

Spherical Trigonometry becomes a science of incalcu-

lable importance in its connection with geography, navi-
gation, and astronomy; for neither of these
subjects can
be understood without it ; and to stimulate the student

to a study of the science, we here attempt to give him a

glimpse at some of its points of application.
Let the lines in the
annexed figure represent
circles in the heavens
above and around us.
Let Z be the zenith, or
the point just overhead,
EcK the horizon, FZR
the meridian in the hea-
vens, and P the pole of
the celestial equator; Ph
is the latitude of the
observer, and PZ is the
co.latitude. Qcq is a portion of the equator, and tne
dotted, curved line, mS' S^ parallel to the equator, is the
parallel of the sun's
declination at some particular time ;

and in this figure the sun's declination is supposed to be

north. By the revolution of the earth on its axis, the
 SECTIOK V. 371

Bun apparently brought from the horizon, at S, to the

is

meridian, at m; and from thence it is carried down on

the same curve, on the other side of the meridian ; and
this apparent motion of the sun (or of any other celestial

body,) makes angles at the pole P, which are in direct

proportion to their times of description.
The apparent straight line, Zc, is what is denominated,
in astronomy, the prime vertical; that is, the east and west
line through the zenith, passing through the east and west

points in the horizon.

"When the latitude of the place is north, and the decli-
nation is also north, as is represented in this figure, the
sun rises and sets on the horizon to the north of the east
and west points, and the distance is measured by the arc,
cS, on the horizon.
This arc can be found by means of the right-angled
spherical triangle cqS, right-angled at q. Sq is the sun's
declination, and the angle Seq is equal to the co.latitude
of the place ;
for the angle Pch is the latitude, and the
angle Scq is its complement.
The side cq, a portion of the equator, measures tho
angle ePq, the time of the sun's rising or setting beforo
or after six o'clock, apparent time. Thus we perceive that
this little triangle, cSq, is a very important one.
When the sun.
is exactly east or west, it can be deter
mined by the triangle ZFS' ;
the side PZ is known,
being the co.latitude ; the angle PZS' is a right angle,
the side PS^ is the sun's polar distance. Here, then,
jand
'are the h}^otenuse and side of a right-angled spherica.

triangle given, from which the other parts can be com-

jputed.
The angle ZPS^ is the time from noon, and the

Iside ZS' is the sun's zenith distance at that time.

The following problems are given, to illustrate tlie

important applications that can be made of the righfr

angled triangle cqS.
372 SPHEEICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
1. At what time will the sun rise and set in Lat ^8'
IfT., when its declination is 21 K?
In tliis problem, we must make qS=11, P/i = 48=the angle
Vch. Then the angle Scq = 42. It is required to find the arc

cq, and convert it into time at the rate of four minutes to a degree.
This will give the apparent time after six o'clock that the gun sets,
and the apparent time before six o'clock that the Eun rises, (no
allowance being made for refraction).

Making cq the middle part, we have

R sin.c^ = tan. 21 tan.48
tan.21 = 9.584177
tan.48 = 10.045563

c^=25 14' 5'' =

 SECTION V. 373

when the latitudeand declination are both north or both

touth, but when one is north, and the other south, the addi-
tion gives the time of sunrise, and the subtraction the time of
sunset.

2. At what time will the sun set when its declination

is 23 12' K, and the latitude of the place is 42 40' K?
Ans. 1^ SS"* 4*, apparent time.
3. Wliat will be the time of sunset for places whose
latitude is 42 40' N., when the sun's declination is 15
21' south ? Ans. 5'' 1"^ 23^ apparent time.
4. What will be the time of sunrise and sunset foi

places whose latitude is 52 30' N., when the sun's decli-

nation is 18 42' south ?

. Kises 7^ 44' 42*, 1 .

^^*- f
, ,

apparent time.
I Sets 4. 15. 18/ I
5. What will be the time of sunset and of sunrise at
St.Petersburgh, in lat. 59 56', north, when the sun's
declination is 23 24', north? What will be its ampli-
tude at these instants ? Also, at what hours will it be
due east and west, and what will be its altitude at such
times ?

Sun sets at 9* 13'" 30' p.m.

P.M. 1\
'

apparent
Sun rises at 2" 46"* 30' a.m.
A.M. J/
time
Sun rises N. of east 1
590
^ ^9^, joff
Ans, Sun sets N. of west ^
Sun is east at 6* bS"" 2' a.m.
Sun is west at 5* 1*" 58" p.m.

1^
Alt. when east and west is 27 18' 57".

UN THE AlPLICATION OF OBLIQUE-ANGLED SPHERICAL

TRIANGLES.

One of the most Important problems in navigation

abd astronomy, is the determination of the formula foi
32
874 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
time. This problem mil
be understood by the tri-
angle PZS. When the
sun is on the meridian, it
is then
apparent noon.
When not on the meri-
dian, we can determine
tl e interval from
noon,
by means of the triangle
PZS] for we can know
all sides; and the
its

angle at P, changed into

time at the rate of 15 to one hour, will give the time
from apparent noon, when any particular altitude, as
TS^ may have been observed. PS is known, by the sun's
declination at about the time and PZ is known, if the
;

observer knows his latitude.

Having these three sides, we can always find the sought

angle at the pole, by the equations already given in
formulae {T^ or Z7, Prop. 7, Sec. Ill); but these formulae
require the use of the co. latitude and the co.altitnde, and
the practical navigator is very averse to taking the trou-
ble of finding the complements of arcs, when he is quite
certain that formulae can be made, comprising but the
arcs themselves.
The practical man, also, very properly demands the
most concise practical results. No matter how much
labor spent in theorizing, provided we arrive at prac-
is

tical brevity and for the especial accommodation of

;

.wamen, the following formula for finding time has been

deduced.
From the symmetrical formulae {8') Prop. T, Sec. HI,
rro have,
cos.^^S' cos.PZ C OS. PS
cos /p - _
^^^p-rf^^^jT^

Kow, in place of cos. ZS, we take sin. ST, which is, in

 SECTION V. 375

fact, the same thing ;

and in pla^G of qo^.PZ, we take
sin. 1 at., which is also the same.
In short, let A=
the altitude of the sun, the la- L=
Litude of the observer, and the sun's polar distance. D=
,, -n
cos.P=
sin.^ sin.X .cos.i>
Then, v^^
cos.i sm.i>

But, 28in.4P = 1 cos.P. (See Eq. 32, Prop. 2,

gee. I, Plane Trig.)

Therefore,
sin.Lcos.D
JP = 1
, . , ^ sin. J.
2sm. .^r. ^
cos.X/ sin.i>

_ (cos.i sin.i) + sin.i cos.i)) sin. J.

cos.X sin.i)

__ sin.(X + D) sm.A
cos.iysin.D

(Considering {L -f D) as a single arc, and (applying

Equation 16, Sec. I, Plane Trig.), we have,
after dividing

by 2,
/L-\- 1)+ Ax .
/L-\-D A\
sin.' ^ \P
co8.( -2 ) sin.(
T. Y{
cos.i sm.jL>
^ )

B ut, 2
'
2
D A
we assume aSa =
L-Jr -{-
and if >
^

we
,1,1
shall have,' sin.'

-11 D
JP =
cos.aS' sin.(AS'
=-A
cos.iy 8in.i>
A)j:
'-

Or, sin.JP
, = V .
=-A =r^)
/cos.a9 sin.(AS*
'-
This the final result, when the radius is unity when
is ;

the radius is R
times greater, then the sin.iP will be R
limes greater and, therefore, the value of this sine, cor-
;

responding to our tables, is,

ein.JP
= \/T^) i-^t) co8.^8in.(.S'-^).
576 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
1. In lat. 39 6' 20" I^ortli, when the sun's declination

was 12 3' 10" N^orth, the true altitude* of the sun's cen-
ter was observed to be 30 10' 40", What was
rising.
tlie apj)arent time ?

Alt. 30 10' 30"

Lat. 39 6' 20"
RD. 77 56' 50"

2 ) 147 13' 40"

 SECTION V. 377

tion of the sun was 3 20' South. What was the appa-
rent time ? Ans. 9" 42'" 40 a. m.

3. In latitude 21 2' South, when the sun's declination

was 18 32' North, the true altitude, in the afternoon,
was found to be 40 8'. What was the apparent time
of day ? Ans. 2"^ 3"^ 57' p. m.

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY APPLIED TO GEOGRAPIIV.

If we wish to find the shortest distance between two

places over the surface of the earth, when the dis-
tance is considerable, we must employ Spherical Trigo-
nometry.
Suppose the least distance between Rome and New
Orleans is required; we would first find the distance in
degrees and parts of a degree, and then multiply that
distance by the number of miles in one degree.
In the solution of this problem, it is supposed that we
hhve the latitude and longitude of both places. Then
the distances, in degrees, from the north pole of the
earth to Rome and to New Orleans are the two sides of
a spherical triangle, the difterence of longitude of the
two places is the angle at the pole included between
these sides, and the problem is, to determine the third
side of a spherical triangle, when we have two sides and
the included angle given.
Let P be the north pole, B the position of Rome, and
N that of New Orleans.
Lat. Long.
Now Orleans, 29 57' 30" N. 90 W.
Rome, 41 53' 54" N. 12 28' 40" E.

Whence, FB = 48 6' 6",

PJSr = 60 2' 30".

Angle NPB = 102 28' 40".

32*
378 SPHERICAL TRIGOxVOJMETIt Y.
We now employ Na-
pier's 1st and 2d Analo-
gies, and find the dis-
tance, in degrees, to be
78^ 48' 15". This re-
duced to miles, at the

rate of 69.16 miles to '

the d ^.gree, will make '

I he distance 5450.1 \ /
miles. \ /
The angle at iV is ^\ /
"" ^^
47 48' 13" and at 11, 59 '^-..
^""^
34' 47".
The third side of a spherical triangle can be found by
a single formula, as we shall see by inspecting formulae

(^0 Prop. 7, Sec. III.

Let Q be the included angle, and c the unknown side

opposite; then,
^ = cos.<? COS. a cos. 5
COS. (7 -.
T,
sm.a sin.6

Adding 1 to each member, and reducing, observing a1

the same time that + cos. (7= 2cos.^ J(7, we have,

1

sin. a sin. 5 cos. a cos.6 + cos.c

rt
2cos.'^
,^
\Q= -.

sm.a sm.o
-.
5

Wlience, 2cos.' J(7 sin.a sin.6 = cos.c cos.(a + V) ;

or, cos.c = COS. (a + J) + 2cos.^ J(7 sin. a sin.6.

The second member of this equation is the algebraic

sum of two decimal fractions, and expresses the value of
tiie natural cosine of the side sought.
This case of Spherical Trigonometry, namely, that in
which two sides and the included angle are given, to
find the third side, is very extensively used in practical

astronomy, in finding the angular distance of the moon

from the sun, stars, and planets. For this purpose, the
right ascension and declination of each body must be
 SECTION V. 879

found for the same moment of absolute time. Their

ditfereiice in right ascen-
sion gives the included

angle, P, at the celestial

pole. The declination
subtracted from 90, if it

be north, and added to

90, if it be south, will
give the sides, PZ and
PS.
In the following exam-
ples, we give the right
ascension and declination
of the bodies, and from
these the student is required to compute the distance
between them.
The right ascensions are given in time. Their differ-
ence must be changed to degrees for the included angle.

MEAN TIME GKEENWICH.

June 24, 1860.

MOO
380 SPIIEIIICAL TllIGONOMETRl.

SECTION VI

REGULAR POLYEDRONS
A Regular Polyedron is a polyedron having all its faces equa!
and regular polygons, and all its polyedral angles equal.
The sum of all the
plane angles bounding any polyedral angle 18
lessthan four right angles ; and as the angle of the equilateral tri-

angle is I of a right angle, we have I x3<^4, 1 x4<^4, and|x5<^4;

but I X 6=4, I X 7^4, and so on. Hence, it follows that three,
and only three, polyedral angles may be formed, having the equi-
lateral triangle for faces; namely, a triedral angle and polyedral

angles of four and of five faces.

There are, therefore, three distinct regular polyedrons bounded
by the equilateral triangle.
1. The Tetraedron, having four faces and four solid angles.
2. The Octaedron, having eight faces and six solid angles.
3. The Icosaedron, having twenty faces and twenty solid angles.

With right plane angles we can form only a triedral angle hence, ;

with equal squares we may bound a solid having six faces and eight

equal triedral angles. This solid is called the Hexaedron.

The angle of the regular pentagon being f of a right angle, we
have fx3<;^4; but hence, with plane angles eqaal tc
4x4>4;
those of the regular pentagon, we can form only a triedral angle.
The solid bounded by twelve regular pentagons, and having twenty
solid angles, is called the Dodecaedron.
There are, then, but five regular polyedrons, viz. : The tetraedron^
the octaedron, and the icosaedron, each of which has the equilateral

triangle for faces

;
the hexaedron, whose faces are equal squares,
ftndthe dodecaedron, whose faces are equal regular pentagons.
It is obvious that a sphere may be circumscribed about, or in-
scribed within, any of these regular solids, and converselv : and
 SECTION VI 381

that these spheres will have a common center, which may also be
taken as the center of the polycdron.

Anyreirular polycdron maybe regarded as made up of a number

of regular pyramids, whose bases arc severally the faces of the

polycdron, and whose common vertex is its center. Each of these

radius of the inscribed
pyramids will have, for its altitude, the
and since the volume of the pyramid is measured by one
sphere;
third of the product of its base and altitude, it follows that the
Tolume of any regular polycdron is measured by its surface multi-

plied by one third

of the radius of the inscribed sphere.

PROBLEM.
Given y the name of a reyiilar polyedrojiy and the sitle of the bound-
xng polygon^ find to the inclination of its faces; the radii of the in-

scribed and circumscribed sjjJieres ;

the area of its surface ; and its

volum .

Let AB be the intersection of two adjacent faces of the polye-

dron, and C and D the centers of these faces, being the center
of the polycdron. Draw the radii,
00 and OD, of the inscribed, and
the radii OA
and 0^,of the circum-
scribed sphere ; also from C and D
let fall the perpendiculars CE and

DE, on the edge A B, and draw OE;

then will the angle measure DEC
the inclination of the faces of the

polycdron, and the angle DEO is

one half of this inclination.

Let 1 denote the inclination of the
faces, m the number of faces which
meet form a polyedral angle, n the
to

nuiLbbr of sides in each face, and

suppose the edge of the polycdron to

be unity.
The surface of the sphere of which is the center, and radius

unity, will form, by its intersections with the planes, AOE, AOD^
DOE, the right-angled spherical triangle dae, right-angled at e
Cn the right-angled triangle DEO, the angle DOE is
equal to
382 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
90 2)^0 = 90 i/,
and is measured by the arc de. The angle dae^ of the spherical

briangie, is equal to ,
and the angle ade = .
2m 2n
NoW; by Napier's Rules we have
cos.c?ae = sin.atZe cos.c?e.

or, cos.ae = ; (
1 )
sin. ade

and, cos.acZ = cot.f/ae cot.a(:7c (2)

Substituting in eq. ( 1 ), for the angles
dae and ade, their values,
we find
cos. 360^

2m
fo\
Sin.J/=
^ Q^TTo ^ '
sin. 360

Equation (3) gives the value of the sine of one half of the incli-
nation of the planes ; .and by means of this equation we may readily
find the radii of the inscribed and circumscribed spheres.
In the triangle BED, we have
I)E= BE cot.BDE = ^cot. ^,
2n
Bince AB = 1, and BE= hAB.
In the triangle DOE, we have

OD = DE tan. U = ^cot. ^2n

tan.H (4)

From A OD, we find

the triangle
cos.DOA 1 :: OD I : OA
whence OA = 9.-__
cos.DOa
But the angle DOA is measured by the arc ad; hence, snbstt-
tuting in this last equation the values of cos.DOA and OD, takes
from eqs. (2) and (4), we have

OA =^ tan.i7 cot. ^^
2n
x ^ X
^

cot.360 cot. 360

T?7i~ 2n

^tan.i/tan.?^, (5)
2m
by writing tan. for
cot.
,
and reducing,
 SECTION IV. 383

Equation (4) gives the value of OD, the radius of the inscribed
sphere, and equation ( 5 ) gives that of OA, the radius of the cir-
cumscribed sphere. The area of one of the faces of the polyedron
is
equal to one half of the apothegm multiplied by the perimeter.
360
The apothegm, as found above, is
equal to J cot. ; hence, we
2n
o/:Ao
ba';e In x \ cot , for the area of one of the faces: and multi-
2/1

plying this by the number of faces of -the polyedron, we shall have

the expression for its entire area. The expression for the surface
multiplied by one third of the radius of the inscribed sphere, gives
the measure of the volume of the polyedron.
In what precedes, we have supposed the edge of the polyedron
to be unity. Having found the radii of the inscribed and circum-
scribed spheres, the surfaces, and the volumes of such polyedrons,
to determine the radii, surfaces, and volumes of regular polyedrons

having any edge whatever, we have merely to remember that the

homologous dimensions of similar bodies are proportional; their
surfaces are as the squares of these dimensions ; and their volumes
as the cubes of the same.
Formula (3) gives, for the inclination of the adjacent faces of
The Tetracdron, 70
 CONTENTS.
PAliT I.

PLANE TRIGONOMETEY.
SECTION I. Pagk
Elementary Principles ,
244
Difiniliuns 24')

Propositions 248
Equations for tlie Sines of the An^k-s 260
Natural Sines, Cosines, etc 265
Trigonometrical Lines for Arcs exceeding 9iP 270

SECTION II.
Plane Trigonometry. Practically Applied 272
Logarithms 278

GENERAL APPLICATIONS AVITII TIIR USE OF LOGARITHMS.

L Pight-Anded Trigonometry 2^8
II. Obliqne-Angled Triu'onometry 291
Practical Problems 295

SECTION I II.
Application of Trigonometry to Measuring Heights and Distances 298
Practical Problems 305

PAK.T IT.
SPHEEICAL GEOMETRY A^^D TRIGONOMETRY.
SECTION I.

Geometry 310
Spherical
SECTION II.
830
Eight-Angled Spherical Trigon imetry
335
Napier's Circular Parts
SECTION II I

337
Obliqnc-Amrled Spherical Trigonometry
348
Napier-s Analogies
SECTION I v.
of Pight-Angled Spherical Triangles 353
Spherical Trigonometry Applied Solution
Practical Problems 356
Swlution of Quadrantal Triangles 353
Practical Problems 361

Solution of Obiique-Angled Splierical Triangles 802

Practical Problems 367

SECTION V.
870
Spherical Trigonometry applied to Astronomy
373
Application of Oblique-Auirled Spherical Triangles
377
Spherical Trigonometry applied to Geography.
Table of Mean Time at Greenwich 379

SECTION VI.
< 3S0
Regular Polyedrons
LOGARITHMIC TABLES;
ALSO A TABLE OF

NATURAL AND LOGARITHMIC

SINES, COSINES, AND TANGENTS

TO EVERY MINUTE OF THE QUADRANT.

LOGARITHxMS OF NUMBERS. 3
4
1

1
rr
8
'

N.

400
10
OF NUMBERS. 11
1
12
OFNUMBERS 13 |
14
1

j
OFNUMBERS. 15
le
OF NUMBERS. 17
i
 ~
r
20
TAULK II. I.og. Sines Hiid Tangents. (OP) Natural S'nes. 21
 2'2
Log, Sines and Tangents. (1) Natural Sines. ABLE II.

Sine. D 10 Cosine. D.IO'

8.241855 .999934
1196 0.4
249033 999932
1177
256094 999929
1158
2ii3042 999927
1140
269881 999925
1122
276 il4 999922
1105
283243 999920
1088
289773 -999918
1072
296-207 999915
1056
9 30234'i 999913
1041
lU 308794 999910
1027
11 .314954 9.999907
1012
12 321027 999905
998
13 327016 '999902
985
.4 332924 999899
971
15 338753 999897
959
16 344504 999894
946
17 350181 999891
934
18 355783 999888
922
19 361315 999885
910
20 366777 999882
899
21 8.372171 1.999879
888
22 377499 999876
877
23 382762 999873
867
24 387962 999870
856
25 393101 999867
846
26 398179 999864
837
27 403199 i

007 999861
28 408161! 999858
818
29 413088 999854
809
30 417919! 999851
800
31 4227171
791
K 999848
32 427462 999844
I

782
33 432156 999841
I

774
34 436800 999838
!

'
766
35 441394 999834
758
36 445941 999831
I

750
37 450440 999827
742
38 454893 999823
i
735
39 459301 999820
i

727
40 463665 999816
720
41 8.467985 ), 999812
712
42 472263 999809
706
43 476498 .-
-999805
699
44 480693 999801
692
45 484848 999797
686
46 488963 999793
679
47 493040 999790
673
48 497078 999786
667
49 501080 999782
661
! 50 505045 9997
655
:51 .508974 ).99977.
649
52 512867 999769
I

643
153 516726 999765
637
54 520551 999761
632
55 524343 999757
626
56 528102 999753
621
57 631828 999748
616
58 535523 999744
611
59 539186 999740
605
60 642819 999735
Cosne.
TABLE II. Log. Siiit. and Tangents. (2) Natural Sines. 23

SilXti. D. 10' Cosine. D. 10' Tang. D. 10" CoiiiMg. ijN.

sine. N cos,

.542819 9.999735 .543084 11.456916 03490 99939 60

;.

603 0.7 602

5464'22 99f)731 54(5(591 453309 ;035U) 99938 59
595 0.7 69.5
449732 03548 99937 58
54999.5 999726 5602(i8
591 0.7 591 ;

553539 99{)722 553817 446183 03577 9993( 57

557054
586
999717
08 657336
587
442(564 03(50(5 9993 5 56
681 0-8 682 ;

5()0540 9<)9713 660828 439172 03635 99934 55

1

576 0-8 577

6G3999 999708 664291 435 7 (J9 ^03(564 99933 54
672 0.8 573
5(J74:n 999704 667727 432273 03693 19993 2 53

6()7 0.8 6(58

4288(53 ,03723199931 52
670830 999(599 571137
563 0.8 664
674-214 999694 674520 425480 ()3752|99930 51
659 0-8 559
57750() 999689 577877 422123 10378 1199929 5C
654 0.8 655
.58()89-2 9.999685 .581208 11.418792 0.381 099927 49
584193
550
999(580
08 684514
651
415486 03839|99y26 48
i

54{i 0-8 547

5874t)9 9<)9675 687795 412205 1038(58 99925 47

642 0.8 643
590721 -999670 591051 408949 03897 99924 46
638 0.8 639 }

693948 999(565 694283 405717 03926199923 45

634 0.8 635
597152 99f)660 697492 402508 l03955|99922 44
630 0.8 631'
600332 999(555 600677 399323 [03984199921 43
626 0.8 527
603489 999650 603839 396161 |04013|99919 42
522 0.8 523
606523 999645 606978 393022 04042 99918 41
619 0.8 519
609734 999640 610094 389906 '0407ll9991 40
615 0.9 516
.612823 9.999(535 .613189 11.386811 04100 99916 39
611 0.9 612
615891 999629 616262 383738 103129 99916 38
508 0.9 608
618937 999324 619313 380(587 04159 99913 37
604 0.9 605 1

62i9(i2 999(519 622343 377657 04188 99912

601 0.9 601
624955 9f)96l4 625352 374648 0421 99911 35
497 0-9 498
627948 999608 628340 371660 04246199910 34
494 0.9 495
630911 999(503 631308 368692 04275199909 33
490 0.9 491
633854 999597 634256 365744 04304S99907 33
487 0.9 488
636776 999592 637184 362816 04333 !9990(5 31
484 0.9 485
63^680 999586 640093 359907 043(52)99905 30
481 0-9 482
1.642563
477 999581
0.9
.642982
478
U .357018 04391199904 29
646428 999575 646863 354147 04420^^)9902 28
474 0.9 475
j

648274 999570 648704 351296 04449 i999(l 27

471 0.9 472
651102 999564 651537 348463 ()4478|99900 2(5
468 0.9 469
653911 9^)9558 654352 345648 04507199898 25
465 466
656702 999553 657149 342851 0453(5 99897 24
4(32 463
659475 999547 659928 340072 045Gry99896 23
459 460
662230 9!)9541 662689 33731 1 04594 !l)9H94 22
456 457
6649(i8 9<)9535 6(55433 3345(57 04(523 y993 21
453 454
667()89 999529 6(58160 331840 04(553199892 20
451 453
1.670393 999524 .670870 11.329130 04(582 '99890 19
448 1.0 449
673080 999518 673563 326437 047 199889 18 1 1

445 1.0 446

675761 999512 67()239 323761 04740!.-J9d8h 17
442 1-0 443
678405 999506 678900 321100 047(i!>^J9S8(i 16
,

440 1-0 442

681043 999500 681544 318456 04798I9J885 15
437 1.0 438
683G65 999493 684172 315828 0482/199883 14
434 1.0 436
686272 999487 6 6784 313216 ()485(5!99882 13
432 1.0 433
688863 999481 689381 310(519 04885 199881 12
429 1.0 430
691438 914T5* 691963 308037 04914199879 11
427 l.O 428
693998 939469 1.0 694529 30.5471 0494 o 99878 10
424 425
1.696543 ,9!J94<53 .697081 11.302919 049 i 2 99876 9
422 1. 423
699073 9.' 19456 699617 300383 105001 99875 8
419 1 420
701589 999150 702139 297861 05030 99873 7
417 1. 418
704090 9!)9 143 704246 295354 05059 99872 (i
414 1, 416
70()577 999437 707140 292860 05U8h 99870 5
412 1. 413
70904!) 999431 709(518 290382 05117 998(59 4
410 1, 411 3
711507 9994-'4 702083 287917 U5146 9y8(5
407 1 408
713952 9!)9418 714534 2854(55 05176 99866 2
405 1, 406
716383 9^)9411 71()y?2 283028 05205 998(54
40o 1 404
718800 999404 719396 280604 05234 998(53
COHIM.*, Si: CoTini.'. Tant N. COS. N.sinc

87 Degrees.
 24 Log. Slues and Tiiiigt-iiis. (:3; Natural Sines. TABliE II.

Sine, U. 10' Cosi uu. D. 1 iiUlg. D. 10" Cotang. |!N. sine. N. cos.

