2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)
Application of Numerical Techniques to FRA Data
for Diagnosing Integrity of Transformer Windings
M. Prameela
EEE Department
B. V. Raju Institute of technology
Narsapur, Telangana, India
prameela.madala@gmail.com
AbstractThe paper presents the investigations carried out
on a transformer for various simulated faults to obtain FRA data
and study the applicability of various numerical techniques. The
numerical parameters Viz., Min-Max ratio (MM), Mean Square
Error (MSE), Maximum Absolute Difference (MABS), Absolute
Sum of Logarithmic Error (ASLE), Standard Deviation (SD) and
Correlation Coefficient (CC) computed in three different
frequency bands are presented to aid the interpretation of SFRA
data. Frequency responses among identical phases of the sister
units and different phases of a healthy three phase transformer
were used to obtain the proposed representative numerical
parameters for comparison. Deviation of the numerical
parameters from the proposed representative parameters for
different types of simulated faults is analyzed to diagnose the
condition of the transformer. The analysis of the deviations in the
parameters suggests the possibility of using the numerical
approach to diagnose the transformer winding displacements and
deformations. Interpretations of the results presented also
indicate the possibility of discriminating the faulty winding using
numerical parameter, computed from reference base data,
symmetry of the windings, sister units and type of winding
approach, and comparing them with the proposed representative
numerical parameters presented in the paper.
Keywords condition assessment; deformation; displacements;
SFRA; numerical approach;
I. INTRODUCTION
Large power transformers are most expensive and the
important components of any power generation and
transmission system. Outages in Transformer have a
considerable economic impact on the operation of an electrical
network. Deformation/movements of winding assemblies are
caused by electromagnetic forces caused by external short-
circuit currents or by ageing for the transformers in service or
by stresses originating from mechanical vibrations during
transport [1]. Identifying winding movements/deformations is
very important for the safe operation and better planning of
maintenance of transformer in service and to improve its
reliability. Frequency response analysis (FRA) method [1-3]
using sweep frequency voltage source and Transfer Function
(TF) method [4-5] using a low voltage impulse source are the
main methods used for detecting winding deformation/
displacements. Short circuit reactance measurement is
described in IEC 60076-5 [6] standard as a diagnostic method
to check the mechanical integrity of the winding. However, it
is also observed [7] that, this method is not applicable to
978-1-4673-7748-5/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE
87
Pradeep M. Nirgude
UHV Research Laboratory
Central Power Research Institute
Hyderabad-500 098, Telangana, India
pmnirgude@cpri.in
power transformers already in service due to its low
sensitivity.
All the conventional FRA techniques are based on
graphical analysis for diagnosis, which requires trained
experts to interpret test results in order to identify both the
failure and failure tendencies in the transformer. Therefore,
conclusions will differ depending on the personnel
experienced in interpreting the FRA data. In CIGRE SC-12
Colloquium [8], it is reported that some interpretation of FRA
results are not so clear and failure criteria is uncertain. FRA
results are sensitive to a variety of winding faults and are said
to be less dependent on previous reference measurements.
However, there are no systematic guidelines for interpretation
of the FRA results. Hence, studies to collect field data by
conducting measurement at site and analyze them for an
objective and systematic interpretation methodology using
different diagnostic techniques are essential.
Many attempts have been made and are being continued to
develop an evaluation method that can be applied by
inexperienced personnel using numerical methods [9-17]. This
paper presents the results of SFRA measurement work and
investigations carried out on a transformer for inter turn and
radial displacement simulated faults to study the applicability
of various numerical tools for diagnosing the integrity of
transformer windings. Numerical evaluation techniques to
compare different phase windings of the same transformer or
sister units for interpreting frequency response measurement
data are applied to obtain the proposed representative
numerical parameters that can be used to critically detect the
faulty condition of the transformer. The results presented in
the paper will help in interpreting the FRA data based on the
phase comparison/sister unit comparison, even in the absence
of fingerprints, in order to assess the condition of the
transformer.
II. SFRA MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND TEST CONNECTIONS
FRA measurements were carried out using Sweep
Frequency Response Analyzer (SFRA) instrument. Number
frequency responses can be obtained, for various types of test
conditions with tested and non-tested terminals, to detect the
faulty winding and type of fault. Each type of test connection
gives different sensitivity to various types of faults in the
transformer [18, 19]. Variation in FRA graphical display is
introduced by different types of faults which are detected by
certain type of measurement test connections with greater
IEEE CATCON 2015
 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)
sensitivity. Common types of test connections, which are
found to be very sensitive to different types of faults in a
transformer, employed in SFRA measurements are explained
in CIGRE Working Group-A2.26 document [19]. In this work,
the frequency response data obtained from the end-to-end
(open) test connection, which examines each winding
separately, is used to compute the various numerical
parameters for further analysis.
III. APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL PARAMETERS
Sweep frequency response of transformer windings gives
two plots, i.e. magnitude plot and phase plot. The information
on the condition of the winding is contained in these plots.
The FRA graphical display plots are compared with reference
plots measured at earlier times under identical test
configurations. However, Interpretation of the frequency
responses on graphical display requires experts to locate a
problem in the transformer. For inexperienced personnel,
numbers come in handy to detect the problem based on some
criterion given to them. Recent literature survey [9-17]
indicates various important numerical techniques for the
detection of a defect. Definitions of some of these numerical
parameters [20-21] Viz., Correlation Co-efficient (CC),
Mean square error (MSE), Absolute Sum of Logarithmic Error
(ASLE) , Maximum absolute difference(MABS), Min-Max
ratio(MM) and Standard Deviation(SD) and they are
computed. These parameters have been used to numerically
quantify deviations between two sets of frequency responses.
Magnitudes from the frequency response measurements are
only compared to determine the numerical parameters in this
work. While defining the numerical parameters, reference data
(fingerprints/sister unit/phase comparison etc.) are compared
with another set of measured frequency response data using
SFRA for end to end (open) test condition.
IV. EVOLUTION OF PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE NUMERICAL
PARAMETER FOR DIAGNOSIS
Comparison of frequency responses of different phases of
the same transformer and/or comparison of frequency
responses of sister units are carried out and the numerical
parameters are computed considering one of the response as
base frequency response in the absence of the fingerprints.
Ideally, comparison of reference healthy transformer FRA
data with the FRA data sets obtained subsequently shall result
in CC to be 0, MSE to be 0, ASLE to be 0, MABS to be 0,
MM to be 1 and SD to be 0 for declaring the health of
transformer to be in perfect condition. However, because of
the asymmetry of the core with respect to the windings of a
three phase transformer, manufacturing and measurement
differences etc, different numerical parameters have to be
assigned proposed representative values, close to ideal, for
using them for comparison purposes to diagnose the integrity
of the transformer windings. Computation of these parameters
over the entire measurement band will result in a single value
which may not give the proposed representative parameters
which can be used to assess the condition of the transformer.
The proposed representative numerical parameters are
computed in three free frequency bands Band-1 (10Hz10
88
kHz), Band-2 (10 kHz-100 kHz) and Band-3(100kHz-1MHz)
instead of a single value for higher sensitivity in interpretation
of the results. The proposed representative numerical
parameters are computed from SFRA data obtained on the
healthy transformers using the comparison of twin
transformers, outer winding, and similar design etc. frequency
responses. These parameters obtained in three frequency
bands are used to interpret the SFRA data, which are used in
condition assessment of the transformer.
A. Numerical parameters for sister units
New transformers manufactured by the same company
with identical design specifications were considered as sister
units. End to end (open) frequency responses of delta
connected HV winding of two identical 2500 kVA, 33/11 kV,
Delta / star transformers were measured. The response of each
phase of High Voltage (HV) winding of the transformer was
compared with the response of corresponding phase winding
of sister unit. Fig. 1 gives the comparison of magnitude
frequency responses of H1H2_T1 (dotted line) with H1H2_T2
(solid line) phase terminals respectively for a particular tap
switch position of the two sister units T1 and T2. It can be
observed from H1H2 phase responses shown in Fig. 1 that
there are no significant deviations in the frequency responses
for the sister units. Small differences that appear may be
attributed to the differences in the measuring set up and
manufacturing differences. The frequency responses for end
to end (open) test condition for each phase of Low Voltage
(LV) winding of these two transformers were also recorded (
not shown in paper). Frequency responses for each of the
phase windings were compared with the corresponding phase
of the sister units. The responses have shown similar
relationship as observed in the high voltage winding.
Numerical parameters obtained from the FRA data of the two
sister units is given in Table I. It can be observed that, the
numerical parameters do not deviate significantly from the
ideal values. However, small deviations from its ideal values
could be attributed to manufacturing, measurement etc
differences. These small deviations need to be accounted for
while assigning tolerance limit values for the numerical
parameters so that it can be used to identify and differentiate
between fault and no fault condition of the transformer
windings.
B. Numerical parameters of outer winding
In order to consider the differences that appear in the
frequency responses of the outer windings of a healthy core
type delta connected three phase transformer, magnitude
responses of the three phases of HV winding of 2500kVA,
33/11kV transformer were analyzed. Fig. 2 gives the
comparison of magnitude frequency responses of H1H2_T1
(round dotted line), H2H3_T1 (dash line) and H3H1_T1 (solid
line) phase terminals respectively for transformer T1. It can be
observed that, the response of the outer two phase windings
match fairly up to 10 kHz with small deviations. However, the
middle phase response (H2H3) has some phase shift with
respect to the outer phases at around 600 Hz to 780 Hz which
continued up to 20 kHz. Between different phases for both HV
and LV windings, the outer two phases have very similar
IEEE CATCON 2015
 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