718800 9.999404 S. 719396 11.280604 05234 99863

il

401 402
1 721204 9y9.'!98 721806 278194 05263 99861
398 399
2 723595 999391 72420 i 2/5796 05292 99860
396 397
3 725972 999384 726588 273412 05321 99858
4 394 395
728337 999378 728959 271041 05350 99857
392 393
5 730o88 999371 731317 2()8683 05379 99856
390 391
6 733027 999364 7336()3 266337 05408 99854
388 389 '

7 735354 999357 735996 264004 05437 99852

386 387
8 737667 999350 738317 261683 1105466 99851
384 385
9 739969 999343 740626 259374 '105495 99849
382 383
10 742259 999336 742922 257078 05524 99847
380 381 I

11 744536 .999329 .745207 11.254793 05653 99846

378 379
12 746802 999322 747479 252521 05682 99844
377
!

376
13 749055 999315 749740 250260 105611 99842
374 375
14 751297 999308 751989 248011 05640 99841
372 373
15 753528 999301 764227 245773 05669 99839 '

370 371
16 755747 999294 766453 243547 05698 99838 i

368 369
J7 757955 999286 758()68 241332 05727 99836
366 367 j

18 760161 999279 760872 239128 06756 99834

!

364 365
19 762337 999272 763065 236935 05785 99833
362 364 jl

20 764511 999265 765246 234754 05814 99831

l!

361 362
21 766675 .999257 ,767417 11.232683 05844 99829
359 360 j!

22 768828 999250 769578 230422 1106873 99827

357 358
23 770J70 999242 771727 228273 05902 99826
|l
355 356
24 773101 999236 773866 226134 110593199824
353 355
25 775223 999227 775995 224006 05960 99822
i

352 353
I

26 777333 999220 778114 221886 H 05989 99821

350 351
27 779434 999212 780222 219778 06018 99819
li

348 350
28 781524 999205 782320 217680 06047 99817
i!

347 348
29 783605 999197 784408 215592 06076 99815
!;

345 346
30 785675 999189 786486 213514 06106 99813
|j
343 345
31 787736 9.999181 ,788554 11.211446 .0613499812
342 343
32 789787 999174 790613 209387 06163 99810
jl

340 341
33 791828 999166 792662 207338 06192 99808
;i

339 340
34 793859 999158 794701 205299 08221 99806
338
I

337 j

35 795881 999150 796731 203269 1106250 99804

335 337
36 797894 999142 798752 201248 06279 99803
I

334 335
37 799897 ^99134 800763 199237 06308 99801
332 334 li

38 801892 999126 802765 197235 1106337 99799

331 332
39 803876 999118 804858 195242 06366 99797 ;

329 331
40 805852 999110 806742 193258 06395J99795
328 329
41 8, 807819 9.999102 ,808717 11.191283 06424 997931
326 328
42 809777 999094 810683 189317 06453l99792i
325 326
43 811726 999086 812641 187359 06482j99790{
323 325
44 813667 999077 814589 185411 0651199788
322 323
45 815599 999069 816529 183471 06540997861
320 322
46 817522 999061 818461 181539 0656919978 4!
319 320
47 819436 999053 820384 179616 0659819978
318 319
48 821343 999044 822298 177702 06627 99780;
316 318 ''

49 823240 999036 824205 175796 06656 99778'

315 316
60 825130 999027 826103 173897 06685 99776
i

313 315 I

51 .827011 999019 8.827992 11.172008 i0(i714 99774

312 314
52 828884 999010 829874 170126 ; 06743 99772
1

311 312
53 830749 999002 831748 168252 06773 99770
309 311 ||

64 832607 998993 833613 166387 06802 99768

!

308 310
65 834456 998984 835471 164529 i'
06831 99766
307 308
56 836297 998976 837321 162679 '06860 99764
306 307 h 06889 99762
57 838130 998967 839163 160837
304 306
58 839956 998958 840998 159002 ;:06918 99700
303 304
59 841774 998950 842825 157175 106947 99758
302 303
60 843585 998941 844644 155356 08976 99756
Cosino. Sino. Cotanor. Tang. N. cof N'.sine
TABLK II. Log. SiiiHS and Taiigeiils, (4) Nai,al Sines. 25

feme.
 26 Log. Sines and Tangents. (5) Natural Sines. > TABLE II.

Sine. D. 10"i Cosine. B. 10'

,940296 9,998344
240
941738 998333
239
2 943174 998322
239
3 944606 998311
238
4 946034 998300
237
6 947456 998289
i
236
6 948874 998277
235
7 950287 998266
235
8 951ii9a 998255
234
9 95310a 998243
233
10 954499 I

998232
232
11 ,955894 I

9.998220
232
12 957284 998209
231
13 958;)70 998197
230
14 960052 998186
229
15 9dl429 998174
229
16 962801 998163
228
17 934170 998151
227
IS 965534 998139
227
19 96()893 998128
226
20 968249 998116
225
21 969600 9.998104
224
22 970947 998092
224
23 972289 998080
223
24 973628 998068
222
25 974962 998056
222
26 976293 998044
221
27 977619 998032
220
28 978941 998020
220
29 980259 998008
219
30 981573 997996
218
31 982883 9.997984
218
32 984189 997972
217
33 985491 997959
216
34 986789 997947
216
36 988083 997935
215
36 989374 997922
214
37 990)60 997910
214
38 991943 997897
213
39 993222 997885
212
40 994497 997872
212
41 8. 995768 9 997860
211
42 997036 997847
211
43 993299 997835
210
44 9995(i0 997822
209
45 I.00J816 997809
209
4() 0J20.)9 997797
208
47 003318 997784
208
48 0045()3 997771
207
49 005805 997758
296
50 097044 997745
206
61 I 003278 997732
205
5-2 009510 997719
205
53 01073 7 997706
64
204
Olia-^w. 997693
203
55 01318-^ 997680
56
203
0144:)0 997667
202
0? 015613 997654
58
202
016824 997641
201
59 018031 997628
201
60 019235 997614
j

Co.iiie. I
 TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangente. (6^) Natural Sines.

Sine. ID. lO'l Cosine. D. 10' Tang. ;D. 10" Cotan''. I N. sim-. N. f

019235 9.997614 9.021620 10.978380 0453 (9452 60 :

200 2.2 202

1 020 135 997601 0-^2834 977100 Olh-J ;!)449 59 :

199 2.2 202

2 021(>32 997588 024044 975950 0511 !);M4() 58 i

199 2.2 201

3 022825 997574 025251 974749 054(1 9i)443 67
198 2.2 201
4 0241)10 997561 02()455 973545 05()9 )9440 60
198 2.2 200 I

5 025203 997547 027055 973345 059< 99437 65

197 2.2 199 I

971148 (Mi2() 99434 54

'

6 0-2G38t) 997534 028852

197 2.3 199
7 027507 997520 030040 909954 0()65 99431 163
196 2.3 198
& 028744
190
997507
2.3
031237
198
968763 0'849^428 M
9 029918 997493 032425 9<)7675 '

u713 99424 61
195 2-3 197
10 031089 097480 033009 966891 ^

0742 99421 60
195 2-3 197
i: 032257 9.997466 034791 10.905209 0771 9y418 49

194 2.3 190

!: ?31421 997452 035969 904031 08(K) 1-9415:48
194 2-3 190
13 J-ci4582 997439 037144 9<)2856 0829 99412147
193 2.3 196
14 035741 997425 0383 1() 9(il()84
0858J99409 40
192 2.3 196 ;

15 03(890 -^>7411 039485 900516 0887!f>940<) 46

192 2.3 194 I

038048 997397 040051 959349 09 K) 99402 44 i

191 2-3 194

039197 997383 041813 958187 0945 99399 4o
2-3 193
:

191
18 040342
190
997309 042973
193
957027 0973 99390 42 ;

2-3
19 041485 997355 044130 965870 1002!99393l4l
20 042()26
190
997341
23 045284
192
954710 1031 199390 40
189 2.3 192
21 043702 9.997327 9.04()434 10.953500 1000!99a80 39
189 2.4 191
22 044895 997313 047582 962418 1089; 99383 38
180 2-4 191
997299 048727 951273
23 0i002(i
188 2.4 190
; 11
18199380} 37
24 047154 997285 049809 960131 1147 99377! 30
190
:

187 2.4
25 018279 997271 051008 948992 1170 99374! 36
187 2-4 189
26 049400 997257 052144 947850 1205|993T0'34
186 2.4 189
27 050519 997242 053277 94>J723 1234199367 133
186 2.4 188
28 051035 997228 0544{J7
188
94.5693
1263!J)9364;32
185 2.4
29 052749 997214 055535 944405 I291'99360:31
187
;

185 2.4
30 05385;} 997199 05()()59 943341 1320 99357 30 I

184 2-4 187

31 054900 997185 057781 10.942219 1349 99354 29 :

184 2-4 186

32 050071 997170; 058900 186
941100 1378 9!)351 '.^8
184 2.4
:

33 057172 997156 000016 939984 1407 99347 27

186
!

183 I

2.4
34 05827 1 997141 001130 186
938870 143t. >9o44 20
183 j
2-4 ;

36 059307 997127 002240 185

937700 1465 99341 25 ;

182 2.4
3(i (Hi0400 997112! 003348 936652 1494 99337 24
184
,

182 '

2.4 j

37 001651 997098 004453 936647 1523 99334 23

184
I

181 2.4
38 0.i2(i39 997083 I 006556 183
934444 1552 99331 22
181 2.5 i

39 0(i3724 997(Ki8 !
000665 933345 1580 99327 121
180 2 183
40 0(i480() 997(>53 067762 182
932248 1609 99324 20
1!<0 i 2 !

41 ,0()5885 ,997039 S.(>68846 182 10.931154 1038 99320 1 9

179 2
42 0t>>9U2 997024 !

U69038 930002 1667 99317 18

17v 1 2' 181 I

43 0(>8030 997009 071027 181

928973 169() 99314 17
179 2 j

44 0)910? 991)994 ! 072113 927887 1725 99310' 16

178 2 181
45 070171) 990979 073197 920803 i

1754 99307
178 I
2 180
40 071242 996964 074278 925722 1783 )9303
177 !

2-6 180 :

47 0i23iXJ 990949 075356 179

9-2'1044 I

1812 i9300
2.5
;

177
48 0733(;0 990934 070432 923608 1840 99297
176 2.5 179 \

19 074424 990919 077505 178

922495 18()9 99293
176 3.5
50 0754h0 996; 04 078570 921424 189!-. 99290
175 2.5 178
51 9 070)33 9.990889 9.079044 178 10
920350 1927 992h()
175 2.5
52 0/7583 99(i874 080710 919290 1950 9J)283
175 2.6 177
63 078031 996858 081773 918227 1985 99279
174 2.6 177
64 O79o7(i 996843 082833 917107 2014 99276
174 2.5 170
5.- 080719 996828 083891
176 910109 9272
204.'J
173 2.5
6- 081759 996812 084947 915053 2071 >92(i9
173 2 6 175
57 082 97i 99()797 08(i000 914000 2100 9.92 >5
li2 2 175
68 083832 99()782 087050 912950 2129 9921 i2
172 2 6 176
B9 0818()4 996766 088098 311J02 2158 99268
172 2 6 174
(>0 08594 996751 089144 9108o() 218; >9255
CosinH. Sine. Cotiing. N COS. N. si I If.
83 Dejrree*.
 28 Log, Siues and Tangents. (7") Natural Sines.

Sine. ^rio' Cosine. D. W Tani! ). JU' Ciilaiig. N. Sill." N

9.085894 9.996751 .089144 10.910866 12187 99256
171 2.6 174
1 996735 090187 909813 12216 99251 :

171 2.6 173

2 08794 7 996720 091228 908772 12245 99248
i;
170 2.6 173
3 08897( 996704 092266 907734 12274 99244
170 2.6
':

173
4 089990 996688 093302 906698 12302 99240
i

170 2.6 172

5 0910;)8 996673 094336 905664 12331 99237
169 2.6 172 I

b u>>2024 996657 095367 904633 12360 99233

;

169 2.6 171

7 093037 996641 096395 903605 112389 99230
168 2.6 171 1

8 094047 996626 097422 902578 12418 99226 :

168 2.6 171

9 095056 996610 098446 901564 12447 99222
168 2.6 170 !j

10 096062 996594 099468 900532 112476 99219

167 2.6 170 1

n 9.097065
167
9.996578
2.7
.IOL'487
169
10.899513 12504 99215
I

12 098066 996562 101604 898496 12533 99211

2.7
i

166 169 I

13 099065 996546 102519 897481 125(i2 99208

166 2.7 169 il

14 100062 996630 103532 896468 12591 99204

166 2.7 168 ji

16 101056 996614 104542 895458 112620 99200

165 2.7 168
16 102048 996498 105650 894450 12649 99197
'I
165 2.7 168
17 103037 996482 106656 893444 ,12678 99193
164 2.7 167
18 104025 996465 107659 892441 12706 99189
164 2.7 167
19 105010 996449 108560 891440 12736 99186
164 2.7 166
^0 105992
163
996433
2.7
109559
166
890441 12764 99182
21 9.106973 ,996417 .110556 10.889444 12793 99178
163 2.7 166
22 107951 996400 111551 888449 12822 99176
163 2.7 166
23 108927 996384 112643 887457 12851 99171
162 2.7 166
24 109901 996368 11353a 886467 12880 99167
162 2.7 165
25 110873 996351 114521 885479 12908 99163
162 2.7 164
26 111842 996336 115607 884493 12937 99160
161 2.7 164
27 112809 996318 116491 883509 12966 99156
161 2.7 164
28 113774 996302 117472 882528 12996 99152
160 2.8 163
29 114737 996285 118462 881548 13024 99148
160 2.8 163.
30 115698 996269 119429 880571 13053 99144
160 2.8 162
31 1 16656 ,996252 .120404 10.879596 13081 99141
159 2.8 162
32 117613 996235 121377 878623 13110 99137
169 2.8 162
33 118567 996219 122348 877662 13139 99133
159 2.8 161
34 119519 996202 123317 876683 13168 99129
158 2.8 161
35 1204()9 996185 124284 875716 13197 99125
158 2.8 161
36 121417 996168 125249 874751 13226 99122
158 2.8 160
37 122362 996151 126211 873789 13254 99118
167 2.8 160
38 123306 996134 127172 872828 13283199114
167 2.8 160
39 124248 996117 128130 871870 13312 99110
157 2.8 169
40 125187 996100 129087 870913 13341 99106
156 159
41 '9.126126 99()083 .130041 10.869959 13370 99102
156 159
42 12706( 996066 130994 86900F jil3399b9098
156 158
13 127993 996049 131944 868056 1113427 99094
156 158
44 128^25 996032 132893 867107 13456 99091
165 158 i

45 i29tt64 996015 133,'S39 866161 13 ;85 9.9087

i

154 157
46 130781 995998 134784 865216 13514 99083
154 157 ;

47 131706 995980 135 J26 864274 13543 990/9

I !

154 157
48 132630 995963 136 567 863333 |il35'/2 990-6
163 2.9 166
49 133551 99594() 13/305 862395 13(00 990-1
163 2.9 166
51 1344i0 995928 138542' 861458 13629 99067
I

163 2.9 166

51 1 .
135387 995911 1394/6 10.860624 13658 99063
152 155
52 136303 995894 140409 859591 13687 99059 i

162 155
53 137216 995876. 141340 868660 13716 99055
162 155
64 138128 995859 142269 857731 13744 99051
152 164
55 139037 995841 143196 856804 137-3 i9047
151 2.9 154
56 139944 995823 144121 855879 13802 ]9043
151 2.9 154
57 140850 995806 145044 854956 13831 99039
151 2.9 153
68 141754 995788 145966 854034 13860 )9036
;

160 2.9 153

59 142655 996771 146885 853115 13889 99031
160 2.9 153
996753 14^803 852197 1391. ^/J027

'

60 143555
-

CosId". Sine. (Jotang. Tang. N. cos

82 Degrees.
 Log. Sines and Tangents. (8) Natural Sii 29

bine. a lU' Co.sine. D. lU" Xitng. D. 10' Cotaug. I

N. sine.lN. oos.

43555 .995753 .147803 10.862197, 39 17 199027 60

150 3.0 153
99023 69
1 44453 995735 148718 851282 394(i
149 3.0 152
58
2 45349 995717 149ti32 850368 39/5199019
149 3.0 162
3 4(i24J 995699 150544 849456 40(Ui99015 57
149 3.0 152
4 47136 995(>81 151454 848546 4033:9901 1 6()
148 3.0 151
6 48026 9;)56l)4 152363 847(>37 4061 990iMi 55
148 3.0 151
4090 99002 54
6 48915 995646 1.53269 846731
148 3.0 151
7 49802 995(i28 154174 845826 4119'98998 53
147 3.0 1.50
8 50(>86 995610 155077 844923 4148198994 62
147 3.0 150
9 5irM)9 995591 155978 844022 41 77 198990 51
147 3.0 150
10 52451 995573 156877 843123 4205 98986 50
147 3.0 IcO '

11 53;i30 1.995556 . 157776 10 842225; 49

42;.4 981182
146 3.0 149
12 54208 995o37 158671 841329 4263198978 48
3.0
;

146 149
13 56)83 995619 169565 840435 4292198973 47
146 3.0 149
j

14 55957 995601 160457 839543 4320i989(i9

145 3.1 148
15 56830 9!i5482 161347 838663 ;
4349t989()5
145 3.1 148
10 57:0J 995464 162236 837764 : 4378^98961
145 3.1 148
17 58569 995446 163123 8368771 440 [98957
7
144 3.1 148
18 59435 995427 164008 835992 443();98953
144 3.1 147
19 60301 995409 164892 835108 4464 98948
144 3.1 147
20 61164 995390 166774 834226 4493 98944
144 3.1 147
21 62026 .995372 . 166654 10.833346 4522 98940
143 3.1 146
22 62885 995353 167532 832468 4561 98936
143 3.1 146
23 63743 J95334 1684'J9 831591 4580 98931 37
143 3,1 146
24 64600 995316 169284 830716 4608 98927 36
142 3.1 145 |
'

25 65454 995297 17015/ 829843 4()37'98923 35

142 3.1 145
26 66307 995278 171029 82897 1 46()698919 '34
142 3.1 145
27 67159 995260 171899 828101 4<i95 98914 133
142 3.1 145
28 68008 995241 172767 827233 4723 98910:32
141 3.2 144 ;

29 ()8856 995222 173634 826366! 4752 9890ti!31

141 3.2 144
30 69702 995203 174499 825501: 4781 )h902 30
141 3.2 144 !

31 70547 995184 .175362

144 10.824638}
4810 98897 29 ;

140 3.2 '

32 71389 995165 176224 823776: 4838 98893 28

140 3.2 143
33 72230 995146 177084 822916 48()7 98889 27
3.2 143
':

140
34 73070 995127 177942 822058! 4896 98884 26
140 3.2 143 !

35 73908 995108 178799 821 -..01 4925 98880 26 '

139 3.2 142 '

3(> 74744 995089 179655 820345 4954 L8876 24

139 3.2 142 j

37 75578 99.5070 180508 819492 4982 9887 1 23

139 3.2 142
38 7(411 995051 181360 818640 5011 9886 7 22
139 3.2 142
39 77242 995032 182211 817789 5040 98863 21
138 3.2 141
40 78072 995013 183059 816941 5069 9h858 20
138 3.2 141 I

41 78900 .994993 .183907 10-816093 509 9hh64 19

138 3.2 141
42 7972(i 994974 184752 8152481 6126 98849' 18
137 3.2 141
43 80551 994955 185597 814403 5155 98845! 17
137 3.2 140
44 81374 994936 186439 813561

5184 98841 16
137 3.2 140 j

46 82196 994916 187280 812720 5212 J8836 16 i

137 3.3 140

46 83016 994896 188120 811880 5241 98832 14
136 3.3 14(. j

47 83834 994877 188958 811(^2' 5270 98827 13

136 3.3 139
994857 189794 810206 5299 98823 12
'

48 84651
136 3.3 139
49 8546t) 994838 190629 809371 532 98818 11
136 139 ,

50 8(>280 994818 191462 80o538 5356 iJ8814

136 139 i

51 8/092 .994798 .192294 10.807706 :

5386 98809
135 138
621 87903 994779 193124 806876 5414 98806
135 138 i

53 88712 994769 193953 806047; 5442 98800

!35 3.3 138 '

54 89519 994739 194780 805220 6471 987 9()

134 3.3 138
65 90325 994719 196606 804394 5500 98791
134 3.3 137
56 91130 994700 196430 803570 5529 J8787
134 3.3 137
51 91933 994(i80 197253 802747 5657 98782
134 3.3 1^7
58 92734 994(i60 198074 801926 558<j 98778
133 3.3 137
69 93534 994()40 198894 801106 5615 98773
133 3.3 136
60 94332 994620 199713 800287 5643 y8769
Cosini'. Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. COS. N.sine.
81 Degrees.
 '30 Log. Sines and Tangents. (9) Natural Sines. TABLE IL

Sine. D. 10' Cosine. D. lU Tant; D. 10' Cotang. iiN. sine. X. COS.

.194332 .994620 9.199713 10.800287 16643 98769

133 3.3 136 !

195129 994()00 20)529 799471 15672 98764

133 3.3 136 I

19.5925 994580 201345 798655 15701 98760

132 3.3 136
I

196719 994560 202159 797841 15730 98755

132 3.4 135 I
'

197511 994540 202971 797029 15758 98751

132 3.4 135
198302 994519 203782 796218 16787 98746
3.4
1

132 136
199091 994499 204592 795408 15816 741
131 3.4 136 i

7 1998 79 994479 205400 794(i00 15845 98737

131 3.4 134
8 200)66 994459 206207 793793 15873 98732
1

131 3.4 134

9 201451 994438 207013 792987 15902 98728
i

99W18 3.4
131 134
10 2U223-i 207817 792183 15931 98723
130 3.4 134
11 .233017 9.994397 9.208619 10.791381 15959 98718
130 3.4 133 j

12 203797 994377 209420 133 790580 15988 98714

130 3.4
13 204577 994357 3.4 210220 789 780 16017 98709
130 133
14 2(j5354 994336 3.4 211018 788982 16046 98704
1

129 133
15 2C>6131 994316 3.4 211815 133
788185 16074 98700
i

129
16 206906 994295 212611 132
787389 16103 98695
129 3.4 1

17 207679 994274 213405 132

786595 116132 98690
129 3.5
18 208452 994254 3.5 214198 132
786802 116160 9S686
128
19 209222 994233 214989 735011 16189 98681
!

128 3.5 132

20 209992 991212 215780 784220 16218 98676
3.5 131
i

128
21 .210760 ,994191 3.6 9.216568 10.783432 16246198671
131
;

128
22 211526 994171 217356 782644 1627598667
127 131 '

23 212291 994150 218142 781858 16304 98()62

127 3.5 131
24 213055 994129 218926 781074 16333 98657
3.6 130
:

127
25 213818 994108 219710 130
780290 16361 9H652
127 3.6
26 214579 994087 220492 779508 1639098648
127 3.5 130
27 215338 994066 221272 778728 116419 98643
126 3.6 130
28 216097 994045 222052 777948 16447i98638
I

126 3.5 130

29 216854 994024 222830 777170 1647698633
126 3.5 129
30 217609 994003 223(i06 776394 116505 198629
126 3.5 129
9.993981 10.775618 16533 98624
31 .218363
125 3.6 9.224382 129
32 219116 993960 225156 774844 16562 98619
125 3.6 129
33 219868 993939 225929 774071 1659198614
125 3.6 129
34 220618 993918 226700 773300 16620 98609
125 3.6 128
35 221367 993896 227471 772529 16648:98604
125 3.6 128
36 222115 993875 228239 771761 16677198600
124 3.6 128
37 222861 993854 229007 770993 16706:98595
124 3.6 128
38 223606 993832 229773 770227 16734 "'^590
124 3.6 127
39 224349 993811 230539 769461 16763I.S8585
124 3.6 127
40 225092 993789 231302 768698 16792 98580
123 3.6 127
41 19 225833 9.993768 9.232065 10.767936 16820 98576
3.6 127
1
.
123
42 226573 993746 232826 767174 16849 98570
123 3.6 127
43 227311 993725 233586 766414 16878 98566
123 3.6 126
44 228048 993703 234346 766655 16906 98661
123 3.6 126
45 228784 993681 235103 764897 16936 98556
:|

122 3.6 126

46 229518 993660 235859 764141 16964 98551i

122 3.6 126

47 230252 993638 236614 763386 16992 98546I

122 3.6 126

48 230984 993616 237368 762632 [17021 98541
122 3.6 126
49 231714 993594 238120 761880 i

1705098536
122 3.7 125
50 232444 9935.2 238872 761128 1117078 98531
121 3.7 125
51 .233172
121
9.993550
3.7
9.239622 126
10.760378 {17107 98526
52 233899 994528 240371 759629 ,|17136|98521
121 3.7 126
53 234625 99^506 241118 758882 11716498516
121 3.7 124

54 235349 993484 241866 758136 'il7193J9S511

120 3.7 124
'

55 236073 993462 242610 767390 ,'17222 98606

120 3.7 124
56 236795 9J3440 243354 756646 jl7250i98501
120 3.7 124
I

l57 237515 993418 244097 755903 ,i 17279198496

120 3.7 124
58 238235 993396 244839 755161 17308 98491
I

120 3.7 123

59 238953 993374 245579 754421 i

17336198486
I
119 3.7 123
60 239670 993351 246319 753681 i
17365198481
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. Ij N. cos.lN.sine

80 Degrees.
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (10) Natural Sines. 31

Sine. D. 1 Cosine D. 10" Tang. D. 10"; Cotang. i|N.8ine.|N. cot;.

)"|

). 239670
119
9.993351
3.7
246319
123
10.763681 I
1736o!9K481 m
240388 993329 247057 75-2943 P393 98476 69
119 3.7 123
68
241101 993307 247794 762206 17422 98471
119 3.7 123
57
241814 993285 248630 761470 17451 98466
119 3.7 1-22
24-25->(J 993-262 249264 760736 17479 984()1 6t)
118 122
243-237 993240 249998 760002 175U8 98456 65
118 122
243947 993217 260 30 ; 749270 17537 98450 54
118 122 1 1

244(i5i; 993195 251461 748539 17666 98445 153

118 122 II

245363 993172 252191 747809 17594 98440 52

118 121
1

24(J0li9 993149 252920 747080 17623 98436 61

117 3.8 121 1

246775 993127 263()48 74(>352 17651 98430 60

117 3.8 121
J. 247478 9.993104 254374 10.745626 17680 98425 49
117 3.8 121
248181 993081 255100 744900 17708 98420 48
117 3.8 121
248883 993059 265824 744176 17737 98414 47
249583
117 3.8 256547
1-20
46
993036 743453 17766 98469
116 3.8 1-20
45
25U-282 993013 267269 742731 17794 98404
116 3.8 120
250980 992990 257990 742010 44 17823 98399
116 3.8 120
43
251677 992967 258710 741290 17852 983b4
116 3.8 120
25-2373 992944 259429 1788098389 42
740671
116 3.8 120
2530o7 992921 260146 17909 98383 41
739854
116 3.8 119
253761
115
99-2898 260863
119 17937198378 40
739137
). 254453 9.99-2875 261578 17966198373 39
10.738422
115 119
255144 99-2852 262292 17996198368 38
737708
115 119
255834 99-2829 263005 73o995 37
115 119 18023198362
2565-23 992806 263717 73()283 18052i98b67 36
115 118
257-211 992783 264428 735572 18081 '98362 35
114 3.9 118
2578!J8 992759 265138 7348()2 18109198347 34
114 3.9 118
258583 992736 265847 734153 18138198341 33
114 3.9 118
259-268 99-2713 261)555 733445 18166198336 32
114 3.9 118
259951 992690 267261 732739 18195'98331 31
114 3.9 118
260ci33 992666 267967 732033 1 822498325 30
113 3.9 117
>. 261314
113
9.992'i43 9. 268671 10.731329 18-262i98320 29
3.9 117
261994 992619 269375 730625 I8281i98315 28
113 3.9 117
26-2(.73 992596 270077 729923 1830998310 27
113 3.9 117
263351 99-2572 270779 729221 18338 98304 26
113 3.9 117
264027
113
99-2549 271479 728521 18367 98299 26
3.9 116
264703 992525 272178 727822 18396198294 24 ,

112 3.9 116

265377
112
99-2501
3.9
272876 727124 18424 982}i'i 23I

116
266051 99-2478 273573 726427 18452,98283 22
112 4.0 116
!

266723 992454 274269 725731 11848198277 21

112 4.0 116
267395 992430 274964 725036 18609!98272 20
4.0
1

112 116
>. 268065 9.992406 1.276658 10.724342 jl 18638:98267 19
268734
HI 992382
4.0
276351
116
Hi 723649 18567 98261 18
4.0 116 1

269402 992359 277043 722957 18695 '98256 17

270069
HI 992335
4.0 116
!

111 4.0
277734
116
722266 18624 98250 16
1

270-35 992311 278424 721576 18652 98245 15

111 4.0 115 ll

271400 992287 279113 720887 18681 198240 14

II
111 4.0 116
272064 992263 279801 720199 "11871098234 13
110 4.0 114
2727-26 -992239 280488 719612 18738 98229 12
110 4.0 114
27338
110
992214 281174 718826 18767 98223 11
4.0 114 j:

274049
110
992190 281868 718142 18795 98218 10
4.0 114 I

1.274/08 9.992166 1.282642 10.717468 18824 98212 9

110 4.0 114 j!

8
276367 992142 283226 716776 18852 98207 1

110 4.0 114 1

7
2760-24 992117 283907 716093 118881198201
109 4.1 113 1

276681 992093 284688 716412 18910 98196 6

109 4.1 113 II

27733 7 992069 286268 714732 18938,98190 6

109 4.1 113 1 1

277991 992044 285947 714053 '18967:98185 4

109 4.1 113
278644 9920-20 286624 713376 18995:98179 3
109 4,1 113 It

279297 991996 287301 712699 19024 98174 2

109 4.1 113
279948 991971 287977 7120-23 19062 98 168 1
108 4.1 112
280599 991947 288662 711348 19081 981(i3
OiMine. ~8lne. Co tang. Tang. N. COS. N.rine.

79 Peg ?
 Log. Sines and Tangents. (11) Natural Sines. TABLK 11.

Sine. D. W L'l |D. lu N. COS.

281)599 .991947 10.711348

281-248 991922 710674
281897 9;>1897 7100J1
28-2544 991873 709329 '19167 98146
283190 991848 708658 119195 98140
28383ii 991823 707987 1192-24 98136
284480 991799 70/318 1 19-262 98 12i'
286124 991774 706660 192 U 981-24
4.5 1

285/66 991749 705983 Il93l>9 98118

286408 991/24 705316 19338 ;J8112|
287048 991699 704b61 19366 ^>8I07j
287687s .991674 10.70;j9'<7 19396 98101 I

288326 991649 703323 19423 98096

288964 991624 702661 19452 98U90
289600 991599 701999 19481 98084
290236 991574 701338 19509 98079
290870 991549 700678 19538 98073 I

291504 991524 700020 ii8067 1 9566 i

292137 991498 699362 98061 19595 I

292768 991473 698706 196-23 98056

'

293399 991448 698049 19662 98050

2940-29 .9914-22 10.697393 19680 9b 044 i

294658 991397 696739 19/09 98039 ;

295286 991372 696086 19737 98033 :

295913 991346 696433 19766 98027 !

290539 991321 694/82 197^4 98021 I

297164 991295 694131 19823 98016

;

297788 9912/0 693481 1985198010;

298412 991244 692832 19880 98004 {

299034 991218 692186 19908 97998'

299H65 991193 308463 I \]Z 691537
;or.!i 1993/ 9i992'
I!
>. 309109
300276 .991167 1

!^ 10-690891 19965 9 7987!

^^'
300895 991141 309754 690246 19994 9/981 i

301514 991115 310398 689o02 ,20022 97975 I

302132 991090 3U042 688958 20051 97969

I
1

302748 991064 311685 688315 200/9 97963 1

'

303364 991038 312327 687673 20108 97958

i

303979 991012 312967 687033 20136 97952

i 1

304593 990986 313608 686392 2U165 97946 I

305207 990960 314247 686/53 20193 9,940-

305819 990934 314885 685116 202'/-.^ 9/ 934 I

9. 306430 990908 >. 3155-23 10-684477 ,20250 979281

307041 990882 316159 683841 120279 97922 :

307650 990855 316795 683205 2030/ 97916,

308259 9908-29 317430 682570 20336 97910:
'<

308867 990803 318064 681936 20364 9/905

;

309474 99077 7 318o97 681303 20393 9/8991

310080, 990750 319329 680671 11^0421 97893;
310685 990724 319961 680039 ^0450,9,887
311289 990697 320592 679408 20478 9,8bll
311893 990671 321-2-22 678/78 2050, 978751
.312495 .990644 ), 321861 lO. 678149 20535 9i809! 1

31309; 990v)18 3-22479 677521 205()3 97863,

313698 990591 323106 676894 20592 978571 1

314v:97 990565 323 733 676267 |20u20 9,851

31489/ 990538 3-24368 676642 20649 97845
i

315495 -990511 324983 676017 120677 9,839

316092 990485 325607 674393 20.06 97>53.i
316689 990458 32623 1 6/3769 20734 9/827
317284 990431 326853 673147 li20,6o 97821
317879 990404 3274,5 672626 20791 97815
'

Cosine. ~Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. coj. N.j^i

Degn-es.
 TABLE IJ Log. Sines and Tangent*). (12) Natural Sines. 33
"
Sine. D. 10' Cosine. D. 10 Tan g. D. io" Coiaiii;. N. sine. N. eu>>.

9. 3 178 .9 .990404 9.327474 .672626 2079197816

J9.0 4.5 103
318473 990378 3280,)5 671905 20820 97809
98.8 4.5 103
319 ), 99J351 28716 671-285 20848 97803
98.7 4.5 103
3 319658 99J324 329334 670ii66 20877 97797
98.6 4.6 103
4 3-20249 99)297 329953 670047 20905 97791
98.4 4.5 103
5 3-2.JS 10 9JJ270 330570 6()9430 20933 97784
98.3 4.5 103
(i 3-21430 99J243 331187 668813 20962 97778
98.2 4.5 103
7 3-2-2019 990215 331803 668197 20990 97772
98.0 102
8 32-2607 990188 332418 667582 21019 97766
97.9 102
f> 323194 99,J161 333033 66(i9()7 21047 97760
97.7 102
10 3-23780 990134 333646 66()354 21076 97754
97.6 102
11 9 324366 .990107 9.334-259 .6()5741 21104 9774
97.5 102
12 324950 990079 334871 6651-29 21132 97742
97.3 4.6 l!*-5
13 3-25534 990052 336482 664518 2IH;1 97736
97.2 4.6 102
14 3-26117 99lJi)25 3360.J3 6(i3907 21 lt59 97729
97.0 4.6 102
15 3-2670l> 989997 336702 663298 21218 97723
96.9 4.6 101
IG 327281 989970 337311 662689 21246 97717
96.8 4.6 101
17 32 7862 989942 337919 662081 21-275 97711
96.6 4.6 101
18 328442 98J.)15 33852/ 661473 21303 97705
96.5 4.6 101
19 329 J21 989887 339133 6608(>7 2133197698
96.4 4.6 101
20 329599 9898a0 339739 660261 ,21360 97692
96.2 4.6 101
21 330176 .989832 9.340344 10 .659656 21388 97()86
96.1 4.6 101
22 330.53 989804 340948 659052 21417 97680
96.0 4.6 101
23 3313-29 989777 341662 658448 21445 97673 137
95.8 4.6 100
24 331903 989749 342155 657845 21474 97667
95.7 4.7 100
25 332478 989/21 342757 657243 21602 97661
95.6 4.7 100
2G 333051 989J93 343358 656642 21530 97656
95.4 4.7 100
27 3336-24 989665 343958 656042 21559 97648
95.3 4.7 100
28 334195 989637 344558 655442 21587 97642! 32
95.2 4.7 100
29 334766 989609 345157 654843 21616 97t)36 31
95.0 4.7 100
30 33533 7 989582 345755 664245 21644 97630
94.9 4.7 100
31 9. 33590 J .989553 9.346353 10 .653()47 21672 97623
I

94.8 4.7 99.4

32 336475 989525 346949 653051 2170197617
94.6 4.7 99.3
33 33/043 989497 347545 652455 21729 97611
94.5 4.7 99.2
34 3376l0 94.4 989469 348141 651859 21758 97 {i04
4.7 99
35 338176 94.3 989441 348 735 661-265 21781)97698
4.7 99.0
36 33874-2 989413 349329 650()71 21814 97592
94.1 4.7 98.8
37 339396 989384 3499-22 650078 21843 97685
94.0 4.7 98.7
38 339871 989356 360514 649486 21871 97679
93.9 4.7 98.6
39 340434 989328 361106 648894 21899 97673
93.7 4.7 98.6
40 3409;(i 989300 361697 648303 21928 97666
93.6 4.7 98.3
41 9.341658 .989271 9.352287 10 .647713 21956 97560
93.5 4.7 98.2
42 342119 989243 352876 647124 21985 97653
93.4 4.7 98.1
43 342679 989214 353465 64(i535 32013 97547
93.2 4.7 98.0
44 343239 989186 354053 646947 2204197641
93.1 4.7 97.9
45 34379; 989167 354()40 646360 22070 97534
93.0 4.7 9;
46 S44355 989128 355237 644773 22098 97528
92.9 4.8 97.6
47 34491-2 989100 355813 644187 221-26 9,521
92.7 4.8 97.6
48 345469 989071 36(i398 643t)02 22155 97615
92.6 4.8 97.4
49 346024 989042 356982 643018 22183 97508
92.6 4.8 97.3
60 34()579 989014 367666 642434 22212 97602
92.4 4.8 97.1
51 1^.347134 .988985 9.358149 10 .641851 22240 9 /49t)
92.2 4.8 97.0
52 347687 988956 358731 641269 2-2268 97489
92.1 4.8 96.9
53 348240 988927 359313 640687 22297 97483
92.0 4.8 96.8
54 348792 988898 359893 640107 22325 97476
91.9 4.8 96.7
55 349343 988869 3wOl74 639526 22363 97470
91.7 4.8 96.6
6b 349893 988840 361053 638947 22382 97463
91.t) 4.8 96
67 3 0443 988811 361632 638368 22410 97467
91.6 4.9 96.3
68 3 ),yj92 988782 362210 637790 22438 97450
91.4 4.9 96.2
69 3=^1540 988763 362787 637213 22467 97444
91.3 4.9 96.
60 362088 988724 363364 636636 224)5:97437
CJoaine. Sine. "Cotang. N. COS. ;N .sine.

77 Degreei.
 Log. Sinea and Tangents. (14) Natural Sines. 35
D . 10^ Cosine. D. lu Tang. D. 10 Cotang. I i X. sine.iy. cos

9.383675 9.986904 9.396771 10.603229 24192 97030; 60

S4.4 6.2
I 384182 986873 397309 89.6 602(i91 24220 97023 59 I

84.3 6.3 89.6

2 3H-k:;8'" 986841 397846 602154 24249|97015|58
84.--? 6.3 89.6
3 SSoiyi 986809 398383 601617 24277 U700S 67 :

8i.\ 5.3 89.4

4 385(J97 986778 398919 601081 24305'<j7001 66 '

8l.il 6.3 89.3

1

5 38(J201 986746 399456 600645 24333'9(i994 55

83. ) 6.3 89.2
',

6 38<i7(H 986714 399990 600010 243(i2!iX)987 54

3 i 6.3
400624 89.1
\

'

7 387207 98i)683 599476 24390J96980 53

83 7 6.3
8 387709 980651 401058 89.0 698942 24418'y6973;62
83 6 5.3 88,9
9 388210 980619 401591 698409 24446|96966 61 i

83.6 6.3
10 388711 96587 402124 88,8 697876 24474 96959150
83.4 5.3 88.7
11 9.389211 9 986555
. 9.402650 10.597344 24503-96952 49
83.3 6.3 88.6 \

12 389711 98()523 403187 696813 2453 1196945 48

83.2 6.3
403718 88.6
I

13 390210 986491 696282 24559 96937 47

83.1 6.3
14 390708 980459 404249 88.4 695751 24687196930 ',46 1

83.0 6.3
15 39120d 980427 404778 88,3 695222 l24<i 15:96923 45
82.8 5.3
1(> 391; 03 980395 406308 88,2 694692 24644196916
82.7 5.3 88.1
17 392199 986363 406836 594164 24672 9(>909 !

82.0 6.4 ",,

18 392G95 980331 406364, 693636 24700 96902 42
82.5 6.4 I
j

19 393191 980299 406892 ;'-f 593108 24728190894 41

82.4 6.4 ;

20 393'J85 986266 407419 ;-X 692581 24756J96887 40

82.3
I

6.4
:

21 394179 9.986234 9.407945 '-' 10.592055 247841968801 39 !

82.2 6.4
22 394(>73 986202 408471 87.6 691629 I24813J96873 38
82.1 6.4
23 395160 980169 408997 87,5 691003 124841 96866 37
82.0 6.4 87,4 j

24 395058 980437 409521 690479 124869 9<>858 36

81.9 6.4 !

25 390150 98til04 410045 87,4 589965 2489 96861 35 i

81.8 6.4
2tj 390(341 980072 410509 87.3 589431 24925 9(>844 34 !

81.7 6.4
27 397132 980039 411092 87.2 688908 24954 96837 33 ;

81.7 5.4 87,1

28 397021 986007 4110161: 688385 24982 96829 32 i

81.6 5.4
412137 187.0
I

39 398111 985974 687863 25010 96822 31 i

81.6 5.4
30 398t)00 9b5942 412668 186.9 687342 25038 96815 30 ;

81.4 5.4 86,8

31 9.399088 985909 9.4131791 10.586821 250ii6 96807 29
81.3 5.5 186.7
(
1

32 3995 75 985876 4136991 680301 26094 96800 28

81.2 6.5
!

33 400002 985843 414219 86,6 1

685781 125122 96793 27
81.1 6.6
34 400549 985811 414738 86.6 585262 125151 96786 26
81.0 6 6
35 401035 985778 415267 86,4 684743 ,25179 96778 25
80.9 6 ,5 86.4
3b 401520 985746 415775 584225 125207 96771 24
80.8 5.5
37 402005 9^5712 416293 86.3 683707 25235 9()764 23
80.7 6.5
416810 86.2
i

38 402489 985679 683190 25263 96766 22 i

80.6 5.5
39 402972 985646 417320 86.1 682674 25291 96749 21
80.6 5.5 86.0
40 403455 985013 41 7842 682168 25320 96742 20
80.4 6.5 ,

41 9.403938 P.9;-i5580 9.418358 85.9 10.681642. 25348 96734 19

80.3 5,5
42 404420 985547 418873 86.8 681127 125376 96727 18
80.2 5.6
43 404901 985514 419387 86.7 580013 26404 96719 17
80.1 5.5 86.6
44 406382 986480 419901 680099 26432 96712 16
80.0 6.5
46 405802 985447 420416 86.5 579585 15
79.9 5.5
4U 400341 985414 420927 86.5 254(i0J96705
579073 25488 96697 14
;

79.8 5.6
47 40(>820 985380 421440 86.4 678560 125516 96690 13
79.7 5.6
48 40/299 986347 421952 85,3 578048 25645 966821 12
1

7y.6 5.6
49 407777 985314 422463 86,2 677637 25673 96670
79. 6< 6.6
60 40.S254 985280 422974 86,1 677026 25601 96()67
79.4 6.6
61 9.408 731 9.423484 85.0 10.676616 25629 96660
62 79.4 9.985247 6.6 84.9
409207 79.3 985213 423993 576007 25667 96()53;

6.6
63 409632 985180 424503 84,8 675497 25t)85 96645
79.2 6.6
64 410157 985146 426011 84,8 674989 25713 9()638
79.1 6.6
56 410032 79.0 985113 425519 84.7 674481 25741 96(j30
6.6
5(i 41l!00 78.9 985079 426(/27 84.6 673973 25766 96623
5.6
67 411579 78. 'i 985045 426634 84.6 673466 25798 96616
6.6
68 412052 78.7 98501 1 427041 84,4 572959 258->() 9()()08
6.6 84,3
69 412621 78.6 984978 427647 672453 26854 96600
5.6 84,3
<)0 412990 984944 428062 571948 Jti593

Cosine. r,in' T^otang. Tang.

76 Itegnjes
 36 Log. Sines and Tangents. (15") Natural fc-ines. TAULE 11.

Sine. iD. lU' (Josuic. D. 10" Tang. D. 10"| N. sill

.412993 984944 9.428062 10.571948 25882 96593

5 5.7 84 2
413467 984910 428557 671443 25910 Dti58.")
4 5.7 84
41393a 984876 429062 670938 2593 ; 9667-.
3 5.7 84 .
414408 984842 42966i> 670434 2596.)96570
3 5.7 83.9
4148/8 r 984808 430070 569930 25994 96562
6.7 83.8
415347 984774 430673 5t)9427 26022196565
1 5.7 83.8
415S15 984740 431075 568925 26050;9()547
6.7 83.7
416283 984706 431577 568423 26079196540
9 6.7 83.6
416751 984ri72 432079 567921 2610/96632
8 6.7 83.5
9 417217 984637 432580 567420 26135 96624
7 6.7 83.4
10 41 ;684 984603 433080 666920 26163 9651 7
6 6.7 83.3
11 .418150 1.984569 9.433580 10.566420 26191 96609
6 6.7 83.2
1-2 418615 984636 434080 5()5920 26219 96502
4 6.7 83.2
13 4190Z9 98^500 434579 666421 26247 96494
3 5.7 83.1
14 419544 -984466 435078 564922 26276 96486
3 5.7 83.0
15 420007 984432 436576 664424 2630;^ 96479
2 5.8 82.9
16 420470 984397 436073 663927 26331 96471
1 5.8 82.8
17 420933 984363 436570 5U3430 26369 96463
6.8 82.8
18 421395 984328 437067 56-2933 26387 9()456
9 6, 8 82.7
19 421857 984294 437663 662437 26416 964-18
8 5 8 82.6
20 422318 984259 438059 661941 26443 [96440
7 6, 8 82.6
'21 .422778 1.984224 9.438654 10.6(il446 2647] 96433
7 5 8 82.4
22 423238 984190 439048 660952 26500 96426
6 6, 8 82.3
23 4236.^7 984156 439643 560457 26528 96417
6 6.8 82.3
24 424156 984120 440036 559964 26656 96410
4 6.8 82.2
25 h24615 984085 440529 559471 26584 96402
3 6.8 82.1
26 425073 984050 441022 668978 26612 96394
2 5.8 82.0
27 425530 984015 441614 658486 26640 96386
1 5.8 81.9
28 425987 983981 442006 657994 26668 96379
6,8 81.9
29 426443 983946 442497 667503 26696 96371
6.8 81.8
30 426899 983911 442988 657012 26724 96363
9 6.8 81
31 .427li54 9.983875 443479 10.566521 26/5^ 96365
8 5.8 81
32 427809 983840 i43968 556032 26780 96347
7 6.9 81
33 428263 983805 444458 655542 2680b 96340
6 5.9 81
34 428717 983770 444947 555053 26836 96332
5 5.9 81
35 429170 9837S5 445436 654566 26b64 96324
4 6.9 81
36 429623 983/00 446923 6640777 ;i26892 96316
.3 6.9 81.2
37 430075 983664 446411 553589 :
126920 9630b
2 6.9 81.2
38 430527 983629 446898 663102 1126948 96301
2 8i.l
39 430978 983594 447384 652616 26976 96293
1 81.0 j 1

40 431429 983558 447870 652130 27004 96285

1

.0 80.9 1

41 >. 4318/9; 983523 9.448356 80.9 10.651644 1127032 96277

.9
42 983487 448841 551159 i;2/06o 96269
432329;^! .9 80.8
43 983452 449326 650674 27088 96261
432778!;^^ .8 80.7
;

5.9
1

44 983416 449810 660190 ,27116 96--^63

43b226!;j4 .7 6.9 80.6
45 433676 983381 460294 649706 !i27144 9624()
74 6 5.9 80.6
46 434122 983345 450777 649223 !;27172 96238
74 .6 6.9 80
47 434569 983309 461260 648740 127200 96230
74 .4 6.9 80
48 435016 983273 451743 548257 2722H 96-.i22
'

80
I

74 .4 6.0
49 435462 983238 462226 5477 76 n 27256 96214
74 .3 6.0 80
50 435908 ^ 983202 452706 547254 1127284 96206
.2 6.0 80
61 .436353 1^^ 983166 9.453187 10.646813 1127312 90198
.1 6.0 80
52 436798;/^ .0 983130 453668 546332 27340 96190
6.0 80.0
53 437242 ^7 983094 454148 546852 27368 9olb2 i

.0 6.0 79.9
64 983058 454628 646372 27396 96174
173.9 6.0 79.9 i

65 438129, 983022 465107 544893 27424 96166

6.0 79.8
56 438572 !'^ 982986 456586 644414 27452 96158
6.0 79.7
5' 439014 982960 456064 643936 27480 96160
6.0 79.6
58 439456 S82914 456542 543458 27608 y6l42
6.0 79.6
69 439897 982878 457019 542981 27 536 96134
6.0 79.5
60 440338 982842 467496 542504 27564 96126
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. !|
N. cos.|X.sine,

li Degrees.
 Log. Sines and Tangents. (16) Natural Sines. 37

Sim D. 10^
'

Cosine. Tang. D. lU' Cotaug. N. sine.iN. cos.

;).41033H 9.982812 9. 457496 10.642504 27664 96126160.

73.4 6.0
440/'/ 8 982805 4579;3 542027 27592,9()118!69
73.3 ii.O
441-218 982;i9 458449 641551 2/"620,UollO 68
73.2
441 1)58 982733 458925 5410/6 27648 9()102j 67
73-1
,

6.1
44-2Ui>(> 98269() 459400 540600 27676196094 56
73.1 6.1
44-25;i5 9826(i0 459875 5401-26 27704196086
i

73.0 6.1
44-2.973 982(i24 460349 5394)61 127731 196078
72.9 6.1
443410 982587 4608-23 639177 '27769 960 ;0
72.8 6.1
443847 982551 4612^7 638? 03 :27787!9(,062'52
72.7 6.1
444284 982514 461/70 538230 27815 96054. 61
;

72.7 6.1
4 44720 982477 46-2242 537758 50
27843 96046 ;

72.6 6.1
9 'Wo 155 9 982441 462714 10.537-286 127871 9637 49 :

72.5 ' 6.1

445590 982404 463186 536814 27899 96029 48 I

;2.4 6.1
446025 982367 463658 636342 12792/ 96021 47
72.3 6.1
441)459 982331 464129 635871 127955 9(,013 46
72.3 6.1
44(iS93 982294 464699 635401 J27983 9u005 45
72.2 6.1
447326 982257 465069 634931 28011 y5997
72.1 6.1 ii

4-4/759 982220 466539 634461 28039 95989

i'
72.0 6.2
448191 982183 466008 533992 128067 95981
!