responses, whereas it is slightly different from the response of
the middle winding at low frequencies which can be attributed
to the geometrical position of the windings and the magnetic
flux linkages.
Similarly, in Band-2 and Band-3, all the parameters show
higher deviation from the ideal values as compared to sister
units. Thus, the proposed representative values for comparison
of numerical parameters computed based on the outer winding
responses needs to have wider tolerance with respect to the
ideal values for evaluating the condition of transformer
windings.

TABLE II. NUMERICAL PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM FRA DATA OF

OUTER WINDINGS OF A TRANSFORMER
Critical Proposed representative Parameters
Numerical (for end to end measurements)
Parameter Band-3
Band-1 Band-2
(100kHz-
(20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
1MHz)
CC 0.998 0.991 0.975
MSE 0.8 0.9 3
ASLE 0.15 0.4 0.8
MABS 0.7 0.8 1.8
MM 1.01 1.02 1.08
SD 8 10 12
Fig. 1. Comparison of UV phase (HV) magnitude response of twin
transformers C. Proposed representative numerical parameters for
diagnosing transformer faults
The deviations in numerical parameters results presented
and analyzed, based on the comparison of parameters for sister
units and outer windings in the three frequency bands, which
gives the spread in the values for the transformer to be in a
healthy state is tabulated in Table III. For the numerical
parametric values, obtained from the comparison of frequency
response data for the identical test connections, exceeding the
critical values given in this table can be considered as an
indication of the fault in the transformer core and winding
structure. The severity and type of the winding fault can also
be analyzed by interpreting the various parameters in different
frequency bands.
TABLE III. CRITICAL PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE NUMERICAL
Fig. 2. Comparison of magnitude response of three phases of HV delta PARAMETERS TO DIAGNOSE INTEGRITY OF TRANSFORMER
winding of same transformer Comparison of FRA
Numerical (for end to end measurements)
Band-3
TABLE I. NUMERICAL PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM FRA DATA OF Parameter Band-1 Band-2
(100kHz-
TWO SISTER UNITS (20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
1MHz)
Band-2 Band-3 CC 0.998 0.991 0.975
Frequency Band-1
(10kHz- (100kHz- MSE 0.8 0.9 3
Range (20Hz-10kHz)
100kHz) 1MHz) ASLE 0.15 0.4 0.8
Numerical H2X2T2- H2X2T2- H2X2T2- MABS 0.7 0.8 1.8
parameter H2X2T1 H2X2T1 H2X2T1 MM 1.01 1.02 1.08
CC 0.9982 0.989 0.984 SD 8 10 12
MSE 0.74 0.86 1.13
ASLE 0.147 0.31 0.78 V. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DIAGNOSING
MABS 0.55 0.71 1.117
TRANSFORMER WINDING USING PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE
MM 1.009 0.9891 1.08
SD 6.686 7.982 9.899 NUMERICAL PARAMETERS
Table II gives the proposed representative values, for all End to end (open) base frequency responses without fault
the three bands, which are obtained by the comparison of the for all the HV and LV windings of a 1000kVA, 11000/433V,
outer limbs. Numerical parameters obtained by the three phase, delta star, core and coil assembly of a transformer
comparison of the FRA data of two outer limbs are showing without oil and tank were recorded. This transformer core and
much larger deviation when compared with proposed coil assembly is used to obtain the FRA data. Two types of
representative numerical parameters of sister units. MSE and faults Viz., inter turn and radial displacement type faults were
MABS parameters show large deviation in Band-1 when simulated and FRA data was obtained. The various numerical
compared to ideal values. MM, SD, and CC parameters show parameters were computed using the base response (shown
marginal change whereas ASLE and CC does not show with dotted lines in figures) and simulated faulty response data
significant change when compared with ideal values. (shown with dark solid line in figures), in three frequency