72.0 6.2
448G23 98-2146 466476 533524 ,28095 ,959/2
71.9 6.2 466946
449054 982109 533055 28123196964 40
71.8 6.2 467413
9 449485 9 198-2072 10.632587 28150 95956 39 '

71.7 6.2 i

'149915 982035 467880 632120 281i8 95948 38

71.6 6.2 j

450345 981998 468347 531053 2820( 95940 37

71.6 6.2
450775 981961 468814 531186 28234195931 36
';

71.5 6.2
451204 981924 469280 630 7 '20 28262|95923 35
71.4 6.2 |

4511)32 981886 469 i4t) 630254 28290195916 34

71.3 6.2 |

4520. >0 981849 470211 629 89 28318|95907|33

i
71.3
452488 981812 4/06/6 529324 28346195898 32
;
I

71.2
452915 981774 471141 628859 28374195890 31
71.1
453342 981737 471605 628396 28402|95882 30 i

71.0
:

463 7G8
71.0
9.981699 472068 10.527932 284-29:95874 29
\
I

454194 9816o2 472532 627468 '2845; 95865 '28

70.9
454dl9 9816-25 472996 627005 ,28486 95857 27
70.8
455044 981587 473457 526543 128513195849 26
70.7
4.-541)9 981549 473919 626081 128541 95841 26
70.7 981 >12 6.3
455893 474381 526619 28669 95832 24
:

70.6 981474 6.3 474842

j

45(3316 525158 2859/95824 23

70.5 6.3 475303
456739 981436 524697 '286-25 95816
70.4 6.3
457162 981399 4i5/63 524237 '281; 52 b5807
70.4 9bl36l 6.3 476223
45/" 584 5-23777 28680 95799
'

70.3 6.3 476o83

9 45800i) 9.981323 10.523317 28708 95191
70.2
i

458427 981285 477142 522858 28736 95782

70.1
458848 981247 477601 522399 28764J95774
70.1 981209 478059
459268 521941 28792 95766 ;

70.0 9811/1 478517

459688 621483 28826 95/57
69.9 981133
4(i0l08 478976 521025 28847 95;49j 14
69.8 4
479432
460527 981095 520568 28875 95740, 13
69.8 4
4609 4() 981057 479889 620111 :28y0o 95732 {12
()9.7 4
4()1364 981019 480345 519655 '28931 95;'24jll
69.6 4
461782 98ULhl 480801 519199 289.-)9i95715 10
69.5 4
9.462199 9.980942 481257 10.618743 '28987 95/ 07
69 5 . 4
4(i2()16 980904 48U12 518288 95(i98
69.4 980866 6.4
463032 482167 ^17833 96690
o9.3 6.4
463448 980827 482621 617379 95681
69.3 6.4
463864 980789 483075 616926 95673
69.2 980750 6.4
464279 483529 616471 95()64
69.1
980712 6.4 483982
464()94 516018 95656
69.0 6.4 484435
465108 980>);3 516566 95(i47
()"9.0
98y6o5 6.4 484887
4()5522 615113 95i>39
68.9 6.4
465935 980596 486339 514661 95630
I CosiJi'-. Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. COS. N.sine.

73 Degrees.
 38 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE IL
(17)

Sine. D. 10"f Cosine. D. 10" Tang. D. 10' Cotang. i

N. aiue N.
co8.|

9.465935 .980596 9.486339 10.514661 29237196630 60

68.8 6.4 75.3
i:

4o()348 980558 485791 514209 29265 95622 69

68.8 6.4
466761 980519 486242 76.2 613758 29293195613 68
68.7 6.5
467173 980481 486693 75.1 613307 29321195605 57
68.6 6.5
467585 980442 487143 75.1 612857 29348 i95596 66
68.5 6.5
467996 980403 487593 75.0 612407 293 76196588 66
68.5 6.5
468407 980364 488043 74.9 511957 '29404 95579 54
68.4 6.5
7 468817 980325 488492 74.9 611508 29432 95571 53
68.3 6.5 74.8
8 469227 980286 488941 511059 2946095562 52
68.3 6.5
9 469637 980247 489390 74.7 510610 294 7 195554 51
68.2 6.6
10 470046 980208 489838 74.7 610162 295 15,'95545 60
68.1 6.6
11 9.470455 .980169 9.490J86 74.6 10.509714 29543 95536 49
68.0 6.5
12 470863 980130 490733 74.6 609267 2957190528 48
68.0 6.6
13 471271 980091 491180 74.5 508820 29599 95519 47
67.9 6.6
^'^ 471679 980052 491627 74.4 6083731 29626195511 46
67,8 6.5 i

492073 74.4
I

15 472086 980012 607927 29654 195502 46

6.5
I

67.8 492619 74.3

16 472492 979973 607481 29682 '95493 44
67.7 6.5
17 472898 979934 492965 74.3 607035 29710 9546 43
6.6
18 473304
67.6
979895 493410 74.2 506590 29737 95476 42
6.6
19 473710
67.6 979855 493854 74.1 506146 29765195467 41
67.5 6.6
20 474115 979816 494299 74.0 505701 29793!95459 40
67.4 9.97( 6.6
9.494743 74.0 10.605257! 29821 195450 39
!

21 9.474519 979776
67.4 6.6
22 474923 979737 495186 74.0 604814. 29849|95441 38
6.6
23 475327
67.3
979697 495630 73.9 504370 29876195433 37
6.6
24 476730
67.2
979658 496073 73.8 503927 29904195424 36
6.6 :

25 476133
67.2
979618 496615 73.7 603485 29932 [954 15 36
6.6
1

26 476536
67.1
979579 496957 73.7 603043 29960 ,'95407 34
i

6.6
27 476938
67.0
979639 497399 73.6 602601 2998, 95398 33
6.6
i

28 477340
66.9 979499 497841 73.6 502169 30015 95389 32
i

66.9 6.6 73.6

29 477741 979459 468282 501718; 300-43 95380 31
6.6
30 478142
66.8
979420 498722 73.4 5012781 300 a 95372 30
6.6
31 9.478542
66.7
.979380 9.499163 73.4 10.5U0837ii 30098 95363 29
66.7 6.6 73.3
32 478942 979340 499()03 600397.^ 30126 95354 28
6.6
33 479342
66.6
979300 600042 73.3 499958,! 30164 95345 27
6.7
34 479741
66.6
979260 500481 73.2 499519: 30182 95337 26
6.7
35 480140
66.6
979220 600920 73.1 4990801' 30209 95328 26
66.4 6.7 73.1
36 480539 979180 601359 498641;! 30237 95319 24
6.7
37 480937
66.3
979140 501797 73.0 49820311 30265 95310 23
6.7
66.3 502235 73.0
j

38 481334 979100 6.7 4977651} 30292 95301 22

66.2 602672 72.9
I

39 481731 979059 497328 30320 95293 21 1

66.1
I

6.7 72,8 1

40 482128 979019 603109 496891 30348 95284 20

6.7
603546 72.8 10.496464!: 30376 952/5 19
!|
66.1
41 .482525 .978979
66.0 6.7 72.7
42 482921 978939 503982 4960181! 30403 95266 18
65.9 6.7 72.7
43 483316 978898 6.7
504418
72.6 495582!! 304;il 95257 17
65.9 604854 495146 30459 95248 16
44 483712 978858 ii
6.7
45 484107
65.8
978817 505289 72.5 494/11 30486195240 15
6.7
605524 72.5
;

46 65.7 494276 30514 95231 14

484501 978777 6.7 !j

47 484895
65.7
978736 606159 72.4 4938411 30542 95222 13
65.6 6.7 72.4
48 485289 978696 606593 49340711 305/0 95213 12
65.5 6.8 72.3
49 485682 978655 607027 49297311 3059/ 95204 11
6.8
66.5 607460 72.2
'

60 486075 978615 492640 30625 95196 10

6.8
51 9.486467
65.4
.978574 9.607893 72.2 10.49210711 30663 95186
66.3 6.8 72.1
52 486860 978533 608326 491674 3060 951/' 7
65.3 6.8 72.1
53 487251 j
978493 508759 491241 30,08 95168
65.21 6.8 72.0
64 487643 978452 509191 490809;' 30736 95169
65.1! 6.8 71.9
65 488034 978411 509622 4903 78! 95160
6.8 71.9
56 488424 65.1; 978370 510054 489946 30791 95142
'

65.01 6.8 71.8

57 488814 978329 510485 489515 30819 95133
6.8
58 489204
66.0
978288 610916 71.8 489084 30846 95124
64.9 6.8 71.7
59 489593 978247 611346 488664 308/4 95116
64.8 6.8 71.6
60 4899H2 978206 611776 488224 3(/J0- 95106
Cosine Sine. 1
Cotanur. Tang. ll
N. m<. .\..i

7'' Degrees.
TAliLK II. Log. Sine* and Tangents. (18) Natural Sines. 39

Slu^; ID. 10" Cosine. D. lO"" Tang. |D. 10"| Cotang. N.Fine.|N. coa.l

.489982 9.978-206 9.511776 10 488224 30902j9610();60

64. 6.8 71.6
49U371 9781()6 51-2206 487794 30i29 950J)7 69 i

64 6.8 71.6
49U'<59 9781-24 51-2635 487365 3(W57 195088 68
6.8 71.5
|

64.
491 147 978083 613064 48{i936 30986:950;9i67
64, 6.9 71.4
491535 978042 513493 486507 31012195070! 66
64, 6.9 71,4
4919'-2-2 978001 513921 486079 31040 95061 i55
64, 6.9 71.3
49-2308 977959 614349 485661 31068 95052 64
6.9
I

64,
614777
71.3 485223 31095 95043 53
49*2()95 977918
64, 6,9 71.2
493081 977877 516204 484796 31123 96033 52
64, 6.9 615631
71.2 484369 31 151:950-24 61
4934{)(i 977835 !

64 6.9 71.1
493861 977794 616057 483943 31178 95015 50
64 6.9 71.0 10 483516 31-206 95006
.49423G 9.977752 9.516484 49
64 6.9 71.0
494* -21 977711 616910 483090 31233 94997 48 I

64 6.9 617336 70.9 482665 31261 94988 47

495005 977669
64 6.9 617761 70,9
j

495388 977628 482239 31289 94979 46 i 1

63 6.9
4957 ?2 977586 618185 70.8 481815 131316 94970 45
6.9
518610 70.8
I

63,
496154 977644 481390 31344 94961144
63, 7.0 519034 70.7 480966 131372194952
490537 977603
63 7.0 70.6
49t>yi9 977461 619458 480542 31399 94943
63 7.0
497301 977419 519882 70.6 480118 31427194933
63 7.0
497<i82 977377 520305 70.5 479695 31454 '9 1924 I

63 7.0
.49801)4 9.977336 .520728 ,70.5 479272 3148294915 ;

63 7.0 '70 4
498444 977293 621151 478849 ,31510 94906! 38
63 7.0 70,3
498825 977261 521573 478427 31537 94897 137
63 7.0
491^204 977209 621996 70.3 478005 31565 94888136
63 7.0
499584 977167 62-2417 70.3 477583 31593'94878 36
63 7.0 70.2 i

499903 9771-26 622838 477162 31620 94869 34

63 7.0 70.2
60034-2 977083 523259 476741 31648 94860 33 i

63 7.0
600721 977041 623680 70.1 476320 31675 94851 32 i

63 7.0
601099 9769^)9 624100 70.1 475900 31703 94842 31 i

63 7.0 70.0
601476 97()957 524520 475480 31730 94832 30
62 7.0 69.9
.501854 9 97t
976914 .524939 ,475061 31758 94823 -29
62 7.0
50-2-231 976872 625359 69.9 474641 31786 94814 28
62
602607 976830
7.1
626778 69.8 474222 ^31813 94805 12.7
()2 7.1
626197 69.8 473803 13184194795126
60-2984 976787
62 7.1 69.7
603360 976745 526616 473385 ,31868 94786)26
62 7.1 69.7 472967 |31896 94777 24
603736 976702 627033 I

62
627451 69.6
7.1 472549 1319-23 94768 23
504110 976660 I

62 7.1 69.6
604485 976617 627868 472132 31951 94758 122
:|
62 7.1 69.5
604860 976574 528286 471715 31979 94749! 21
;

62 7.1
628702 69.6 471-298 1132006 94740 -20
606-234 976532
62
.629119 69.4 10 .470881 132034 94730 19
7.1
I

.505608 976489
62 7.1 69.3
505981 976446 629635- 470465 32061 94721 18
62 7.1 69.3 jl

470050 32089 94712 17

506354 976404 529950 1

62 7.1 69.3
606727 976361 630366 469634 321 16 94702 16
i|
62
630781 69.2
7.1
60-099 976318 469219 32144 94693 15
li

62 7.1 69.1
607471 976276 631196 468804 32171 94684] 14
62 7.1 69.1
607843 976232 631611 468389 32199 94674] 13
61 7.2 69.0
608214 976189 632025 4679/5 32-227i94666|12
7.2
5324o9 69.0
61
608585 976146 467661 32250 94ti56 1 1

61 7.2 68.9 467147 32282 94(i46

608956 976103 63-2853
61 7.2
.533266 68.9 .466734 3230i) 94637
1.609326 9.9760(i0
61 7.2 68.8
- 6l969() 976017- 633679 466321 32337 94627
7.2
634092 68.8
61
5lO0t>6 9759 <4 465908 32364 '94() 18
7.2
634504 68.7
61
510434 975930 465496 32392:94609
61 7.2 534916 68.7 466084 32419194599
610803 976887
61 7.2 535328 68.6 464672 32447 194590
611172 975844
7.2
611540
61
975800 635739 68.6 464-261 32474-94580
7.2
636160 68.5
61
611907 976.67 463860 32502194571
61 7.2 68.5
612275 975714 636561 4ti3439 3-25-29 945<Jl
61 7.2 68.4
51-2642 976670 536972 463028 3255- 94552
Cosine. Sine. Cotanj;. "r^ng. N. CUB. Nsine.

il Degrees.
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangent*. (20) Natural Siueb, 41

Sine. ID. 10' Co.<!iue. D. 10' Tang. D. 10' Cotang. N. sinr.iN. co.>.

1.53405-2 9.972986 9.5010()6

65.5
10.438934 34202i939()9 60 1

634.'W9 972940 561459 438541 69

65.4
634745 972894 661851 438149 34257 J93949
t)5.4
5350y-2 9;2848 662244 437756 34284193939
()6 3
5354:J8 972802 562636 437364 34311193929
65.3
635783 972755 663028 436972 343.9193919
65.3
53til-29 972/0 <
663419 436581 34366 193909
7.6 (i5.2
53a474 9;2ti03 563811 436189 3439.^193899
66.2
63(i8lH 972()17 564202 435798 34421193889
65.1
o3;i<i3 972570 564592 435408 344 V8 93879
66.1
63750? 972524 664983 435017 34476'93869
65.0
1.537851 9.972478 9.55373 10.434627 34503|93859
65.0
538 1U4 972431 6t5763 434237 34530 93849
64.9
638538 9-2385 566153 433847 34557 93839
64.9
-538880 972338 5(i6642 433468 3458493829
64.9
53y-i-23 972291 666932 433068 346 1-2 93819
64 8
53yo()5 972245 567320 432680 34639 ^3809
64.8
539907 972198 567709 432291 34(j66 93799
64.7
640249 972151 6l>8098 431902 34694 93789
9 64.7
640590 972105 5<>8486 431514 34721 93779
8 64.6
540931 972058 568873 431127 34748 93769
50.8 64.6
L64l'2r2 9.972011 9.669261 10.430739 34776 93759
64.5
64i(il3 9719b4 569048 430352 34803 93748
64.6
641953 971917 670035 4299o6 34830 93738
64.5
642293 971870 570422 429578 34857 93728
64.4
642()32 971823 570809 429191 34884 93718
64
642971 971770 571195 428805 34912|93708
64
543310 971729 671581 428419 34939l93(i98
64
643()49 971082 571967 428033 b4966!93()88
64
543987 971035 572352 427648 34993 936 i i
64
644325 971588 672738 427262 35021 93667
64
i.644<)()3 9.971540 9.573123 10.426877 35048 9365 7
64.1
545000 971493 573507 426493 350,5 93()47
64.1
645338 971440 573892 426108 35102 93637
64.0
645b74 971398 674276 425724 35130 93(i26
64.0
54()01 1 971351 574660 425340 3515, 93()16
63.9
54()347 971303 576044 424956 35184 93606
63.9
64<)(i83 9.1260 575427 424573 35211 9359<>
63.9
547019 971208 575810 424190 35239 9o5o5
63.8
547354 971101 576193 423807 , 35266 y3575
63.8
547589 971113 676676 423424 i
36293 93566
63.7
1,648024 9.971000 9.576958 10.423041 35320 93565
63.7
548359 971018 6/7341 422659 3534, 9o544
63. <i
548693 970970 577723 -422277 35375 93534
63.6
549027 970922 6,8104 421896 3540- 93524
63
549300 970874 678486 421514 36429 93614 ,
63
549t)93 970827 678867 421133 1
35466 93503 14 I

63
5500-.) 970779 679248 420762 35484 93-493 {13
63
650369 970731 579629 420371 35511193483' 12
63
550o92 970083 5800J9 419991 35638193472 1 '
1
63
651024 970036 680389 419611 35665193462 j 1
63.3
65135() .970586 9.580769 10.419231 3559-.;i93452 9
63.3
!

551(i8; 970538 581149 418851 35619 93441

63.2 418472
552018 970490 681528 3564, 93431
63.2
652349 970442 681907 418093
, 35()74 93420
63.2
562H80 970o94 ,

582286 4^17714 36701 93410

63.1
553010 970346 '
582(>65 417335 35728 93400
j
'

63.1
553341 970297 683043 416967 36766 93389
63.0
553()70 9,0249 683422 416578 3578- 933,9
63.0
554000 9,0200 68?.800 416200 35810 933t)8
62.9
554329 9,0152 584177 4158-23 3583, 93358
CoHine. Sine. Co tang. Tang. IN. CO.'*. N.sini'

Degrees.
 42 ^og. Sines and Tangents. (21) Natural Sines. TABLE II.

Sine. D. 10" Cosine D. 10" Tang. D. 10"i Cotana;. :

IN .sine. N. cc8,

1). 554329 9.970152 9.684177 10.416823 35837 93358 6C

54.8 8.1 62.9
1 654658 970103 -684555 415445 35864 93348 i
59
54.8 8.1 62.9
2 654987 970055 584932 415068 35891 93337 od
54.7 8.1 62.8
3 555315 970006 685309 414691 35918193327 i67
54.7 8.1 62.8
4 555643 969957 585686 414314 36945 93316 166
54.6 8.1 62.7
555971 969909 686062 413938 3697;i 193306 155
54.6 8.1 62.7
6' 556299 969860 686439 413561 36000 j93295 54
54.5 8.1 62.7 I

7 556626 9(598 11 58(5815 413186 36027 193286 53

54,5 8.1 62.6
e 556953 969762 687190 412810 36054193274 I

62
54.4 8.1 62.6 1

9 557280 969714 687566 412434 36081 i93264 51

54.4 62.6
I

8.1
10 557606 9()9665 687941 412059 36108 93253 |5U
54.3 8.1 U62.6 10.411(584
II ). 557932
54.3
.9()9616
8.2
9.688316
62.6 1136135 93243
jj

^
12 558258 9(39567 688691 411309 136162 93232 48
54.3 8.2 62.4
13 658583 9(59518 6890o6 410934 36190 93222 :; 47
54.2 8.2 62.4
14 658909 969469 689440 410560 136217 93211 46
54.2 8.2 62.3 j

15 559234 969420 689814 410186 136244 93201 45

54.1 8.2 62.3
16 55y55S 969370 590188 409812 136271 93190 44
64.1 8.2 62.3 j

17 559883 969321 590662 409438 136298 93180 ,43

54.0 8.2 62.2 1

18 56020/ 969272 690935 409065 36325 ^3169 42

54.0 8.2 62.2 i

19 560531 969223 691308 408692 '36362 93159 41

53.9 8.2 62.2
20 560855 969173 691681 408319 i|36379|93148 40
53.9 8.2 62.1
21 .661178 9.969124 9.592054 10.407946 36406193137 39
53.8 8.2 62.1 11

22 561501 969075 692426 407674 36434 J93 127 38

8.2
i

53.8 592798 62.0

!

23 561824 969025 407202 36461 1931 16 3 7

53.7 8.2 62.0 i|

24 562146 968976 693170 406829 36488 193106 i

36
63.7 8.2 593542 61.9
25 662468 968926 406458 136515 93095 35
53.6 8.3 61.9
26 562790 968877 693914 406085 136542 193084 34
53.6 8.3 61.8
27 563112 968827 694286 405715 j|36569j93074 33
53.6 8.3 61.8
28 663433 968777 694666 405344 M 36696 93063 32
53.5 8.3 61.8
29 563755 9(58728 696027 404973 136623 93052 31
53.5 8.3 61.7 i

30 564075 968678 695398 404602 3665093042 30

53.4 8.3 61.7
31 .664396 9.968628 9.695768 10.404232 3667-7 93031 i! 29
53.4 8.3 61.7
32 664716 9(58578 69ol38 403862 136704 930201 28
63.3 8.3 61.6
33 665036 968528 696608 403492 36731 j93010il 27
53.3 8.3 61,6
34 665356 9(58479 596878 403122 36768|92999
!
26
53.2 8.3 61.6
35 565676 968429 597247 402753 36786 192988 :
25
53.2 8.3 61.6
36 565995 968379 597616 402384 368 12 92978 24
61.6
:

53.1 8.3
1

37 566314 968329 597985 402016 36839 92967 23

63.1 8.3 61.5
38 666632 968278 598354 401646 36867 92956 22
63.1 8.3 61.4
39 566951 968228 598722 401278 36894 92946 21
63.0 8.4 61.4
40 567269 968178 599091 400909 36921 92936 20
53.0 8.4 61.3
41 1.567587 9.9(58128 599459 10.400541 36948 92926 19
52.9 8.4 61
42 567904 968078 699827 61 400173 36975 92913 18
52.9 8.4
43 668222 9(58027 600194 399806 37002 92902 17
52.8 8.4 61
44 568539 967977 600562 399438 37029 92892 :

16
52.8 8.4 61
45 568856 967927 600929 399071 37056 92881 15
62.8 8.4 61
46 669172 967876 601296 398704 37083 92870 14
52.7 8.4 61
47 669488 967826 601662 398338 37110 92859 13
52.7 8.4 61.1
48 6(59804 967776 602029 397971 37137 92849 12
52.6 8.4 61.0 ,

49 670120 967726 602396 397605 371(54 92838 11

52.6 8.4 61.0
50 670435 967674 602761 397239 37191 92827 10
52.5 8.4 61.0 ;

51
.570751 9.967624 I
9.603127 10.396873 37218 92816 9
52 52.5 8.4 60.9
571066 967573 603493 396507 37245 92805 8
52.4 j

8.4 60.9
53 571380 967522 603858 396142 37272 92794 7
52.4 8.5 60.9
54 571695 967471 604223 395777 37299 92784
52.3 I

8.5 60.8
55 672009 967421 604588 395412 37326 92773
52.3 i
60.8
56 572323 967370 604953 395047 37353 92762
52.3 60.7
57 672636 967319 605317 394683 37380 92751
52.2 60.7
58 672950 967268 605682 394318 37407 92740
52.2 60.7
59 673263 967217 (06046 393954 37434 92729
52.1 60.6
6G 573575 96.166 606410 393590 37461 92718
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. COS. N.pinc.

68 Degrees.
TABLii: II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (22) Natural Sinea. 43

Sine. iD. 10*1 Cosine. D. lU" Tang. D. 10 " Cotang. N.sine

9.573575 9.967166 .60<>410 10.393590 37461 92718

52. 8.5 60.6
67SSS8 967115 60J773 393227 37488 S707
5-2. 8.6 60.6
574200 9670()4 607137 392863 37515 92697
52. 8.6 60.5
674512 967013 607500 392500 37542 92U86
51. 8.5 60.5
5748-i4 9669(>1 607863 392137 37569 92(i76
51. 8.5 60.4
575136 9(>(i910 608225 391775 37595 92<i64
51. 8.5 60.4
575447 96()859 608588 391412 37622 92(i53 54
51. 8.6 60.4 I

575758 966808 608960 391050 37649|92()42 53

51. 8.5 60.3 i

'

57()0()!i 966751) 609312 390688 37676192631 62

51. 8.6 60
57G37y 96t705 609674 390326 37703l92<)20 51
8.6 60
57GG89 9()6653 610036 3899()4
37730|92()U9 50
j
g} 8.6 60 .

57WW9
"""""51!
1
9.9(>6602 .610397
60
10.389603 37757192598 49
8.6
!

577309 9()655() 610769 389241 37784:92587

51. 8.6 60
577()18 966499 611120 388880 37811 '92576
151. 8.6 60
577927 966447 611480 388520 37838 92565
51. 8.6 60
578236 966395 611841 388159 3786592554
51. 8.6 60.1
678545 966344 612201 387799 37892 92543 I
44
8.6 60.0
678853 96(i292 612561 387439 37919 92532 43
8.6 60.0
579162 -966240 612921 387079 3794692521 42
60.0 |

579470 ^966188 613281 386719 37973 92510! 41

59.9
579777 966136 613641 .386359 37999 92499
59.9
9.580085 9.966085 .614000 10.386000 38026 92488
59.8
580392 966 J33 614359 385641 38053 92477
59.8
680699 965981 614718 385282 3808092466
8.7 59.8
581005 965928 615077 384923 381 0792455
8.7 615435 69.7
581312 965876 384565 38134 92444 '35
8.7 59.7
681618 965824 615793 384207 38 K) 92432
I !
34
8.7 59.7
581924 965772 616151 383849 38188 92421 33
8.7 61 6509
59.6 j

582229 965720 383491 38215 92410 32

8.7 59.6
582535 965t)68 616867 383133 38241:92399 131
8.7 59.6
582840 - 965615 617224 382776 38268 92388 30
8.7 59.5 1

.583145 1, 965563 .617682 10-382418 38295 9-2377 i29

8.7 617939 59.5
583449 965511 3820ul 38322 92366 28
!

gJJ' 8.7 59.5 1

683754 ... 965458 618295 381i05 38349192355 27

584058
j
"" 8.7 618662
59.4
381348
9()6406 3837692343 26
^^^ 8.7 59.4 j

684361
I

965353 619008 380992 38403 92332 125

8.8 59.4
584665 965301 619364 380636 3844iO 92321 124
8.8 69.3
584968 9()5248 619721 380279 38456 92310 23
685272 8.8 620076 59.3
379924
965195 38483 92299 22
8.8 59.3
685574 965143 620432 379568 38510 92287
8.8 59.2 j

685877 965090 620787 379213 :

38537 92276
8.8 59.2
9.686179 9()5037 .621142 1 J. 378858 38564 92265
8.8 59.2 ;

586482 964984 621497 37850338.59192254

j

8.8 59.1
586783 964931 621852 3 81 48
< 38(i 17 92243
8.8 59.1
6870851 964879 622207 377793 '38644 92231
8.8 59.0
5873861^^ 9(i4826 622.561 377439 ,3867 192220! 15
8.8 59.0
5876881,, 964773 622915 377085 !38ti98 92209 '14
8.8 623269 59.0
687989!?:, 964719 376731 38725.92198 13
8.8 58.9
964666 623623 376377 38752 92-186 12 1

8.9 58.9
688590 964613 623976 376024 38778 92175^11
8.9 58.9
688890 964560 624330 375670 38805 92164
;

8.9 58.8
.689190 964507 .624683 10. 37.5317 '38832 92152
8.9 58.8
689489 964454 625036 374964 388.59 92141
8.9 58.8
589789 964400 625388 374612 38S86 92130
8.9 58.7
690088 964347 625741 374259 389 12 '921 19
8.9 58.7
.-.90387 964294 *i26093 373907 389:39 92107
690686
8.9 o26446 58.7
964240 373555 389(i()92096
8.9 58.6
5909-^4 964187 626797 373203 38993 92085
8.9 58.6
591282 964133 627149 372851 39020 92073 1

8.9 627601
68.6
59158(> 9()4080 372499 3904()l920f J2
,

8.9 58.5
5;,1878 964026 627852 372148 92U50
| 39073|
Co.'^int'. Sin.! Co tang. Tang. I
N. cos J N.8ine.

67 iK'grees.
 44 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE II,
(23)

Sine. D. W Cosine. Tan^'. 1).

H)"\ Cotang, N.sine.lN. cos

9.591878 1.964026 9.627862 10,372148 39C73 92050 60

49.6 8.9 58.5
1 59217ti 963972 628203 371797 39100 92039 69
49.5 8.9 68.5
2 692473 963919 628554 371446 39127 92028 58
49.5 8.9 68.5
3 592770 9G3866 628905 371095 391.53 92016 57
49.5 9.0 58,4
4 5930o7 963811 629256 370745 39180 J2006 56
49.4 9.0 58.4
5 593363 963757 6296U6 370394 39207 91994 66
49.4 9.0 58,3
6 593659 963704 629956 370044 39234 91982 54
49.3 9.0 58,3
7 693955 963650 630306 369<J94 39260 91971 53
49.3 9.0 58.3
8 594251 963596 630656 369344 39287 91959 52
49.3 9.0 58.3
9 594547 963542 631005 368995 39314 91 W8 51
49.2 9.0 58,2
10 694S42 963488 631355 368645 39341 919S6 50
49.2 9.0 68,2
9.595137 1.963434 .631704 39367 91925
68.2 10.368296
11 49
49.1 9.0
12 695432 963379 632053 367947 39394 91914 48
49.1 9.0 68,1
13 595727 963325 632401 367599 39421 91902 47
49.1 9.0 58.1
14 69o021 963271 6.32760 367250 39448 91891 46
49.0 9.0 58,1
15 596315 963217 633098 366902 39474 91879 16
49.0 9.0 68,0
16 596609 963163 633447 366553 39501 91868 44
48.9 9.0 68.0
17 696903 963108 633795 366205 39528"91866 43
48.9 9.1 68,0
18 697196 963054 634143 365857 39555 91845 42
48.9 9.1 67,9
19 597490 962999 634490 36.5510; 39581 91833 41
48.8 9.1 67,9
20 597783 9()2946 634838 305162 39608 91822 40
48.8 9.1 57,9
21 ,598075 .962890 9.635185 39635 91810
48.7 9.1 67.8 10.364815! 39
22 698368 962836 635532 364468 39661 91799 1

38
48.7 9.1 67.8
23 598660 962781 635879 364121 39688 91787 37
48.7 9.1 57.8
I

24 598952 962727 636226 363774 39715 91775 36

48.6 9.1 67.7
!

25 599244 962672 636572 363428 39741 91764 !

35
48.6 9.1 67.7
26 699536 962617 636919 363081 39768 91762 34
48.6 9.1 67,7 I

27 699827 962562 637265 362736 39795 91741 33

48.6 9.1 67,7 1 i

28 600118 962508 63T611 362389 39822 91729

1
32
48.6 9.1 57,. 6
i

29 600409 962453 637956 362044 3984h 91718

I :
31
48.4 9.1 67.6
30 600/00 962398 9 2 638302 3616981 39875 91706 30
48.4 67.6 I

31 600990 .962343 ). 638647 10,361353 39902 91694 29

48.4
!

9.2 67.6 j

32 601280 962288 638992 361008 39928 91683 !

28
48.3 9.2 67.6 j

33 601570 962233 639337 360663 39955 91671 27

48.3 9.2 67.6 I I

34 601860 962178 639682 360318! 39982 91660 26

48.2 9.2 67.4 ,

35 602150 962123 640027 359973 40008 91648 25

48.2 67.4
i

9.2
:

36 602439- 962067 640371 359629 40035 91636 24

48.2 9.2 57.4
1

37 602728 962012 640716 359284 40062 91625 '

23
48.1 9.2 57.3 1

60301 7 961957 641060 368940 40088 91613 22

48.1 9.2 57.3 I

603305 961902 641404 358596 140115191601 21

48.1 9.2 67.3
603594 961846 641747 358253 40141 191590 20
48.0 2 67.2
i

9.603882 .961791 2 1.642091 10,367909 40168J915,8 19

48.0 67.2
604170 961736 2 642434 367566 18
47.9 67.2 40195|91666
60445 7 961680 i

2 642777 357223 40221 91555 17

47.9 67.2
6J4/45 961624 643120 356880 40248 91643 16
47.9 3 67.1
606032 961569 643463 356537 40275 91631 15
47 8 3 57.1
605319 961613 643806 356194 40301 91619 14
47.8 9.3 67.1
605606 961458 644148 355852 40328:91508 13
47.8 9.3 57,0
i

605892 961402 644490 365510 40355 j9 1496 12

47.7 9.3 67,0
I

60J179 961346 644832 366168 40381 191484 i

11
47.7 9.3 67.0
60vi465 961290 645174 364826 40408191472 10
47.6 9.3 56.9
9.606751 ,961236 ,64.5616 10.354484 40434191461 9
47.6 9.3 56.9
607036 961179 645857 354143 40461191449 8
47.6 9.3 56.9 I

607322 961123 646199 353801 40488'91437 7

47.6 9.3 66.9
607607 961057 646540 353460 40514 91425 6
47-5 9.3
I

66.8
60/892 961011 646881 353119 40541 91414 5
47-4 9.3
!

66.8
608177 960955 647222 352778 40567 91402 4
47.4 9.3 66.8
608461 9t)0899 647662 352438 40594 91o90 3
47.4 9.3 66.7
60874.5 960843 647903 352097 40i>2 191378 1 2
47 3 9.4 56.7
609029 960786 648243 351757 40(J47 91366 1
47.3 9.4 66.7
60^313 960730 648583 351417 40674 913.55
Cosine. | I
Sine. Cotang, Tano ij
N. COS.. N.sine.

66 Degrees.
TAIJLE II. Ix)g. Sines and Tangents. (24) Natural Sines.

Sine. D. 10 Cosine. D. 10' Tan< Cotang. N. sine.jN. co..

9.(JiW313 >. 960730 10.351417

960674 351077
609SS() 9(U)618 350737
()l01o4 9o05t)l 350398
(il(JU." 960505 350J58
610.29 9.)0448 349 19
i

yilJl-2 960392 3493h0

611294 96,^335 349041
611576 9l>0279 348703
611858 960222 3483()4
61-2110^ 960165 348026
612421 >. 960 109 10.347688
6 1270 J 960052 347350
6 1298 J 959995 347012
613264 959938 34ti674
613545 959882 34<)337
613825 959825 346000
614105 9597t)8 345t)63
614385 959711 345326
6146!;6 959654 344989
614944 959596 344652
9.615223 1.959539 10.344316
615502 959482 343980
615781 959425 343644
6160l>0 95y3(>8 343308
616338 95^310 342972
616616 959253 34263(i
616894 959195 342301
617172 959138 341966
617450 959081 341631 I

617727 969023 341296 :

'

.618o0i .958965 10.340961

618281 958908 34(^)27 I

618558 958850 340292 !

618834 958/92 339958 !

619110 958/34 339624 i

619386 958677 339290 1

619662 958619 338957 j

619938 958561 338623

620213 958503 3382901
620488 958445 337957 i

.620^63 .958387 10.337624

621038 958329 337291 i

621313 968271 336958 i

621587 958213 336625 I

621861 958154 336293 I

622135 958096 3359()I

622409 958038 335629!
622682 957979 335297 j

622936 957921 334966 !

623229 957863 334634 i

,623512 .957804 10.3343031

623774 95774(> 333971 !

624047 95768; 3336-.; 0'

624319 957628 33b309 !

624591 95/570 3329 <9i

624863 957511 3326481
625135 957452 332318 I
!

62540a 957393 331987

625u 7 / :-5/336 331667
625948 957276 331328
Cos! Hi.'. N.cos.UN.siiif,
 46 Log. Sines and Tangents. (25'^) Natural Sines. TABLK II.

Sine. DlIO" Cosine. }D.

10" Tung. ID. 10"i Cotang. |
cos.,
N.8im;.|N.
(.625948 9.957276 9.668673 422(i2i90G31 60 1

45 9.8 55.0
1 626219 957217 669002 330998 422bh 9J613|69
45 9.8 54.9
2 626490 957158 669332 330068 42315 90t)06 68
45 9.8 54.9 ;

3 6267,0 957099 669()61 330339 42341 90594 67 I

45 9.8 54.9 ,

4 627030 957040 669991 330009; 42367 90582 6f)

45 9.8 54.8 !

5 627300 956981 670320 329680; 42394 90569 65

45 9.8 54.8 I

6 627570 956921 670649 329361 ': 42420 90567 54

44 9.9 54.8
1

7 627840 44 956862 670977 329023 42446 90546 63

9.9 54,8 42473 90532 52
I

8 628109 956803 671306 328694'

'

44 9.9 54.7
9 628378 956744 671634 3283661 42499 90520 61
44 9 9 54.7 1

10 628647 956684 671963 328037 :

42525 90507 60 I

44 9 9 64.7
I

11 .628918 956625 9.672291 10.327709 42552 90495 49

44 9.9 54,7 1
j

12 629185 956566 672619 327381! 42578 90483 48

44
,

9.9 64.6
13 629453 956506 672947 327053 42604 904/0 47
44 9 9
i

54.6 1

14 629721 956447 673274 326726 42631 90458 46 i

44
;

9.9 64.6
15 629989 956387 673602 326398' 42657 90446 45
44 9.9 64.6 1

16 630257 44 956327 673929 326071 :

42683 90433 44 i

9.9 54.6
17 630524 956268 674257 325743: 42709 90421 43
44 9.9 64.6
1

18 630792 44 956208 674584 3254161 42736 90408 42

10. 54,5 i

19 631059 956148 674910 325090 42762 90396 41

44 10.0 54.4
20 631326 44 956089 675237 324763 I 42788 90383 40
10.0 54.4 i
!

21 .631593 9.956029 675564 10.324436!! 42816 90371 39

44 10.0 64.4 1

22 631859 44 955969 675890 324110 42841 90368 38

10.0 64.4 }

23 632125 44 955909 676216 323784 H 42867 90346 37

10.0 54.3
24 632392 44 955849 676543 323457: 42894 90334
10.0 54.3
25 632658 44 955789 676869 323131 42920 40321
10.0 64.3
26 632923 44 955729 677194 322806: 42946 9030d
10.0 54.3
27 633189 44 955669 677620 3224801 42972 90296
10.0 54.2
28 633454 955609 677846 322154 42999 90284
10.0 54.2
29 633719 j44 955548 678171 321829 43025 90271
10.0 54.2 i

30 633984 ]44
44
955488 678496 321 504 :

43061 90259
10.0 54.2
31 .634249 955428 678821 10.321179 43077 90246
44. 10 54.1
32 634514 955368 679146 320854 43104190233
44 10 54.1
33 634778 955307 679471 320529 43130190221
44 10 64.1
34 635042 955247 679795 320205 431561 90208
44 10 54.1
35 635306 955186 680120 319880 431S2i90196
43 10 54.0
38 635570 955126 680444 319556 43209 90183
43 10 54.0
37 635834 955065 680768 319232, 43235 90171
43 10.1 54.0
38 636097 43 955005 681092 318908 43261 90158
10.1 54.0
39 636360 954944 681416 318584 43287 90146
43 10.1 53.9
40 636623 954883 681740 318260 43313 90133
43 10.1 53.9
41 .63i)8H6 954823 9.682063 10.317937 43340 90120
143 10.1 53.9
42 637148 954762 68-2387 317613 43366 90108
43 10.1 53.9
43 637411 954701 682710 317290 43392 90095
43 10.1 53.8
44 637673 954640 683033 316967 43418 900tS2
43 10.1 53.8
45 637935 954579 683356 316644 43445 900/0
43 10.1 63.8
48 638197 954518 683679 316321 43471 90057
43 10.2 53.8
47 638458 954457 684001 315999 43497 9004.0
43 10.2 53.7
48 638/20 954396 684324 315676 43523 90032
43 10.2 53.7
19 (>38981 954335 684646 315354 43549 90019
43 10.2 53.7
50 639242 954274 684968 315032 43575 90007
43 10.2 53.7
51 i.6;j9o03 954213 1.685290 10.314710 43602 89994
43 10.2 63.6
52 639764 954152 685612 314388 43., 2b 89981
43 10.2 63.6
53 640024 954090 685934 314006; 43654 89968
43 10.2 53.6
54 640-284 954029 686255 313745 43680 h9956
43 10.2 53.6
55 640544 953968 686577 313423 i3/0b 8994c
43 10.2 63.5
56 6 )0804 953906 686898 313102 4373o 89930
43 10.2 53.5
57 641064; 953845 687219 312781 43/69 89918
43 10.2 53.5
58 641324 953783 67540 3124b0 437H5 89905
i

43 10.2 53.5
59 641fi84 953722 6878f)l 312139 4381118^892
43 10.3 63.4
60 641842 953660 688182 311818; 43837 89879
Cosine. Sine. "CotTing. Tang. N. COS. .\.8ir<'.

64 Degrees.
 Lor. Sines and Tangents. (26) Natural Sinen. 47

Siiie. D. KVI Cosine. a 10" Tang. D. 10' Cotang. N.

sine.jN.
OS.

.953fi60 .688182 10.311818 43837BS9879 GO

10.3
953599 (i88502 311498 43863 898()7 69
10.3
953537 (i88823 311177 43889 89854 68
10.3
953475 689143 310857 4391(i 89841 67
10.3
953413 6894(i3 310537 43942 89S28 56
10.3
953362 689783 ;_ 310217 439(i8!ri9816 56
10.3 ^'^
953-290 690103 309897 43994 89803 64
10.3 53.3
9532-28 6904-23 309577 44020 89790:5 53
10.3 53.3
9531t)6 690742 309258 44046 89777 52 6 !

10.3 53.2
963104 691062 308938 44072 89764 i51
10.3 53.2
953042 691381 308619 44098 89752 ;5o
10.3 53.2
.95-290 .691700 10.308300 441-24 897.39 49
10.4 53.1
95-2918 692019 307981 4415189726 48
10 63.1
952856 692338 307662 44177 89713 147
10 63.1
952793 692u56 307344 44203 89:00 46
10 63.1
952731 69-2975 307026 44-229 89(S7 45
10 53.1
952GG9 693293 306707 44255 89674 44
10 53.0
952t)0t)
10
693612 _ ,,
306388 44281 89662 43
952544 693930 ?^f^I
306070 44307 89649 42 1

10.4 63.0
952481 694248 305762 144333 89636 141
10.4 53.0
95*2419 694566 305434 144359 89623 {40
10.4 62.9
9.95-2356 .694883 10.305117 144385 89610 I39
10.4 52.9
952294 695201 304799 14441189597 38
10.4 52.9
95-2231 695618 304482 44437 89584 137 ;

10.4 62.9
962168 695836 304164 {444U4S9571 136
10.5 52.9
952106 696153 303847 '44490 89558 136
10.5 52.8 I

952043 696470 303530 ,44616 89645 34

10.6 62.8 1

951980 696787 303213 144542 89532 ,33

10.5 62.8
961917 697103 302897 i|445(.8 89519 j32
10.6 52.8
951854 6974-20 302680 144594 89506 31
10.6
951791 69773619^-2 302264 4462U 89493 '30 i

10
951728 698053 10-301947 144646 89480 29
698369 52.7
10
951665 301631 44672 89467 28
i|
10 52.7 1

9516<j2 698(i85 301315 144698 89454 127

10 52.6
961539 6990U1 300999 144724 89441 126
10 52.6
961476 699316 300(i84 44750 89428 125
10 52.6
951412 699632 300368 44776 8b4 15 124
10.6 52.6 j

961349 ()99947 300053 '44802189402 23

10 52.6
961286 700-63 '^99737 44828,89389 22 1

10 52.5 I

96 1-2-^2 70J6<8 -299422 44854 j89376 2\

1

10 52.5
951159 700893 299107 44880189303 20
I i

9.95
10 52.6
951096 9.7701 -^08 10-2.,8/92i'449tM)!89350 19
10 62.4
951032 701523 298477 144932 189337 18
10 52.4 j I

950968 701837 298163 i4495h;8!M24 17

10 52.4
960905 702152 2;y7 848 449841893 II 16 f

10.6 52.4
95J841 70^44)6 29 534 ''45010189298 15
<

10.6 52.4
9507/8 702.80 29.220 46036l89'-85 14
10.6 52.3
950714 703095 296905 450-,i;jh92.2 13
10.6 52.3
950650 703409 2i:'6591 ;'46088ih9-J59 12
10.6 52.3
950586 703.23 29(i277ii4oll4!89-J46i 11
10.6 52.3
950522 704036 295964!i45l40i89-i32 10
10.7 52.2
.950458 70J360 10--295650:'4516til89219| 9
10.7 52.2
950394 704O63 295337 45 192,892 06 8
10.7 52.2 II

9503G0 704977 295023 4621 8 !.S9 93 7 1

1
1
10.7 52.2
950.^66 705290 2947 10 4634389180 6
10.7 52.2 i

95./202 70.'j()03 294397 |i4.5-J69 89l')7 5

10.7 52.1
95 J 138 70r)9l6 294084' 45295>-9l53 4
10.7 5-^ 1 .
9500 4i '.(K.2tiH 293772 i'4.03-- 181^140 3
10.7 52.1
950011) 70t641 293469 4534 7, h9 27 1
10.7 52 1
949945 7 ai8o4 29M46 1-4.53 731891 14 I
.

l\i.7 52.1
949881 70i lob 292834 4.5i/J9 89101
C'OsilK'. I
V.tiiijg. Tang. N. a)t!.|N..sine.

(>o Ih'greeS.
 48 Log. SiiKis and Tangents. (27) Natural Sines. TABLE II.

Sine.

657047
D. lu'

41.3
bUSlUO.

.949881
10.
9.707166
52.0
D. lu" CoLang.

10.292834 45399 89101 60

N. sine N. COS.
a
I

1 ()5 7295 949rilj 7074/8 292522 454-.25 89JS7 69 !

41.3 10 52.0
2 657542 949752 707 /90 292210 45451 89074 58
41.2 52.0
!

10, j

3 657790 94 )688 708102 291898 45477 89061 57 I

41.2 10. 62.0

4 658037 949623 708414 291586 45503 89048 56 I

41.2 10, 51.9

6 658284 949558 708726 291274 45529 !890o5 66
41.2 10, 61.9
6 658531 949494 709037 2909;)3 45554189021 64 !

41.1 10, 51.9

7 658778 949429 70J349 290651 45580890081 53
41.1 10, 51.9
8 659 J25 949364 709600 290340 45606 ;88yy5 52
41.1 10, 51.9
9 6592/1 949300 709971 2900-29 45632 188981 51
41.0 10. 61.8
10 659517 949235 710282 289718 45658188968 50
41.0 10, 61.8
11 659763 1.949170 9.710593 10.289407 45684188955 49
i

41.0 10, 51.8

12 660)09 949105 710904 289096 45/10188942 48
;

40.9 10, 61.8

13 660255 949040 711215 288785 45736188928 47
40.9 10, 8 61.8
14 660501 9489/5 711525 288475 45762J88915 46
i

40.9 10, 8 51.7

15 660/46 948910 711836 288164 45787 88902 46
40.9 10, ,8 61.7
16 660991 948845 712146 28-854 45813j88888 44
40.8 10 8 61.7
17 661236 948780 712456 287544 458391888 75 43
40.8 10 .9 51.7
18 661481 948715 712766 287234 45865|88862 42
40.8 10 ,9 51.6
19 661726 948650 713076 286924 45891:88848 41
40.7 10 ,9 61.6
20 6619/0 948584 713386 286614' 459 17 188835 40
40.7 10 ,9 51.6
21 ,662214 1.948519 713696 10.286304 45942188822 39
40.7 10 ,9 51.6
22 662459 948454 714005 285^95 45968188808 38
40.7 10 .9 51.6
23 662703 948388 714314 1
286686 45994188795 37
:

40.6 10 .9 61.5
24 66294ti 948323 714624: 285376 46020188/82 36
40.6 10 ,9 51.6
25 663190 948257 714933; 285067 4604688768 36
':

40.6 10 ,9 61.5
26 6(>3433 948192 7152421 61.5 284758 46072188765 34
'

40.5 10 ,9 '

27 663677 948126 715651 284449 46097188741

40 10 ,9 51.4
I

28 663920 948060 715860 284140: 46123188728

40 10 ,9 61.4
29 664163 947995 716168 283832 46149|88716
:

40 11 ,0 61.4 283523 46175:88701

30 6t)4406 947929 7164771
40 11 ,0 61.4
31 ,6641)48 1.947863 ,716785 10.283215 46201 88688
40 11 .0 51.4
32 664891 947797 717093 282907 46226 88674
'

40 11 .0 61.3 j

33 665133 947731 717401 282699 46252 88661

I

40.3 11 .0 51.3 I

34 665375 947665 717709 282291 46278 88647

;

40.3 11 .0 51.3 I

'

35 665617 947600 718017 2819831 46304 88634

40.3 11 .0 61.3
36 665859 947533 7183-5 2816761 46330 88620
37 666100
40.2
947467
u ,0 718633 61.3
;

281367! 46365 88607

!

40.2 11 .0 51.2
38 666342 947401 718940 281060! 46381 88693
!

40.2 11 .0 51.2
39 6665H3 947335 719248 280752, 46407 88680
40.2 11 .0 61.2
40 666824 947269 719555 280445 46433 88666
I
40.1 11 .0 51.2 10.280138 4(i458 88563
'

41 . 66 7 065 1.947203 9.719862

40.1 11 .0
279831 46484 88539
42 667305 947 '36- 720169
40.1 11 .1
43 667546 947070 720476 279624 46510i88526
40.1 11 .1
44 667786 947004 720783 279217 4(;6o6i88612
1

40.0
I

11 .1
45 668027 946937 721089 278911 46561 88499
40 11 .1 j

16 668267 946871 721396 278604 46587 88480

1

40.0 11 ,1
278298 '40613 884/2
47 66850*) 946804 721^02
39.9 11 .1 51.0 27<991 46639 88458
48 668746 946738 722009 1

39.9 11 .1 51.0
49 668986 946671 722315 277685 466()4 88445 I

39.9 11 .1 61.0
50 669225 946604 722621 277379 46690 88431 I

39.9 11 .1 61.0
51 669464 ). 946538 \ 9.722927 10.277073 467 16 88417
39.8 11 .1' 61.0 j

62 669703 946471 723232 276768 46742 88404 I

39.8 11 .1 60.9
53 669942 946404 723538 2764u2 46767 88390.
39.8 11 .1 60.9 i

54 6 701 SI 94t)337 723844 276166 4(i793 88327

39.7 11 .1 60.9
55 670419 946270 724149 2 75861 '46819 88363
39.7 11 .2 50.9
56 676)58 946203 724454 275546 4684^88349
39.7 11 .2 60.9
57 670896 946136 724759 275241 46870 883S6
39.7 11.2
1 50.8
58 671134 946069 7260>)5 274;)36 46^96 88322
39 6 11.2 50.8
b'J 671372 946002 725369 2/4031 4ij92l|88aU8
39.6 11.2 60.8
60 6/ 1609 945935 725<)74 274326 4t)94i|88:<;95
Casino. Sine. C(.tani; TaDii

02 Dj^grecs.
 TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (28) Natural Sines. 49

Siuti. D. 10" Cosinr D. 10" Tang. D. 10" Cotarig. N..sinf.jN.