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

bands. The numerical parameters obtained by comparison of windings due to tensile stresses or buckling of inner windings
FRA data for the faulty case with healthy FRA data. These due to compressive stresses. Inner winding radial
numerical parameters with faulty cases were compared with displacement simulation is difficult to be carried out. Outer
the proposed representative parameters given in Table III to winding radial displacement simulation was only carried out
obtain the percentage variation of these parameters to evolve for further investigations. In order to study the influence of
interpretation guidelines using the numerical parameters. outer winding radial displacement, an aluminum foil of about
Positive value of percentage increase in the individual half round was wrapped around W phase limb of HV winding
numerical parameter value with respect to the proposed and connected to earth. The arrangement will create a non
representative parameters given in Table III is an indication of
uniform change in outer winding and reduce the radial
faulty winding condition and needs to be further investigated.
clearance of U (H1H2) phase of HV winding to the ground. A
view of the transformer coil assembly with simulation of non-
A. Internal faults
uniform radial movement of outer winding is shown in Fig. 4.
Simulation of interturn fault done by shorting two adjacent End to end (open) frequency response for the U phase-limb of
turns in the U(H1H2) limb of HV winding of a 1000kVA HV winding indicating base response & response with radial
three phase transformer core and coil assembly. End to end movement is shown in Fig. 5. It can be observed from Fig 5,
(open) measurement frequency responses for base response & that the frequency response with radial displacement fault
with one turn fault is as shown in Fig. 3. It can be observed
largely deviates from its base response from about 2 kHz up to
that the frequency response with turn fault deviate largely
1 MHz throughout
from the base response at low frequencies up to about 40 kHz
indicating certain fault. Lowering of inductance due to
shorting of turns, which result in the reduction in impedance,
increases the amplitude (lower attenuation of the signal)
thereby resulting in variation in frequency response at low
frequencies.
Numerical parameters obtained from the comparison of
end to end (open) measurement for the base and inter turn
fault frequency responses on U-limb of HV winding shown
in Fig. 3 are given in Tables IV. Table V gives the
percentage change of all numerical parameters in comparison
with proposed representative values given in Table III for
inter turn fault. It can be observed from Table V that, the
percentage change of CC and MM in Band-1 is around 3%.
Percentage deviation of MABS, ASLE and SD is 341%, Fig. 3. End to end(open) measurement for inter turn fault on U-limb of HV
426% and 268% respectively, whereas, MSE parameter winding
abruptly changes to 2900% in Band -1. It is observed that, TABLE IV. NUMERICAL PARAMETERS FOR INTER TURN FAULT ON U-
there is no significant deviation in percentage change in MM LIMB OF HV WINDING
and ASLE from the proposed representative parameters, End to end (open) measurement
Numerical Band-3
whereas, percentage variation in CC is around 2% in Band-2, Parameter
Band-1 Band-2
(100kHz-
(20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
Similarly, SD and MABS deviations are found to be around 1MHz)
40% to 140% and MSE parameter abruptly changes to 900% CC 0.97 0.97 0.98
in Band-2. However, In Band-3, there is no significant MSE 23.9 8.99 1.18
ASLE 0.79 0.42 0.13
change in all parameters when compared them with proposed MABS 3.09 1.89 0.97
representative ideal parameters. It can be concluded from the MM 1.05 1.018 1.02
analysis presented, that all parameters show significant SD 29.4 13.7 4.41
deviations in band-1 with gradual increase in percentage of
CC and MM, very high increase in percentage of ASLE, TABLE V. PERCENTAGE CHANGE FOR INTER TURN FAULT WITH
RESPECT TO PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE VALUES
MABS and SD and an abrupt increase in percentage of MSE.
Appreciable deviations are also extended in Band-2 for all End to end (open) measurement
the parameters except MM and with marginal ie. 5% increase Numerical Band-3
Band-1 Band-2
Parameter (100kHz-
for ASLE parameter whereas significant deviations are found (20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
1MHz)
in Band 1 for all the numerical parameters. CC 2.80 2.11 -0.51
MSE 2887.5 898.88 -60.66
B. Radial winding movements ASLE 426.66 5 -83.75
MABS 341.42 136.25 -46.11
Movement of transformer windings result from MM 3.96 -0.08 -5.55
enormous electromagnetic forces generated due to short circuit SD 267.5 37 -63.25
currents. Radial forces developed because of these
electromagnetic forces generally lead to bulging of outer

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For radial displacement type of fault, all the numerical

parameters except MM show the tendency of positive
variation in all the three bands. In addition, it is also observed
that the Band -2 parameters have larger deviation as compared
to Band-1 and Band-3 parameters.
TABLE VI. NUMERICAL PARAMETERS FOR RADIAL DISPLACEMENT
FAULT ON U-LIMB OF HV WINDING
End to end (open) measurement
Numerical Band-3
Band-1 Band-2
Parameter (100kHz-
(20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
1MHz)
CC 0.99 0.98 0.966
MSE 0.82 7.38 4.27
ASLE 0.22 0.75 1.4