.6716)9 1.945935 9.725674 10.274.326 4()947;88295 60

39.6 50.8
1 671847 9458(iS 725979 274021 46973J88281 59
39.6 50.8
2 6720S4 94580J 72)284 273716 46999|88267 58
39.5 50 7
3 672321 945733 72()588 273412 i 7024:88254 57
39.5 50.7
4 672558 945t)6() 72()892 273108 4/05088240 5i)
39.5 50.7
5 672795 945598 727197 272803 470 7(i 88226 55
39 50.7
6 673032 9 5531
i 727501 272499 47101|88213 54
39 50.7
7 6732>>8 9454()4 727805 272195 47127 88199 53
39 50.6
8 673505 945396 728109 271891 471.53 i88185 62
39 50.6
9 673741 945328 728412 271588 47178:88172 51
39 50.6
10 673977 9452()1 728716 271284 4720488158 60
39 50.6
11 .674213 1.945193 9.72902C 10.270980 47229 ih8 144 49
39.3 50.6
12 674448 945125 729323 270677 472.55:88130 48
39.2 50.5
13 674ti84 945058 729()2ti 270374 47281188117 4 7
39.2 50-5
14 674919 944990 729929 270071 4730(r88103 46
39.2 5
15 675155 944922 730233 50 269767 47332 88089 45
39,2 50. 5
l(i 675390 944854 730535 2()9465 47358:88075 44
39.1 50.5
17 675,24 944786 73.>838 2(i9162 47383,88062 43
39.1 50.4
18 675859 944718 731141 268859 47409 88048 42
39.1 50.4
19 67t)i)9 I 9441)50 731444 268556 47434,88034 41
39.1 50.4
20 676328 944582 731746 268254 47460 188020 40
39.0 50.4 10.267952
21 .67()5U2 .944514 9.732048 47486188006 39
39.0 50.4
22 67(i79^) 94444<j 732351 267649 4751187993 38
39.0 50. 3
23 677030 944377 732653 267347 47537 87979 37
39.0 50.3
24 6772()4 944309 732955 267046 47562:87965 36
38.9 50.3
25 677498 944241 73325 7 266743 47.588187951 36
38.9 50.3
2(> 677731 944172 733558 26()442 47614 87937 34
38.9 50. 3
27 677964 944104 733860 266140 47639 87923 33
38.8 50.2
28 678197 944036 734162 26.5838 47665 87909 32
38.8 50.2
2.^> 678430 }J43967 734463 265537 47690 87896 31
38.8 50.2 265236 477J6i87882 30
30 67861)3 943899 734764
38.8 50.2
31 .678895 1.943830 9.735066 10.264934 47741^87868 29
38,7 50.2
32 679128 943761 735367 264633 477(5787854 28
38.7 50.2
33 679360 943(i93 735668 264332 47793 87840 27 ^

38.7 50.1
34 679592 943624 735969 264031 47818 87826 26
38.7
,

50.1
35 679824 943555 736269 263731 47844 87812 25
38.6 50.1
36 680.)5ii 943486 736570 263 130 47869:87798 24
38.6 50.1
263129 4789587784 23
37 689288 943417 736871
38.6 50.1
262829 47920187770 22
38 680519 943348 737171
38.5 50.0
39 680750 9i3279 737471 2()2529 47946:87756 21
38.5 50.0
40 680982 943210 737771 2()2229 4797187743 20
;J8.5 50.0
41 .681213 1.943141 "'9.738071 10.261929 47997187729 19
38.5 50.0
42 681443 943072 738371 261629 48022 87715 18
38.4 50.0
43 68l()74 943003 738671 261329 4804S 87701 17
38 49.9
44 681905 942934 738971 261029 48073 8768 7 16
38 49.9
45 682135 38 942864 739271 260729 4809987673 15
49.9
4() 682365 942795 739570 260430 48124:87)59 14
38 49.9
47 682595- 942726 739870 260130 48150 87()45 13
38 49.9
48 68-Jrt25 94265() 740169 25983 48175 87631 12
i

38 49.9
49 683055 942587 740468 259532 48201 87617 II
38.3 49.8
60 683284 942617 740767 259233 48226 ;87603 10
38.2 49.8
51 .683514 .942448 741066 10.258934 48252187589 9
38.2 49.8
i 52 683743 942378 741365 258635 48277187575 8
38 .'2 49.8 7
53 6839-2 942308 741664 268336 48303 !875()1
38.2 49.8
54 684201 942239 741962 258038 48328 }8754() 6
38.1 49.7 6
55 684430 942169 742261 257739 48354 1875.32
38.1 49.7 4
5(> 684()58 942099 742559 257441 48379187518
38.1 49.7
57 684887 942029 742858 267142 4840587504 3
38.0 49.7 2
I 68 6851 15 941959 74315!) 25<)844 48430|87490
38.0 49.7
69 685343 941889 743454 25(i54() 48456187476
38.0 49.7
60 685571 941819 743752 256248 48l81 i87462
Conine. ~Sine.~ Cotiin-x. Tjin> N. cos.lN.sine.

61 Degrees.
 50 Log. Siues and Tangents. (29) Natural Sinea. TABLE II.

Sine. D. 10" Cosine. {

D. 10^^ Tang. jD.
10' Colang. N. sine.lX. COS.

685571 .941819 9.743752 10.256248 i48481;87462

38.0 49.6
1 686799 941749 744050 255950 4850(5:87448
49.6
,

37.9 744348 266652 48532J87434

2 686027 941679 !

49.6
;

37.9 744646
3 686254 941609 255355 48557 87420
49.6
I

37.9 744943
;

4 686482 941539 255067 48583'87406 1

37.9 49.6
5 686709 941469 745240 254760 148608187391
37.8 49.6
6 686936 941398 746538 254462 4863487377 i

37.8 49.6
7 687163 941328 745835 254165 4865987363
37.8 49.5 I

8 687389 941258 746132 '253868 48684'87349

7.8 49.5 1

9 687616 941187 746429 253671 4871087335

'

37.7 49.5
10 687843 941117 746726 263274 48735,87321
37.7 49.6 1

111 688069 .941046 747023 10.252977 148761187306

37.7 49.4
12 688295 940976 747319 252681 48786J87292 !

37.7 49.4
isl 688521 940906 747616 252384 14881187278
37.6 49.4
14 688747 940834 747913 252087 i48837i87264
37.6 49.4
15 688972 940763 748209 251791 48862187250 1

37.6 49.4
16 689198 940693 748606 261496 48888 87235
37.6 49.3 1

17 689423 940622 748801 251199 48913:87221

37.5 49.3 i!

18 689648 940561 749097 2509U3 48938:87207

37.5 49,3 11
j

19 689873 940480 749393 260607 48964187193

37,6 49.3 !

20 690098 940409 749689 250311 48989 87178

37.5 49.3 li

21 9.690323 .940338 9.749985 10.25001611149014 87164

37.4 49.3
22 690.'i48 940267 750281 249719 49040:87150
37.4 49.2
23 690772 940196 760676 249424 49065J87136
37.4 49.2
24 690996 940125 750872 249128 49090|8712l
37.4 49.2
25 691220 940054 751167 248833 49116 87107
37.3 49.2
26 691444 939982 751462 248538 4914l|87093
37.3 49.2
27 691668 939911 761767 248243 49166187079
37.3 49.2
28 691892 939840 762062 247948 49192J87064
37.3 49.1
29 692116 939768 752347 247653 49217187050
37.5 49.1 i

30 692339 939697 752642 247358 49242187036

37.2 49.1
31 9.692562 .939626 9.752937 10.247063 49268 87021
37.2 49.1
32 092785 939664 753231 246769 4929.J87007
37.1 49.1
33 693008 939482 753626 246474 49318'86993
37.1 49.1
34 693231 939410 763820 246180 1149344:86978
37.1 49.0
35 693463 939339 754116 245885 1149369:86964
37.1 49.0
36 693676 939267 764409 245591 4939486949
i

37.0 49.0 1

37 693898 939196 764703 245297 4941986935

37.0 49.0 I
j

38 694120 939123 764997 245003 49445 86921

j:

37.0 49.0
39 694342 939052 765291 244709 1,49470:86906
37.0 49.0
40 694564 938980 755586 244415 1149495:86892
36.9 48.9
41 9.694786 .938908 .765878 10.244122- I4952L86878
36 9 48.9
42 695007 938836 766172 243828 149646 86863
!

3h:.9 48.9
43 696229 938763 766465 243635 49571:86849
I

36.9 48.9
44 695460 938691 766769 243241 149596 86834
36.8 48.9 1

45 695671 938619 767062 242948 49622,86820

36.8 48.9 !i

46 . 695892 938547 757346 242666 149647:86805

48.8
1

36.8 938475
47 696113 767638 242362 49672-86791
36.8 48.8 I
j

48 696334 938402 767931 242069 49697^86777

i

36.7 48.8
49 696554 938330 758224 241776 49723:86762
48.8
i

36.7 938268
I

50 696775 758517 241483 49748186748

!i
36.7 48.8
51 9,691)995 .938185 .758810 10.241190 1:49773 86733
36.7 48.8
52 697216 938113 -759102 240898 49798 86719 ::

36.6 48.7
53 697435 938040 769396 240605 1,49824 86704
36.6 48.7
54 697654 937967 759687 240313 49849 86690 i

36.6 48.7 I

65 697874 937895 759979 240021 1149874186676

36.6 48.7
56 698094 937822 760272 239728 !|4y899j86661
36.5 48.7
67 698313 937749 760564 239436 1149924 86646
36.5 48.7
58 68532 937676 760866 239144 ||49960i86632
36.5 48.6
5D 698761 937604 761148 238852 49975|86617
36.6
60 698970 937531 761439 238561 6000U 86603
Cosine. Sine. Co tang. Tang. !l N. co>i.|N.r!ii

)
Degrees.
TABLK 11. Log. Siaea and Tanguata. (30) Natural Sines. 51

Sine. D. lu' Cosine. D. 10' Tang. D. 10" Cota na- N. sine N. cos

.937531 .761439 10.2.!S561 ; 50000 8(i()03

12.1 48.6
937458 761731 238269 500, 86588
12.2 48.6
937385 762023 237977 60051)86573
12.2 48.6
937312 762314 237686 60076 8()559
12.2 48.6
937238 7ti2606 237394 60101 8(i544
12.2 48.5
7ujj()-2 :e^
937165 762897 237103 50126 8t>n30
12.2 48.5
7UiJ-i8U ,
"Z 937092 763188 236812 50151 86515
12.2 48.5
700498^^ 937019 763479 236521 501 7(i 8(ir)0i
12.2 48.5
700716'^^ 93694G 763770 236230 5J201 S(i486
12.2 48.5
7U0933 i^ 936872 764061 235939 ,5022/ 8{i471
3 12.2 48.5
701151 936799 764352 235648 60252 86457
48.4
:

12.2
1.701368;^,^ .936725 .764643 10.235357 50277 86442
12.2 48.4
701585::;^ 936()52 764933 235067 60302 86427
12.3 48.4 234776 50327 86413
70181W|:J^ 936578 765224
12.3 48.4 2344*56 60352 8<)398
70-2019 q^ 936505 765514
48". 4
1

12.3
702-236:^^ 936431 765805 234195 50377 86384
12.3 48.4
70-2462!^^ 936357 766095 233905 150403 8()369
i

12.3 48.4 233H i 60428 86354

936284
'

70-2(i69
^^ .
766385
12.3 48.3
702885 ^ 936210 766675 2333'.i6 60453 8()340
I

12.3 48.3
7031011^^ 936136 766965 233U35 60478 8(>325
48.3
;

12.3 232745 60503 86310

7033171^ 936062 767255
12.3 48
1.703533 h^ S. 935988 ,767545 10.232455 56528 8ti295
12.3 48 232166 60553 86281
703749 .,2 I
935914 767834
12.3 48
703964 . I
935840 768124 231876 60578 86266
i

12.3 48
7041791^? 935766 768413 231587 50603 86251
12.4 48 'I

704395 ..2 I 935692 768703 231297 50628 86237

'

12.4 48
704610!::? 935618 768992 231008 6lH)54 86222
i

12.4 48.2 230719 50679 86207

704825!^? 935543 769281
12.4 48.2 230430 60704 86192
705040;^? 935469 769570 ;

705254 j:^e 12.4 48.2 23UI40 60729 86178

935395 769860 :

12.4 48.1 229H52 60754 86163

705469 f2 '

935320 770148
12.4 48.1
1.705683 ij?
,935246 .770437 10-229563 150779 86148
I

12.4 48.1 229274 50804 86133

705898 i2 935171 770726 ,

12.4 48.1
706112^?- 935097 771015 22-985 50829 86119
12.4 48.1 1

706326 1
:5-' 935022 771303 228697 50854 86104 :

12.4 48.1 228408 150879 86089

7065391^?' 934948 771592
12.4 48.1
706 7531^? 934873 77 188 J 228120 160904 86074
12.4 48.0 227832 50929 86059
'

70696 7 :^? i
934798 772168
12.5 48.0 227543 50954 86045
7071801:^? 934723 772457
48.0
:

12.5 227255 609(9 8t)030

707393 r."^
934649 772745
12.5 48.0 226967 151004 86015
707606 :?? 934574 773033
12.5 48.0
1.707819 .2 934499 9. 773321 10.226679 ,51029 86000
12,5 48.0 226392 51054 85985
708032 r,2 934424 773608
12.5 47.9
708245 .2 934349 773896 226104 61079 85970
12.5 47.9 225816
708453 :J? 934274 774184
12.5 47.9 225529
70 S6.0 r.2 934199 774471
12.5 47.9 225241
708882 :*? 934123 774769
12.5 47.9 224954
70JOJ4 :}? 934048 775046
12.6 47.9 224667
70JJ0J :J? 9339 73 775333
12.5 47.9
70J518 r,2 933898 775621 224379
12.6 47.8 224092
709730 i:J:? 933822 775908
12.6 47.8 .223805
709941 j:*:^ 9.933 747 '.776iy5
12.6 47.8 223518
710l5jh5? 933671 776482
12.6 47.8 223231
933596 776769
710.641^^ 12.6 47.8
7 10') 75
^? 933520 777055 222945
12.6 47.8 222658 85792
710786 ^? 933445 777342
12.6 47.8 222372 85777
710J67 ^? 933369 77 7628
12.6 47.7 222085 85762
711208 :r? 933293 777915
12.6 47.7 85747
711419 r.? 93321 7 778201 221799
12.6 47.7 85732
711629 ^? 933141 778487 221612;
"^^ 12.6 47.7
711839 933066 778774 221226 85717
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tant;- N'.Kine

59 Degrees.

21
 52 Log. Sines and Tangents. (31) Natural Sines. TABLE I]

|D. P. 10' Tang. D. 10' Cotaug. iiN.siDe.lN.

_Sin(h 10"! _Cosiao^
9 .711839 . 933036 9.778774 10.221226 61504185717
35.0 47,7 !

1 712050 932990 7790o0 220940 |51529!b6;02

35.0 47.7
2 712260 932914 779346 220654 51554185687
35.0 47.6
3 712469 932838 779632 220368 51579185672
34.9 47.6
4 712679 932762 779918 220082 61604185657 '

34.9 47,6
5 712889 932685 780203^ 47.6 219797 61628185642
34.9 i

6 713098 932609 780489- 219611 61653185627

34.9 47.6 ;

7 713308 932533 780775 219225 51678i866l2 t

34.9 47.6
8 713517 932467 781060 218940 :61703|85597
34.8 47,6
9 713726 932380 781346 218664 '61728'85582
34.8 47.6
lOl 713935 932304 781631 218369 61763 '85567
34 47.6
119 714144 34 , 932228 9.781916 10.218084 151778185551
47.5
12 714352 932151 782201 217799 51803J85536 i

34 47.6
13' 714561 932075 782486 217614 61828185521 i

34 47.5
14' 714769 931998 782771 217229 51852185506
34 47.5
i

15 714978 931921 783056 216944 61877185491

34 47.5
!

16 715186 931845 783341 216669 51902J85476

34 47.5 I

17 715394 931768 783626 216374 1:51927185461

34.6 47.4
18 715602 931691 783910 216090 '161952185446
34.6 47.4
19 715809 931614 784195 215805 51977185431
i|
34.6 47.4
20 716017 931537 784479 216521 152002185416
34,6 47,4
21 .716224 1.931460 9.784764 10.216236 62026185461 !

34.5 47.4
I

22 716432 931383 7850-18 214952 il6205ll853S6

34 47.4
23 716639 931306 786332 214668 I62076J85370
34 47.3
24 716846 I
931229 785616 214384 52101185355
34 47.3
j

25 717053 931152 785900 2141U0 62126|85340

34 47.3
26 717259 931076 786184 213816 ,52151853251
34 47.3
27 717466 930998 786468 213532 521751853101
47.3
717673 134
I

28 930921 786752 213248 62200185294!

34 47.3 i;

29 717879 930843 787036 212964 622251 8627 9!i

34 47.3 I

30 718086 930766 787319 212681 62250I852U4

I
34 47,2 j
|

31 i .718291 1.930688 9.787603 10.212397 62275186249

34
1
|

47,2
32 718497 930611 787886 212114 52299i86234
134 47.2 1

33 718703 930533 788170 211830 152324 85218

34.3 47.2
34 718909 930456 788463 211547 52349 85203
i

34.3 47.2 1
I

35 719114 930378 788736 211264 52374 85188

34.2 47.2 I
j j

36 719320 930300 789019 210981 !l52a99 h5n3|

34.2 47.2
37 719525 930223 789302 210by8 1162423 85167 i

34.2 47.1
3b 719730 930145 789585 210415 52448 185142'
34.2 47.1
39 719935 930067 789868 210132 62473185127
34.1 47.1
40 720140 929989 790151 209849 62498|851l2
34.1 47.1
41 .720345 1.929911 9.790433 47.1 10.209567 62522 85U96
34.1
42 720549 929833 790716 209284 62647 85U8l
34.1 47.1
43 720754 929755 790999 209001 52572 850u6
34.0 - 47.1
44 720958 929677 791281 208719 5259/ 85051
34.0 47.1
45 721162 929599 791563 208437 52621 85035
34 47,0
46 721366 929521 791846 208154 52646 85U20
34.0 47,0
47 721570 929442 . 792128 207872 5267li85(>5
34.0 47.0
48 721774 929364 792410 207 590 52()y6i849b9
33.9 47,0
49 721978 929286 792692 207308 52; 20 8497 4
33.9 47.0
60 722181 929207 792974 207026 52745 849^9
33.9 47.0
61 ,722385 1.929129 9.793266 10,206744 62770 84943
33.9 47.0
62 722588 929050 793538 206462 62794 849--i8
33.9 46.9
63 722791 928972 793819 206181 52819 84913
33.8 46.9
722994 928893 794101 205899 62844 848^7
33.8 46.9
65 723197 928815 794383 205617 628o9l84b82
33.8 46.9
56 723400 928736 794664 205336 52HJ*ol84b06
33,8 46.9
57 723603 928657 794946 205055 6-.i918J84b5l
33,7
46,9
58 723805 928578 795227 204773 62943i84b36
33.7 46,9
59 724007 928499 795508 204492 6296/ [84820
33,7 46.8
60 724210 928420 795789 204211 62992184805
;

Cosine, Sine. Cotaug. Tang.

''
N. cos.lN sine.

58 Dcgreeg.
 TABl^ II. Log. Sines iiud Tangents. (32) Natural Sines. 53

Sine. D. 10"! Cosine. |D. 10" Tiin-,'. D. 10"l Cotang N. sini'.iN. co.s,

.724-210 9.9-28420 o 9.795789 10 204-211' 52992 {84805

33.7 "
7-244 1 -2 9283 12 796070 203:^30 5301784789
33.7 53011 164774
724j14 9282()3 7^6351 203{i49
33.6
724811) 928183 79i)632 2033ti8 '

630;i6i84769
33.6 63091 84743
7251)17 9-28104 796913 203087
33.6
;

725219 9-28025 797194 202806 53115184728

!

33.6
725420 927946 797475 2t;25-25i 63140'84712
33.5
725o22 927867 797755 202245 63164 H4(i97
33.5
725823 927787 798036 201964' 53189 84681
33.0
72G024 92 7 7 OS 798316 201684 63214 84661)
33.5 i

63238 84(i50
72(Ji25 927629 798596 201404 j

33.5 ,2
9.72G42t) 9.927549 ,798877 10 .201123; 63263i84635
33.4 200843 53288 84619
72Gti2li 927470 799157 ;

33.4 200563 63312i84()04

72l>82 7 927390 799437
33.4
i

727027 927310 799717 201)283 !

63337 ;84588
727228 33.4 200003 53361 '84573
927231 799997 i

33.4
727428 927151 800277 199723 5338(ii84557
727628 33.3
927071 800557 199443 ;
63411;84542
33.3 53435 84526
727828 92(i991 800836 199164 ;

33.3
I

728027 9-21)91 1 801116 198884 I 53460 84511

33.3
728227 92()831 801396 198604 63484,84495
33.3 10 .198325 53509 84480
9. 72842 r 9.9-26751 9.801676
33.2 198045
1

'

53534 84464
728U2ii 926671 801955
33.2 53558 84448
728825 926591 802234 197766 ;

33.2 197487
j

'

53583 84433
729024 9-26511 80-2513
729223
33.2 197208 53(i'J^ 84417
'

926431 802792 !

33.1
729422 926351 803072 196928 53632H4402
33.1 ;

729li-Jl 926270 803361 196649 53f;56 84386

\

33.1
729820 926190 803(;30 1963701 5368184370
33.1
731)018 92till0 803908 1960921 53705 84355 :

33.0
7302 IG 926029 804187 195813 53730 84339
33.0
9.730415 9.925949i 9.8044()6 10 195534 53764 843-24
.

33.0 195255 163779 84308

730til3 925868 804746
33.0 I

194977 63804 84292

730811 925788 805023 I

33.0 I

731009 9257U7 805302 194698 63828 84277

!

32.9 194420 5385384261

73120J 925626 805580
731404 32.9 194141 53877 84245
925545 805859
32.9
731u02 9264()5 806137 193863 '63902 84230
731799 32.9 193586 53926 84214
925384 806415
32.9 193307 6395184198
73199t> -925303 806693
32.8 193029: 63975 84182
732193 9-25222 80(i971
32.8 10 192761 64000 84167
'

41 9.732390 9.9-25141 9.807-249 .

32.8 192473 54024 84151

73258 925060 80.6-27
32.8 192195 54049 84135
732784 924979 807805 :

32.8 191917 164073 84120

732980 924897 808083 1

32.7
733177 924816 808361 191639 164097 84104 I

32.7 1913621 '64122 84088

733373 924735 80^638
32.7
733509 924654 808916 191084, 64H)84072
32.7
733705 924672 809193 190807 6417184057 1

32.7
733901 924491 809471 1905291 64195 84041
32.6
734157 924409 809748 190252 54220 840-25 I
I

32.6
K 734353 9.9243-28 >.810(25 10 .189976; 164244 84009
32.6 189698 6426983994 8
734549 924246 810302 !

32.6 189420 54-^93 83978

734744 924164 810580 7
32.5
734939
32.5
924083 810857 189143, 64317 83962 (i

736135 924001 811134 1888()6 64342 83946 I

i
6
32.6
735330 9-23919 811410 188590 64366 83930 :
4i
32.5 188313 54.'. 91 '83915 3
735525 923837 811687
32.6
735719 923756 811964 188036 64415 8o899 I
2
32.4 187769 54440 8388a
735914 923673 81-2-241 ,
1
32.4 187483 54464:83867
730109 923591 812517 I

Casi ne. Sine. Cota njtT "Tang. ! N. N.sini-

57 Degrees.
 54 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Bines. TABLE II.
(33)

Sine. D. 10' Cosine. D. lU' rang. D. 10' N. sine.lN. cos.l

Cotang. I

.736109 .923591 9.812617 10.187482 54464 83867

32.4 13.7 46.1
1 736303 923509 812794 187206 54488 83851
2 32.4 13.7 46.1
736498 923427 813070 186930 54513 83835
32.4 13.7 46 1
3 736692 923345 813347 186653 6453783819
4 32.3 13.7 46.0 ,

731)886 923263 813623 186377 64661 183804

32.3 13.7 46.0 I

5 737080 923181 813899 186101 54686 !83788

32.3
:

6 13.7 46.0
737274 923098 814175 185825 54610!83772
32 13.7 46.0
7374U7 923016 814452 185648 54635:83766
32 13.7 46.0
,

737661 922933 814728 186272 64659183740

\l
'

9 737855
32
922861
13.7
816004
46.0
32 184996 54683:83724
738048 13.7 46.0 !

iO 922768 816279 184721 54708:83708

32 13.8 46.0
11 .738241 .922686 9.816555 10. 184446 54732 83692
32 13.8 4). 9
12 738434 922603 816831 184169 54756 83676
32 13.8 46.9
13 738627 922520 816107 183893 5478183660
32
'.

14
13.8 45.9
738820 922438 816382 183618 64806 83645 :

15
32.1 13.8 45.9
739013 922355 816668 183342 C48:^9 83629
32.1 13.8 45.9 i

16 739206 922272 816933 183067 54854 1836 13

32.1 13.8 45.9
17 739398 922189 817209 182791 54878 83597
32.1 13.8 45.9 I

18 739590 922106 817484 182616 64902 83681

32.0
:

46.9
i

13.8
19 739783 922023 817759 18224] 54927 83565
32.0 13.8 46.9
20 739975 921940 818035 181965 54951:83649
32.0 13.8 45.8
21 740167 9.921857 818310 10.181690 54976 83633
32.0 13.9 46.8
22 740359 921774 818685 181415 54999 83517
32.0 13.9 45.8
23 740650 921691 818860 181140 55024 83501
31.9 13.9 46.8
24 740742 921607 819135 180865 55048 83486
31.9 13.9 46.8
25 740934 921524 819410 180590 65072 83469
31.9 13.9 45.8
26 741125 921441 819684 180316 55097 83463
31.9 13.9 46.8
27 741316 921357 819969 180041 5512183437
31.9 13.9 45.8
28 741508 921274 820234 179/66 55146 83421
31.8 13.9 45.8
29 741699 921190 820508 179492 65169 83405
31.8 13.9 46.7
30 741889 921107 820783 1792171 56194 83389 ;

31.8 13.9 46.7

31 742080 9\ 92 1023 9.821057 45 10. 178943 65218 8;i373
31.8
:

13.9
32 742271 920939 821332 178668 56.42 83356
31.8 14.0 46
33 742462 920856 821606 1783941 56-206 83340
31i7 14.0 45
34 742652 920772 821880 178120' 56291 83324
31.7 14.0 46
;

35 742842 920688 822154 1778461 55316 83308

31.7 14.0 45
36 743033-
31.7
920604
14.0
822429
45 1776711 65339 83292
37 743223 920620 822703 177297! 166363183276
31.7 14.0 46.7
38 743413 920436 822977 177023 65388 83260 I

31.6 46.6
;

14.0
39 743602 920362 823260 176760! 155412183244
31.6 14.0 46.6
40 743792 920268 823524 176476 55436!83228 i

31.6 14.0 46.6

41 743982 9.920184 9.823798 10.176202 55460183212 1

31.6 14.0 46.6

42 -744171 920099 824072 176928 165484 83196
31.6
I

14.0 45.6
43 744361 920015 824345 175666; 165509 83179
31.6 14.0 46.6
44 744550 919931 824619 175381 L 56533|83163
31.5 ' 14.1 45.6
45 744739 911^846 824893 175107 1 55567 183 147
31 14.1 46.6
46 744928
31
919762
14.1
826166
46.6 17483411 55581 183131
47 745117 919677 825439 174561 55605 83115
31 14.1 45.5 ji

48 745306
31
919593
14.1
825713
45.5 1742871! 6563{t 83098
49 745494 919508 826986 1740141! 5566l83u82
31 14.1 46.6
50 745b83 919424 826259 173741 p 1.5678830O6
31 14.1 46.5
51 9. 7458/1
31
3.919339' 9.826532 10.173468li 56702 83050
14.1 45.6
52 746059 919264 826805 173195 55726 '83034
ij
31.4 14.1 45.5
53 746248 919169 827078 172922 65760 83017
31.3 14.1 45.5 jj

54 746436 919086 827351 172649 H 6577583001

31.3 14.1 45.5
55 7466-24 919000 827624 172376 56;99 8-2L85 '

31.3 14.1 45.5

56 746812
lil.S
918915
14.2
82/897
45.4 172103|' 65823 821.69
57 74699y 9188.i0 828170 171830 56847 82!j53
31.3 14.2 45.4
58 747187 918745 82b4i2 171558 66871 8-2936
31.2 14.2 46.4
59 747374 918659 828/16 171-285 55h95;8-2L;20
31.2 14.2 45.4
60 747662 918574 82898 7 171013 5591918-2904
Cosine. Shi^~l l;otang. Tang. N. eos. N.sine.

56 Degrees.
 Loj?. Sines and Tangents. (34) Natural Sines. 55
Sine D. lU' Cosine. D. 10" Tang. D. 10" Cotang. I N.sine N. COS.!

0|9 747562 31 J.9 18574

14.2
9.828987
45
10.1710131 65919 S2904 60
1 747749 918489 829260 170740 55943 H2887 59
31 14.2 45
2 747931! 918404 829532 1704( 559.)H 82871 58
31 14.2 45
3 7481-23 918318 829805 170195 H 55992 82855' 57
31 14,2 45
4 748310 918233 830077 169923 H 56016 82839 56
31 14.2 45
6 7.4849 7 91814 830349 169651 56040 82S22
31 14.2 45
74H683 9180J2 830621 169379 560t>4 82806
31 14.2 45
748870 917976 830893 169107 56088 82790
31 14.3 45
749056 917891 831165 168835 56112 82773
31 14,3 45
749243 -917805 831437 168563 56136 82757
31 14.3 45.3
749426 917719 831709 l(Ji829l 56 KiO 82741 |i
31 14,3 45.3
,749615 9.917634 ?. 831981 10. 16801911 66184 82724
31 14.3 45.3
749801 917548 832253 167747 66208 82708
31 14.3 45.3
13 749987 917462 832525 167476 56232 82()92
30 14.3 45.3
14 750172 917376 832796 167204 56256 82675
30 14.3 45.3
15 750358 917290 833068 166932 56280 82()59
30 14.3 45.2
16 760543 917204 833339 166661 56305 82643
30 14,3 45.2
I

17 750729 917118 833611 166389 56329 82626 i

30 14.4 45
18 750914 917032 833882 166118 56353 82610
30 14,4 45
19 751099 916946 834164 165846 56377 82593
14.4
20 751284 916859 834425 165576 6640182577
1 3|; 14.4 45
21 751469 9.916773 ). 834696 10,166304 66425 82561
30 14,4 45
22 751654 916687 834967 166033 56449 82544
14 45
23 751839::^" 916600 835238 164762 66473 82528 ;

14 45
24 752023 :^"
916514 835509 164491 156497 82511
14 45.2
25 752208 !

:^"
916427 835780 164220 56521 82495
14 45.1 1

26 752392 :^"
916341 836051 163949 156546 82478
"'^ 14 45.1
27 752576 916254 836322 163678 ||565()9 82462
14 45.1
28 752760 916167 836593 163407 1166593 82446
14 45.1
29 752944 916081 8368(i4 163136 5661 82429
14.5 45.1 |!

30 753128 915994 837134 162866!! 56641 82413

14.5 45.1
31 .763312 9.915907 ). 837405 10. 162696!! 56665 82396
14.5 45.1
32 753495 915820 837676 162325 56689 82380 1

14.6 45.1 j

33 753679 915733 837946 162054 56713 82363

14.5 45.1
34 7638()2 915646 838216 1617841:66736 8234
14,5 45.1
161513 56760 82330
35 754046 915559 838487
14.5 45.0 11

36 754229 915472 838767 161243 56784 82314

14.6 45.0 ||

37 754412 915385 839027 160973 156808 82297

14.5 45.0 1

38 754595 915297
14.5
839297 160703]! 56832 82281
46.0 160432 156856 82264
39 754778 915210 839568
14.5 45.0 1

160162 66880 82248

41. 754960 915123 839838 ;

14.6 45.0
41 ,755143 9.915035 1.840108 10. 159892 56904 82231
14.6 45.0 !j

159622! 56928 82214

42 755326 914948 840378
14,6 45.0
43 755508 914860 840647 159363 156962 82198
14.6 45.0
44 755690 914773 840917 159083! 156976 82181
14.6 44.9
45 755872 914685 841187 158813, 570U0 821651 15
14.6 44.9 1

4() 756054 914598 841457 158543 67024 82148' 14

!j
14.6 44.9 158274' 5704 82132! 3
47 756236 914510 841726 J
14.6 44.9
48 756418 914422 841996 168004 i;570: 82115; 12
14.6 44.9
49 75()600 914334 842266 167734 157095 82098,11
14.6 44.9
5U 756782 914246 842636 1674651157119 820821 10
14,7 44.9
51 9 756963 914158 1.842805 10.1571951 67143 82066 9
14.7 44.9
52 757144 9140;0 843074 156926 57167 82048 S
44.9
i

14.7
53 75732(> 913982 843343 156657 h 67191 H2032 7
14 44.9
64 757507 913894 843612 166388 57215 82015 6
44.9 ]i

55 7576,88 913806 843882 156118 157238 81999 6

44.8
56 7578(>9 913718 844151 155849 157262 81982 4
1

44.8
57 758050 913630 844420 155580 157286 81965 3
44.8 1

58 758230 913541 844689 155311 157310 81949 2

44.8
59 758411 913453 844958 165042 67334 81932;

14.7 44.8
60 758591 913365 845227 154773 67358 81915
i 5i

Cosine. liiTi^" Cotang. Tang. N. cr.8. X sine.

65 Degrees.
 56 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Smes. TA15J.K II.
(35)

Sine. D. iu' Co.sinu. iJ. iU Taug. D. JO" Cotaug. N. wne.lX. cos

|

758591 1.913365 9.845227 10, 154773; 57358 81915 60

30.1 4.7 44.8
1 7587 72 913276 84549.) 164504' 57381 81899 59
30.0 4.7 44.8
2 758952 913187 845 764 1542361 57405 8 lb&2 158
30.0 4.8 44.8
3 759132 913099 846033 163967;, 67429!8186i^|57
30 4.8 44.8
4 759312 913010 846302 153698 i
57453181848 66
30. u 4.8 44.8 I

5 759492 912922 846570 153430 1

57477i81832|56
30.0 4.8 44.7 1

759d72 912833 846839 153161 67*^01181816 154

T 29.9 4.8 44.7 ij

769852 912744 847107 152893 57524 81 98 ^3

<

29.9 4.8 44.7 1'

8 760031 912655 847376 152624 57648|81782 52

29.9 4.8 44.7 1
1

9 760211 912566 847644 152356 57672i8l765 51

29.9 4.8 44.7
10 760390 912477 847913 15C087 5759618 174e 50
29.9
I

4.8 44.7 10
11 761)569 1.912388 848181 151819 57619J81731 49
29.8 4.8 44.7 ;i

12 760748 912299 848449 151551 57643181714 18

29.8 4.9 44.7
13 700927 912210 848717 161283 67667181098 47
29.8 4.9 44.7
14 761106 912121 848986 151014! 67691181681 46
29.8 4.9 44.7
16 761285 912031 849254 150746 57715181664
29.8 4.9 44.7 j

16 761464 911942 849522 150478 57738181647

29.8 4.9 44.7
17 761642 911853 849790 150210 67762181631
29.7
I

4.9 44.6
18 761821 911763 850058 149942 57786'81614
29.7 4.9 44.6
I

19 761999 911674 850325 149676 5781081597

29.7 4.9 44.6 I

20 762177! 911584 850593 149407 67833 81580

29.7 4.9 44.6 10
21 762356 1.911495 850861 149139 57867 81563
29.7
i

4,9 44.6 I

22 762534 911405 851129 148871 6788181546

29.6
I

4.9 44.6 I

23 7627121 911315 851396 148604! 67904 81630

29.6 5.0 44.6
24 762889 911226 851664 148336 I 5792881513
29.6
i

6.0 44.6
25 763067 911136 861931 1480o9 I
5795281496
29.6
j

6.0 44.6
26 763245 I 911046 852199 147801 57976 81479
29.6 5.0 44.6
27 763422 910956 852466 147634 67999 81462
29.6 5.0 44.6
28 763600 910866 852733 147267 68023 81445
29.5 6.0 44.5
29 763777 910776 853001 146999 58047 81428
29.5 5.0 44.6
30 763954 910J86 853268 146732 580/0,81412
29.6 5.0 44.5
31 764131 . 91 Uc96 9.853535 10 146465 68094 81395
29.5
I

5.0 44.5
32 764308 910505 853802 146198 5811813V8
29.6 5.0 44.6
33 764485 910415 854069 145931 68141 181361
29.4 5.0 44.5 ji

34 764662 910325 854336 14566411 68165181344

29.4 6.1 44.5
35 764838 910235 864603 145397 58 189 181327
29.4
I

6.1 4.4.5
36 765015 910144 854870 145130', 58212|81310
29.4 6.1 44.6
37 766191 910054 855137 144863 58236 [8 1293
29.4
1

5.1 44.6 1

3S 765367 909963 855404 144596 'i 5826081276

29.4 6.1 44.5
39 765544 909873 855671 14432y!i 58283 '8 1259
29.3 5.1 44.4
40 765720 909782 855938 144062 1

58307 18 1242
29.3 6.1 44.4 1

41 9. 765898 .909691 1.856204 10 143796 58330 81225

29.3 5. 1 44.4 I

42 766072 909601 856471 143529 58354|81208

29.3
I

5.1 44.4
43 766247 909510 856737 143263
'

68378:81191
29.3 6.1 44.4
44 766423 909419 857004 142996 i
68401 18 1174
29.3 6.1 44.4
45 766598 909328 ^57270 142730 58426'811c7
29.2 5.2 44.4
46 766774 90923 7 857537 142463} 68449 81140
29.2 6.2 44.4 I

47 766949 909146 867803 1421971 58472 81123

48 29.2 5.2 44.4
767124 909055 858069 141931 68496 81106 112
49 29.2 5.2 44.4
767300 908964 858336 141664 58519 81089
60
29.2 5.2 44.4
767475 908873 858602 141398 68643 810/2
61
29.1 5.2 44.3
.767649
.908781 I.8588a8 10 141132 58667 81055
52 29.1 5.2 44.3
767824 908690 869134 140866 58690 8 IO08
53 29.1 5.2 44.3
76-/999 9085 9 859400 140600 58614 81021
54 29.1 5.2 44.3
768173 908507 859666 140334 58637 81004
55 29.1 5.2 44.3
768348 908416 859932 140068 58661 80987
66 29.0 5.3 44.3
768522 908324 860198 139802 68684 80J-0
57 29.0 5.3 44.3
768697 908233 860464 139636 58708 80953
68 29.0 5.3 44.3
768871 908141 86J730 139270 58731 80J36
29.0 5.3 44.3
69 769046 908049 86J995 1390J6 58755 80919
29.0 6.3 44.3
60 769219 907958 861261 138739 587<9|8U9U2
Cosine. Sine. Cot;in<j:. Tang. >i. COS. X.sine.

54 D<.'grecs.
 TAIJLK II. Log. iJiiii'B and Tangents. (36) NatKral Sines. 57

S ine. D. 10" Cosine. ID. 10' Tang. D. 10"| Cotang. X. sinc.j X. cus .

7ti9'il9 .907958 9. 801201 10.138739 58779 80902 00

29.0 15.3 44.3
7t)9393 90; 800 801527 138473 68802 80885 59
-28.9 15.3 44.3 58
7(i9o(j(> 907774 801 792 138208 68820 808()7
28.9 15.3 44 2
7G974U 90?(>82 8(i205H 137942 68849 80850 67
28.9 15.3 44.2
7G9913 907590 802323 137077 58873 80833 60
28.9 15.3 44.2
68890 8U810 55
77008/ 907498 802589 137411
28.9 15.3 44.2
7702(>0 90740O 802854 137140' 5892080799 54
28.8 15.3 44.2
770433 907314 803119 130881' 68943 80782 53
28.8 15.4 44.2 52
770t)0() 9072-22 803385 130015 58907 80705
28.8 15 44.2
770779 907 r29 8()3050 13()350 58990 80748 51
'28.8 15 44.2
7709;Vi 907037 803915 13()086 59014 80730 50
28.8 15 44.2
7711-25 .900946 9. 804180 10.135820 59037 80713 49
28.8 15 44.2
771-298 90o852 804445 135655 59001 80090 48
28.7 15 44 2
771470 900700 804710 136-290 69<k'-^4 80tj79 47
28.7 16 44.2
771G43 90(>007 8t)4975 135026 69 100 80002 40
28.7 16 44 1
771815 900675 8()5240 134700! 69131 80(i44 46
28.7 16 44.1 801)27 44
771987 90()482 8055U5 134495 59154
-28.7 15 44.1 80()10 43
77-2159 900389 805770 134-230 59178
28.7 15 44.1
80593 42
772331 90(i^29() 8()0035 1339(i5 59201
28.0 16 44.1
772503 900204 800300 133700' 59-225 80570 41
28.0 15.6 44.1
77-20/ 5 90i)l 1 1 80()5u4 133430' 59248 80568 40
-28.0 15.6 44.1 39
9. 77-284/ .900018 .8008-29 10.133171 69272
i
80541
-28.0 15.6 44.1 38
773018 905925 807094 132!i00'59-J95 805-24
28.0 16.5 44.1 37
773190 905832 807358 13-2042; 59318 80507
28.0 15.6 44.1 30
7733G1 905739 807023 13-2377 i 69342 80489
-28.5 16.6 44.1 36
773533 905046 807887 1321 13 i
59305 80472
28.5 15.6 44.1
773:04 905552 808152 131848: 69389 80455 34
28.5 15.5 44.0 59412 80438 33
773875 906459 8084 1'i 131584'
28.6 15.6 44.0 32
77404t> 905306 808080 1313-20 59430 804-22
28.5 16.0 44.0 31 59459 80403
774217 906272 808945 1310551
28.5 1 >.o 44.0 30 59-482 80380
774388 905179 809209 130/91
28.4 16.0 44.0 29 59500 80308
,774558 .905086 .8094/3 10. 130527
28.4 15.0 44.0 28 595-29 80351
7747-29 904992 80973 i 130-203 i!

28.4 15.0 44.0 27 59552 80334

774899 904898 870001 1-29999
28.4 16.0 44.0 20 6j5/(>80310
7750 ;o 904804 870205 129735
-28.4 15.0 44.0 25 59599 80-299
775-240 904711 8706^29 129471'
-.8.4 15.0 44.0
775410 904017 870793 12920 7, 690-22 :80-282 24 :

28.3 15.0 44.0 6904b 8U'204 23

37 775580 904523 871057 1289431
28.3 15.0 44.0
38 775/50 904429 871321 1-28079 69009 ;80-247 22
i

28.3 15.7 44.0

39 7759-20 904335 871685 1-28415 59093 |802o0 21
28.3 16.7 44.0 j

59n<i80'jl--i 20
40 77(i090 904241 871849 1-28151 !

-28.3 15.7 43.9

41 770259 .904147 .872112 10.127888! 59:39 80196 19
.

28.3 15,7 43.9

4'2 770429 904053 872370 1270241 59 i03 1801.8 18
28.2 15.7 43.9 80100 17
43 770598
28.2
903959
16.7
8/2040
43.9 12i300J: 59780
44 77()7()8 9.)3804 872903 127097' 59809 80143 10
28.2 15.7 43.9 80125 15
45 770937 903770 873107 120833; 59832
28 15.7 43.9
4 77710;) 903070 873430 120570' 59850 80108 14
28.2 15.7 43.9
47 777275 903681 873094 1-20300 69879 80091 13
i

'28.1 16.7 43.9

48 777444 903487 873957 1-20043 69902 '800/ 3 12
I

28.1 15.7 43.9

49 777013 903392 874220 1-26780 i599'20!80050 11
28.1 16.8 43.9
5U 777781 903298 874484 125610. 69949 80038 10
-28.1 16.8 43.9 9
51 .777950 .903202 1.874747 10.125-253; 599/280021
J28.1 16.8 43.9 8
5'2 7;8119 903108 875010 124990. 59995 800"3
-28.1 16.8 43.9 9980 7
53 778287 9J3014 876273 1247 '27 000 19 7
-28.(1 16.8 43.8 6
64 778455 902919 875530 124404; 00042 .9908
28.0 16.8 43.8
55 778o24
28.0
902824
15.8
8.5800
43.8 124200, 00005 J7 9951 6
66 718792 902729 870003 1-23937 00089179934 4
'28.0 16.8 43.8 99
j

3
57 7789^0 902034 8703-20 1'23074! 00 11 2 j.
10
28.0 16.8 43.8 2
68 779128 902539 870689 123411' 001351:9899
28 16.9 43.8
59. 779-2!)5 9i)2444 870861 1'23149 1,001 58 j/9f)81 1
27 9 15.9 43.8
GO 779403 902349 877114 122886 60182 79804 '

Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. cof'vX.fiino

63 Degrees.
 58 Log. Sines and Tangents. (37) Natural Sines. TABLE II.

Sine. Cosine. |D. ]0"| Tang. Co tang. ilN.sine.jN. cos.

jD. 10"|

[9.779463 9,902349 10 122886

.

1 779b31 902253 122623

27
2 779798 902158 122360
27
3 7799156 902063 122097
27
4 780133 90196/ 121835
27
6 780300 901872 121572
27
6 780467 901776 121309 60321 79758
27
"7 7801)34 901 681 121047 60344 79741
27
8 780801 901585 120784 60367 79723
27
9 780c>d8 90l4y0 120522 60390 79706,
27
U) 781134 901394 120259 60414 79688
27
'

11 9,781301 ,901298 .119997 60437 79671

27
1^ 781468 901202 119735 60460 79658
I

27
13 781634 901106 119472
27
M 781800
27
901010 119210
15 7819^6 900914 118948
27
lb 782132 900818 118686
27 118424
17 782298 900722
27
18 782464 906626 118161
27
19 782630 900529 117899
27
20 782796 900433 117637
27
21 782961 9.900337 ,117375
27 117113
22 783127 900242
27 116852 60714
23 783292 900144, I

27 116590 160/38
24 783458 900047
27 116328
25 783623 899951 160761
27 116066 60-84
2ti 783/88 899854 !

27 115804
27 783953 899757 [6080/
28 27 115543 60830
7841 J8 899660 I

27 115281 60853
21) 784282 899564 I

27 115020 608 /6
3U 78444/ 899467
27 I

60699
31 784612 T 9.89.93/0 ,114758 i

27 114497 60J22
32 784/76 899273- i

33 27. 114235 60945

784941 899176 !

34 27. 1139/4 60968

785105 899078 i

35 27. 113/12 60991

785269 898981 i

27. 113451
3tJ 785433 898884 161015
27. 113190 ,61038
37 785597 898787
27. 112928 !61061
38 785761 898689
27. 112667 161084
39 785925 898592
27. 112406 6110/1/9158
40 786089 898494
27. 10 ,112145
41 9.786252 9.898397 61130i79140
27. 111884 61153 79122
42 786416 898299
27. 111623
13 7865/9 898202 61J/6J/9105
44 27. 111361 6119917908/
786/42 898104
27. IIIIOJ 612221/9069
45 78690J 898006
27. 110840 6124579051
46 787069 897908
27. 1105/9
47 78 232
- 89/810 61268] /9i33
27. 110318 612911-9016
48 78/395 89 7712
27. 110057
49 78755/ 89 7614 61314J-89.W
27. 109/96 6133/ /898U
50 787720 897516
27, 61360!78962
I
51 787883 9.897418 ,10 .100535
27, 109275 61 383 78944
52 788045 89/320 i

27. 109014 61406:78926

53 788208 897222
54 897123 108/53 61429 7^5908
7883701^5'
^'' (8493 6l45l|7o891
55 788532 89/025 1

56 788694 896926 108232 61474 78873

-

57 788856 896828 10-972 6149-178855

68 789018 896/29 107711 l|6l520|/8837
I

59 789180 89i>631 10/451 f 1543 .M819

||

60 789342 896532 10/190 6V<io 78801

ll

Cosine. Sine. Tang. N ens. X.sine.

1
1

52 Degree!
 TABLK II. Ix)g. Sines and Tangents. (38) Natural ginas. 59

Sine. D. 10" Cosine. D. 10' Tang. D. lO'l Cotang. N. sine. IN. cos.

9.789342 .896532 .892810 10.107190 61566 78801

26.9 16.4
789504 896433 893070 106930 6158978783
26.9 16.6
789665 896335 893331 106669 61612|78765
26.9 16.5
789827 896236 893591 106409 6163578747
26.9 16.6
4 789988 896137 893851 106149 61658!78729
26.9 16.5
5 790149 896038 894111 10588y 61681 '78711
26.9 16.5
6 79l)bl0 895939 894371 105629 61704'78694
26.8 16.6
7 790471 895840 894632 105368 61726:78676
26.8 16.5
8 791)632 895741 894892 105108 61749 78668
26.8 16.5
9 79J793 895641 895152 104848 6177278640
26.8 16.5
!0 790954 895542 895412 104588 61795178622
26.8 16.5
11 9.791115 .895443 .895672 10.104328 61818178604
26.8 16.6
12 791275 895343 895932 104068 161841 178586
26.7 16.6
13 791436 895244 896192 103808 61864 78568
26.7 16.6
14 791596 895145 896452 103548 61887 ,78550
26.7 16.6
15 J791757 895045 896712 103288 61909 78532
26.7 16.6
16 791917 894945 896971 103029 61932 78514
26.7 16.6
17 792077 894846 897231 102769 61956J78496
26.7 16.6
18 792237 894746 897491 102509 61978 78478
26.6 16.6
19 792397 894646 897751 102249 62001 78460
26.6 16.6
20 792567 894546 898010 101990 62024 78442
26.6 16.6
21 .792716 .894446 .898270 10.101730 62046 78424
26.6 16.7
22 792876 894346 898530 101470 62069 78405
26.6 16.7
23 793035 894246 898789 101211 62092 78387
26.0 16.7
24 793195 894146 899049 100951 62115 78369
26.6 16.7
25 793354 894046 899308 100692 62138 78351
26.5 16.7
20 793614 893946 899568 100432 62160 78333
26.6 16.7
27 793673 893846 899827 100173 62183 78315
26.6 16.7
28 793832 893745 900086 099914 62206 78297
26.5 16.7
29 793991 893645 900346 099654 62229 78279
26.6 16.7
30 794150 893544 900605 099395 62251 7^261
26.4 16.7
31 .794308 .893444 .900864 10.099136 62274 78243
26.4 16.8
32 794467 893343 901124 098876 62297 78225
26.4 16.8
334- 794626 893243 901383 098617 62320 ;8206
26.4 16.8
34 794784 -93142 901642 098358 62342 78188
26.4 16.8
35 794942 893041 901901 098099 62365 78170
26.4 16.8
36 795101 892940 902160 097840 62388 78152
26.4 16.8
37 795259 892839 902419 097581 62411 78134
26.3 16.8
38 795417 892739 902679 09V 321 62433 78116
26.3 16.8
39 795575 892638 902938 097062 62456 78098
26-3 16.8
40 795733 892536 903197 096803 62479 78079
26.3 16.8
41 9.795891 .892435 .903455 10.09b545 62502 78061
26.3 16.9
42 79(>049 892334 903714 096286 62524 78043
26.3 16.9
43 796206 892233 903973 096027 62547 78025
26.3 16.9
44 79(i364 892132 904232 096768 62570 78007
26.2 16.9
45 796621 892030 904491 095509 62592 77988
26.2 16.9
46 796679 891929 904760 096250 62615 77970
26.2 16.9
47 79;i836 891827 905008 094992 62638177952
26.2 16.9
48 796993 891726 905267 094733 62(360 77934
49
26.2 16.9
797150 891624 905526 094474 62683 77916
26.1 16.9
60 797307 891623 '
906784 094216 62706 77897
26-1 17.0
51 9.797464 .891421 i.9(J6<>43 10.093957 62728 77879
26 -ll' 17.0
62 797621 891319 90t)302 093698 62761 77861
26- 1 17.0
63 797777 891217 906560 093440 62774 77843
26.1 17.0
64 797934 891115 90t)819 093181 62796 77824
26. 1 17.0
55 798091 891013 907077 01^2923 U)2819 77806
26.1 17.0
5*i 798247 89091 1 907336 092664 (i2842 77788
26.1 17.0
67 798403 890809 907594 092406 ()2864 77769
58 26.0 17.0
798560 890707 907852 092148 (;2h87 /7751
26.0 17.0
69 798716 890605 908111 09i89 6l.'909 77733
26 17.0
60 798872 890503 9(W369 091631 62932 77716
Cosine. Sin<r. Cot:illg. Tung. N. <;o. N.8ine

)I Dcgree.s.
 60 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE II.
(39^)

Sine. D. lO"! Cosine. D. 10" Tan-'. D. iu" jN. .sine. N. cos

9.798772 9.890503 9.90i36;) 10.091631 62932 77715 60

26.0 17.0 43.0
799028 890100 9aS;)28 091372 (129551 77696 69
26.0 17.1 43.0
799184 890298 908886 091114 629 7 i 77678 58
26.0 17.1 43.0 j

799339 890195 90J144 099856 6300 Jj 77660 57

25.9 17.1 43.0
4 799495 89J0J3 90J4J2 090598 63022 77641
25.9 17.1 43.0
5 799651 889990 909660 0J0340 63045 77623
25.9 17.1 43.0
6 799808 889888 909918 090J82 63068 77605
25.9 17.1 43.0
7 799962 889 78 J 910177 089823 63090 77586 1

25.9 17.1 43.0

8 800117 -889682 910435 089565 63113 77568
25.9 17.1 43.0
9 800272 889579 910 J93 089307 63136 77550
25.8 17.1 43.0
10 800427 889477 910951 089049 63158 /7531
25.8 17.1 43.0
H 9.800'582
25.8
9.889374
17.2
9.911209
43.0
10.088791 93180 77513
12 800737 889271 911467 088533 63203 4
25.8 17.2 43.0
13 800892 889168 911724 088276 63225 77476
25.8 17.2 43.0
14 801047 8S9064 911982 088018 63248 7458
25.8 17.2 43.0
15 801201 8&S961 912240 087760 63271 77439
25.8 17.2 43.0
16 801356 888858 912498 087502 63293 77421
25.7
17 801511 888755
17.2
912756 43.0 087244 63316 77402
25.7 17.2 43.0
18 801665 888651 913014 086986 63338 7384
25.7 17.2 42.9
19 801819 888548 913271 086729 63361 7366
I
25.7 17.2 42.9
20 801973 888444 913529 086471 63383 77347
25.7 17.3 42.9
21 9.802128 9.888341 .913787 10.086213 63406 77329
25.7
22 802282 888237
17.3
914044 42.9 085956 63428 77310
25.6
23 802436 888134
17.3 914302 42.9 085698 163451 77292
25.6 17.3 42.9
24 802589 888030 914560 085440 63473 77273
26.6 17.3 42.9
25 802743 887926 914817 085183 63496 77255
25.6 17.3 915075 42.9
26 8028y7 887822 084925 163518 7236
25.6 17.3 42.9
27 803050 887718 915332 084668 63540 77218
25.6 17.3 42.9
28 803204 887614 91559J 084410 63563 7199
25.6 17.3 42.9
29 803357 887510 915847 084153 63585 77181 1

25.5 17.3 42.9

30 803511 887406 916104 083896 63608 77162
25.5 17.4 9.916362 42.9
31 9.803664 9.887302 10-083638 63630 77144
25.6 17.4 916619 42.9
32 803817 887198 083381 63653 7125
25.5 17.4 42.9
33 803970 887093 916877 083123 63675 77107
25.5 17.4 42.9
34 804123 886989 917134 082866 63698 77088
25.5 17.4 42.9
35 804276 88u885 91 7391 082609 63720 77070
25.4 17.4 42.9
36 804428 886780 917648 082352 6374^ 77051
25.4 17.4 42.9
37 804581 886676 917905 0820955 163765 770
17.4 42.9
38 804734 886571 918163 081837 77014
17.4 42.8
39 804886 885466 918420 081580
17.4 42.8
40 805039 88t)362 918677 081323
17.5 42.8
41 9.805191 886257 9.918934 10 081066
17.5 42.8
42 805343 886152 919191 08U809 I

17.5 42.8
43 805495 886047 919448 080552
17.5 42.8
44 805647 885942 919 705 080295
17.5 42.8
45 805799 885837 919962 080038
^o 17.5 42.8
46 805951 885732 920219 079781
25.3 17.5 42.8
47 806103 885627 920476 079524
25.3 17.5 42.8
48 8J6254 885522 920733 079267
25.3 17,5 42.8
49 80o406 885416 920990 079010
25.2 17.6 42.8
50 80J557 885311 921247 078753
25.2 17.6 42.8
51 9.806/09 9.8^5205 1.921503 10.0784971
25.2 17.6 42.8
52 806860 885100 921760 078240'
53 25.2 17.6 42.8
807011 884994 922017 07/983 J

54 25.2 17.6 42.8

807163 884889 922274 077726
55 25.2 17.6 42.8
80/314 884783 922530 077470
56 17.6 42.8
807465 884677 922787 077213
17.6 42.8
57 80/615 884572 923044 076956
58 17.6 42.8
80/766 884466 923300 0/6700
17.6 42.8
59 807917 884360 92355 7 076443
17.6 42.7
60 808067 884254 923813 076187
Cosine;. Co tail''. Tang. :
 TAKLK 11. I.oj;. ^ims and Tanpeuts. (40) Natural Sines. 61

Sine. D. W] Cosine. |D. 10"| Tang. D. lO'^ l

Cotang. I|N
jino.l X. cog .

_
80-$OJ7 .884254 .923813 10.076187
25.1
1 808218 884148 17.7 924070 075930
25.1 17.7
2 80S3J8 884042 924327 0756,3
25.1 17.7
3 808') 19 88393() 924583 075417
4
25.0 883829 17.7
80.-i664 924840 075160
25.0
6 8 088 19 883723 17.7 925096 074904
25.0
t> 808969 883617 17.7 925352 074648
25.0 883510 17.7
7l 800 1 19 925609 074391 76473
25.0 17.7
80J269 88340^4 9258()5 074136 76455
25.0 883297 17.7
8JJ4I9 926122 0738,8 7(>436
24.9 883191 17.8 76417
iol 80J;3()9 926378 073622
809718 24.9 17.8 76398
II l9. .883084 .926634 10.073366
809868 24.9 882977 17.8 76380
V2 926890 073110
810017 24.9 882871 17.8
13 927147 072853 645681 76301
24.9 882764 17.8 76342
14 810167 927403 072597
24.9
15 810316 882657 17.8 927659 072341 7()323
810465 24.8 882550 17.8 927915
16 072085 7()304
810614 24.8 882443 17.8 76286/1 ^3
17 928171 071829
810763 24.8 882336 17.8 76267
18 928427 071573
810912 24.8 882229 17.9 76248
19 928683 071317
20 8I10J1 24.8 882121 17.9 76229
928940 071060
9 811210 24.8 .882014 17.9 76210
.929196 10.070804
22 811358 24.8 881907 17.9 76192
929452 070548
24.7
23 811507 881799 17.9 929708 070292 76173
24 811655 24.7 881692 17.9 76154
929964 070036
25 811804 24.7 881584 17.9 76135
930220 069780
811952 24.7 17.9
21) 881477 930475 069525 76116
27 8I2IO0 24.7 17.9
8813i9 930731 0i)92()9 76097
2H 812248 24.7 17.9
881261 930987 0()9013 76078
29 812396 24.7 18.0
881153 931243 0{)8757 76059
30 812544 24.6 18.0
881046 931499 068501 76041
31 .812692 24.6 18.0
.88t>938 931755 10.068245 76022
32 812840 24.6 18.0
880830 932010 067990 76003
33 812988 24.6 18.0
880722 932266 067734 75984
34 813135 24.6 880613 18.0 75905
932522 067478
35 24.6 18.0
8l3-.i83 880505 932778 06.222 65055 i75946
36 813430 24.6 18.0
8f;0397 933033 066967 65077 759-^7
37 813578 24.5 18.0
880-289 933289 066711 65100175908
38 813725 24.5 18.1
880180 933545 066455 65122176889
39 813872 24.6 18.1
8800/2 933800 066200 65144 75^/0
40 814019 24.6 879963 18.1 934056 065944 ()51o6ji5ft51
.814166 24.6 18.1
41 .879855 .934311 10.065689 6518b 75832
42 814313 24.6 18.1
879746 934567 065433 j 652 10 75813
43 814460 24.5 18.1
879637 934823 065177 I
66232 75794
44 814607
24.4 18.1
65:^54 76775
879629 935078 064922 :

24.4 18.1
45 81 ^753 879420 935333 (164667 65276 5 56 , <

46 814900 24.4 18.1

I 879311 935689 064411 <

65-iy8 76738
24.4 18.1
474 815)4(> 879202 935844 0()4156 653'^ 75<19
48 815193 24.4 18.2
879093 936100 -
063900 :
65342 ,6i00hI2
49 815339 24.4 18.2
878984 936355 063645 65364 ,5680
60 815485 24.4 18.2
8788 5 i 936610 063390 (i5o8t) ,5001
24.31, 18.2
51 .815631 .878766 1.936866 10.063134 65408 , 504"^
52 815-78 21.3 878656
18.2
937121 062879 654b0 75023
53 815924 24.3 878547
18.2
937376 0t)2624 65452 ,5o04
54 8160^9 24.3 878438
18.2
937632 06231)8 65474 ,5585
65 24.3 18.2
816215 878328 937887 0O2113 65496 ,55o6
66 KI6361
24.3 18.2
878219 938142 061858 1)5518 7554,
67 816507
24.3 18.3 65540 5528
878109 938398 061602 ,

68 816652 24.2 877999

18.3
938()53 Otil347 655v/^i,5509
69 24.2 18.3 0558^ ,5490
816798 877890 938908 061092
24.2 18.3 65006/ 54 I
60 816943 877780 939163 06 0837 <

Cosine. Sine. Cotanti;. Tanjr. N. (<)!<. I N.hiue,

|

49 Degreea.
 'n
62 Loo;. Sines and Tangents. (41) Natural Sines. TABLE n.
Sine. D. 10" Cosine. D. 10" Tans.

.816943 1.877780 9.939163

24 18.3 42.5
1 817088 877670 939418
24 18.3
2 817233 877560 939673
24 18.3
3 817379 877450 939928
24 18.3
4 817524 877340 940183
24 18.3
6 817668 877230 940438
24 18.4
6 817813 877120 940694
24.1 18.4
7 817958 877010 940949
24.1 18.4 941204
8 818103 876899
24.1 18.4
9 818247 876789 941458
24.1 18.4
10 818392 876678 941714
24.1 18.4
11 818536 1.876568 9.941968
24.0 18.4
12 818681 876457 942223
24.0 18.4
13 818825 876347- 942478
24.0 18.4
14 818969 876236 942733
24.0 18.5
15 819113 876125 942988
24.0 18.5
16 819257 876014 943243
24.0 18.5
17 819401 875904 943498
24.0 18.5
18 819545 875793 943752
23.9 18.6
19 819689 876682 944007
23.9 18.6
20 819832 875571 944262
23.9 18.6
21 819976 .875469 9.944617
23.9 18.6
22 820120 875348 944771
23.9 18.6
23 820263 875237 946026
23.9 18.5
24 82U40O 875126 945281
23.9 18.6
25 82055U 875014 945535
23.8 18.6
26 820o93 874903 945790
23.8 18.6
27 820836 874791 94t)045
23.8 18.6
28 8209/9 874680 946299
23.8 18.6
29 821122 874568 946554
23.8 18.6
30 821265 874456 946808
23.8 18.6
31 82140/ .874344 9470o3
23.8 18.6
32 821550 874232 947318
23.8 18.7
33 821693 874121 947572
23.7 18.7
34 821835 874009 947826
23.7 18.7
35 821977 873896 948081
23.7 18.7
36 822120 873784 948336
23.7 18.7
37 822262 873672 948590
23.7 18.7
38 822404 8 73560 948844
23.7 18.7
39 822546 873448 949099
23.7 18.7
40 822688 873335 949363
23.6 18.7
41 822830 .873223 9.949607
23.6 18.7
42 8229/2 873110 949862
23.6 18.8
43 823114 872998 950116
23.6 18.8
44 823256 872885 950370
23.6 18.8 950625
45 82339/ 872772
23.6 18.8
46 823539 872659 95Lt879
23.6 18.8 951133
47 8i3680 872547
23.6 18.8
951388
iS 823821 872434
23.6 18.8
49 823963 872321 951642
23.6 18.8 951896
50 824104 872208
23.5 18.8
51 9. 824245 .872096 9.95215U
23.5 18.9
952405
62 824386 871981
23.5 18.9
53 824527 871868 952659
23.5 18.9
64 824668 871755 952913
23.4 18.9
55 824808 871641 953167
23.4 18.9
56 824949 871528 953421
23.4 18.9
57 825090 871414 953676
23.4 18.9
58 825230 871o01 953929
23.4 18.9
59 825371 871187 954183
23.4 18.9
60 825511 871073 954437
Cosine. Sine. Cotanj'.
TAlilA-: II. Ix)g. Sines and Tangents. (42*^) Natural Sines. 63

Sine. D. 10" Cosine, Tang D. 10' Cotang. bine. [N. cos

p. 10"[ IN.
.8-25.511 .871073 .954437 10.045563 66913 74314
23.4 19.0 42.3
8-25ool 870.>6i) 954691 045309 66935:74295
23.3 19.0 42.3
8-25791 870846 954945 045055 66956174276
23.3 19.0 42.3
8-25). I 870732 955200 044800 66978174256
3.3 19.0 42.3
8-2(> (71 870618 955454 044546 6699974237
23.3 19.0 42.3
8-2G-11 870501 955707 044293' 67021 '7421 7
123.3 19.0 42.3
8-2(>ir)l 870^90 955961 044039 67043,74198
.3 19.0 42.3
8-2G491 12. 870276 956215 043785 67064^74178
123.3 19.0 42.3
8-2G(J31 870161 9564691 ;:;" 043531 67086,74159
-.3.3 19.0 **-^-^
8-26/ ;U 8;0J47 9567-23 043277 67107174139
123.2 19.1 42.3
8-2U910 8 .99 W
956977 0430-23 67129174120
1-23.2 19.1 42.3
8270 i9 f. 957231
.869818 10.042769, 67151174100
23.2 19.1 42.3
837189 -869704957485 0425151: 67172174080
23.2 19.1 42.3
8'273-8 8(i9589 957739 04^2261 ':
67194!740til
-3.2 19.1 42.3
8-271b7 I

869474 957993 042007 67215:74041

'23.2 19.1 42. 3
827tiUG 869360 958246 041754 67-237174022
i23.2 19.1 42.3
82/; 45 8ti9245 958600 041500 67258174002
1-23.2 19.1 42.3
8278S4 869130 958754 041246 67-28073983
123.1 42.3
828023 869015 19.1 959008 tH0992: 67301:73963
23.1 19.2 42.3
8-28 162 8)8900 959262 040738 673-23^73944
!'23.l 19.2 42.3
8-28301, 3
-8()8785 969516 04044 67344*73924
19.2 42.3
.828439 ;;^- 1 9 .868670 r. 959 769 10.040-231 67366 73904
19.2 42.3
8-285781*^- J 868555 960023 039977: 67387173885
19.2 42.3
8-28716 868440 960277 0b9723l 6V409!73865
f^^- 42.3
8-28855 8jH324 19.2 960531 0394691, 6743073846
1^^ -J 19.2 42.3
828993 hr:^-" 868209 960784 039216 67452 '73826
!i

19.2 42.3
8-29131 868093 961038 038962 67473'73806
;^-^
I

42.3
8-29-269
j-^-^
867978 19.2 961291 038709 67495:73787
42.3
8-29407 867862 19.3 961545 038455 67516:73767
Lj^-^ 19.3 42.3
8-29545 867747 961799 038201 67538173747
1^^-^ 19.3 42.3 |i

8-29ob3 :;:|-" 867631 962052 03794811 67659J73728

19.3 42.3
.8-29821
2^0 .867515 .962306 10.037694 67580 73708
i

42.3
867399 19.3
1

829959 962560 037440 67602 73688

^.j- 19.3 42.3
830097 867-283 96-2813 037187: 67623 73669
i^.j-^ 19.3 42.3
830234 867167 963067 0369331, 67645 73649
830372
!;^.j-^ 19.3 42.3
867051 963320 036680 67666 73()29
-^-^ 19.3 42.3 ji

866935 963574 0364-26 67688 73610

I i

83o'IS ,, 22:9 19.4 42.3

8J0.>46 .
y 866819 963827 036173 67709173590
|!

830784
"^^"^ 19.4 42.3
866703 964081 035919;, 677307357
22.9 19.4 42.3
8309-21 86()586 964335 035666 67762j73551
!

831058
-22.8 19.4 42.3
866470 964588 035412 6777373531
'i
22.8 19.4 42.2
.831195 .866353 i. 964842 10.035158: 67795,73511
22.8 19.4 42.2
831332 866-237 965095 034906!; 67816173491
22.8 19.4 42.2
831469 866120 965349 034651 !! 67837173472
22.8 19.4 42.2
831606 866004 965602 034o98 67859^73452
22.8 19.5 42.2
831742 865887 965855 034145 67880:73432
22.8 19.5 42.2
831879 866770 966109 033891;; 679U1 73413
22.8 19.5 42.2
832015 8ti5653 966362 033638 :

67923 73393
.,.,;^^ 22.7 865536 19.5
42.2
966616 033384, 67944 73373
19.5 42.2
83-2-288
:;:;'
865419 96()869 033131 ; 67965 73 53
42.2
865302 19.5 967123 03-2877: 67987173333
22:7
8^o^n ,,,, .865185 19 42.2
832o(>l 1.967376 10.03-26-24' 68U08 73314
83-2697
19 42.2
Z^l 865068 967629 0323711 68029 73294
19 42.2
83-2833
^^-^ 864950 967883 032117' 68051 73274
83-2969 ;:.:;.
19 42.2
864833 968136 031864! 680/2 73254
19 42.2
864716 968389 031611 68093 73234
19 42.2
864598 968()43 031357 68115 73215
833377 19.6 42.2
864481 968896 031104 68136 73195
i-'l 42.2
83J512 864363 19.6 9()9149 030851 68157 73175
-^ I 19.6 42.2
833648 ti-^. 864245 969403 030597 68179 73155
833783
"^"^-^ 19.6 42.2
864127 969656 030344 68200 73135
Co.sine. .Sine. Cotan^. Tang. N. coc. N.sine,

47 Degrees.
 64 Log. Sines and Tangents. (4:3) Natural Sines. TABLE 11.

aine. D. 10" CoAuiti. B. 10 Tan g. D. 10" Cotaug. I jN .sine. IN. COS.

.833783 9.864127 9.969656 10.030344 168200 73135

19.6 42.2
1 833919 864010 969909 030091 68221 73116
1

19.6 42.2
2 834054 863892 970162 029838 ^168242 73096
863774 19.7 42.2
3 834189 970416 029584 68264 73076
i

863656
19 42.2
4 83 13-25 970669 029331 68285 73056
863538
19 42.2 I j

5 834460 970922 029078 6830. 73036 1

863419
19 42.2
6 834595 971175 028825 68327 73016
I

19 42.2
7 834730 863301 971429 028571 68349172996 1

19 42.2
1

834865 S63183 971682 028318 Ij683 70i72976

19 42.2
9 834999 863064 971935 028065 683911 72957
I

19 42.2
10 835134 862946 972188 027812 68412172937
I

19.8 42.2
11 835269 9.862827 9.972441 10.027559 68434172917
i

19.8 42.2
12 ^35403 862709 972694 027306 68455172897
i 1

19.8 42.2
13 835538 862590 972948 027052 i|684/6'72877
19.8 42.2
14 835672 862471 973201 026799 68497 72857
|l
19.8 42.2
16 8358 J7 862353 973454 026546 68518172837
19.8 42.2 1

16 835941 862234 973707 026293 68539172817

19.8 42.2 I

17 8360/5 862115 973960 026040 |6856li72797

19.8 42.2
18 836209 861996 974213 025787 68582J72777 1

19.8 42.2
19 836343 861877 974466 025534 168603172757
19.8 42.2
20 836477 861758 974719 025281 6862472737
19.9 42.2
2] 9.836611 861638 9.974973 10.025027 6864572717
19.9 42.2
22 836745 861519 975226 024774 68666i72697
19.9 42.2
23 8368/8 861400 976479 024521 68688 172677
19.9 42.2
24 837012 861280 975732 024268 68709172657
19.9 42.2
25 837146 861161 975985 024015 68730i72637
19.9 42.2
26 837279 861041 976238 023762 6875l|72617
19,9 42.2
27 837412 860922 976491 023509 68772'72597
19.9 42.2 ,

28 837546 860802 976744 023256 68793:72577

19.9 42.2 I!

29 837679 860682 976997 023003 68814'72557

20.0 42.2
30 837812 860562 977250 022750 68835 |72.J37
20.0 42.2
31 83 794 J 860442 9.977503 10.022497 68857J72517
20.0 42.2
32 8380/8 860322 977756 022244 ,,68878172497
20.0 42.2
33 83H211 8602U2 978009 021991 68899 72477
I

20.0 42.2
34 838344 860082 978262 021738 68920 72457
20.0 42.2
35 838477 859962 978515 021485 68941172437
20.0 42.2
36 838610 859842 978768 021232 68962^72417
20.0 42.2
37 838 742 859 721 979021 020979 68983j72397
20.1 42.2
38 8388 5 < 8596U1 979274 020726 69004:72377
20.1 42.2
39 839007 859480 979527 020473 69025 72357
20.1 42.2
40 839140 859360 979780 020220 69046 72337 i

20.1 42.2
41 839272 9 859239 9.980033 10.019967 169067172317
20.1 42.2
42 839404 859119 980286 019714 |69088!72297
20.1 42.2
43 839536 858998 980538 019462 691 09' 72277
20.1 42.2
44 839668 8588 7 7 980791 019209 69130 72257 I

20.1 42.1
45 83980U 858756 981044 018956 6915172236
20.2 42.1
46 839932 858635 981297 018703 16917272216
20.2 42.1
47 840064 858514 981550 018450 6^193 72196
20.2 42.1
48 840196 858393 981803 018197 16921472176
20.2 42.1
49 840328 8582/2 982056 017944 69235 72156 I

20.2 42.1
50 840459 858151 982309 017691 169256 72136
20.2 42.1
51 9.849591 9.858029 9.982562 10.017438 [6927/72116
20.2 42.1
52 840722 857908 982814 017186 6929872096 !

29.2 42.1
53 840854 857786 983067 016933 69319 72075
20.2 42.1
54 840985. 85 7665 933320 016680 69340172055
i

20.3 42.1
55 857543 983573 016427 69361 72035
!

8411161;;} 29.3 42.1

56 841247 85/422 983826 016174 169382 72015
1^ 20,3 42.1
67 8413 78'::! 857300 9:i4079 015921 169403 71995
20.3 42.1
58 841509 857178 984331 015669 169424 71974
20.3 42.1
59 841640 857056 984584 015416 69445 71951
!

20.3 42.1
60 8417/1 856934 98483/ tl 5163 6946671931
i

sill". Sine. Cotauj:;. Tang. N. oos.JN.siae.

46 Degrees.
 TABLE II. liOg. Sines and Tangents. (44) Natural Sines. 65

Sine. Cotang. I N. sine. N. cos.

.841771 10.0151G3 b94()() 71934

I 841902 0'4910 6948 71914
'i S42033 014057 ^950.S 71894
3 8421(J3 01+104 09529 71873 ;

4 842-294 014152 69549 718C3

5 842424 013899 69570 71833
G 842555 013b4b (i9591 71813
7 842>iH5 013393 69(il2 71792
8 842815 013140 691)33 71772
y 84294b 012888 tJ5)b54 71752
\i) 8430 /b 012b35 69676 7 732 1

11 .84320b 10.01-2382 69b9( 71711

1-2 84.J33b 0121-29 69;i1 71691
13 8434bb 011877 69737 71671
14 843595 011b24 69758 71b50
15 843/25 011371 69779 71030
lb 843855 011118 69800 71010
17 843984 0108bb 69821 71590
18 844114 010bl3 69842 71509
19 844243 0103b0 698li-2 71549
20 844372 010107 69^83 715-29
21 .844502 10.009855 69904 71508
22 844b31 00iJb02 69925 71488
23 8447b0 009349 6994b 71408 137
24 844889 009097 ()99(ib 71447
26 845018 008844 6997 714-27
26 845147 fK)859l 70008 71407
27 84527b S338 70029 7138b
28 845405 Uv>-i08b 70049 13b6
29 845533 007833 70070 1345
30 845tJb2 007580 70091 13-25 130
31 .845790 10- 0073-28' 70112 1305
32 845919 00. 0/5' 70132 71284
33 840047 000822 701 rj3 71264
34 84bl75 000570 70174 71243
I

35 84b304 000317 70195 1223I

3G 84b432 00o0b4i 70215 1203

37 84b5b0 005811 70236 71182
i

38 84bt)8 005559 70257 71102

'

39 84b81b 00530b 702.7 1141

j

40 84o944 005053 70298 1121

41 .847071 0.0048011 70319 71100
42 847199 004548 70339 lOHO
!

43 847327 004295 703()0 1059! 17

44 847454 004043 70.81 1039; 16
'

45 847582 003/ 90 70401 1019' 16

4b 847709 003537 70422 ()998
i

47 84783b 003-285 70443 09^8

48 8479b4 003032 70463 70957
49 8480J1 002779 70484 0937
50 1
848218 00-2527 70505 0916
;

61 ;9 .848345 10 002274 705-25 089b

62 848472 (J02021 7054(> 0876
I

63 848599 001709 705b 0855 <

64 848 /2b 001510 70587 70834

>

65 h 18852 001203 70<>08 0813

6tJ 8489.9 001011 7(Ki28 70793
57 84910'i 000758 70649! 0772
'

58 849232 000505, 70670 i0762

69 849359 000-253!' 70690 70731
60 849485 000000 70711 70.11
I

Coxine. N. c(>f. .N.ciiii

45 DegreM.
36
68 LOGARITHMS
N.
 OF NUMBERS 69

AUXILIARY LOGARITHMS
N. Log. ;|
N. 1

.008
,007
OOfi
005

1.003
1.002
1.001
 70 NUMBERS.
Log. 46, 1.6627578316
Log. 67, 1.8260748027

Log. 3082 3.4888326343

Log.3083=3.4888326343+-^^^^^^^'^
6165

NUMBERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS,

OFTEN USED IN COMPUTATIONS.

Circamference of a circle to dia. 1 )

Log.
Surface of a sphere to diameter IV =3.14159265 0.4971499
Area of a circle to radium 1 )
Area of a circle to diameter 1 .7863982 1.8950899
Capacity of a sphere to diameter 1 = .62359881.7189986
Capacity of a sphere to radius 1 =4.1887902 0.622J886

Arc of any circle equal to the radius =5729578 1.7581226

Arc equal to radius expressed in sec. =206264"8 5.3144251
Length of a degree, (radius unity} = .01745329 2.2418773

=
12 hours expressed in seconds,
Complement of the same,
43200
=0.00002315 4.6354837
5.36-15163
360 degrees expressed in seconds, = 1296000 6.1 126050

A gallon of distilled water, when the temperature

is 62

Fahrenheit, and Barometer 30 inches, is 277.f^a-V cubic

inches.

7277.274=16.651542 nearly.

^ 231 =
277.274
-= 1 8.78925284 1 5. 1 98684.
.775398

7 282 =16.792855.
!??:._= 18.948708.
^'.785398
The French Metre=3.2808992, English /ee^ linear mea-
sure,=39.3707904 inches, the length of a pendulum vi-
brating seconds.
 VB 35967

924227
d?A 53/

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY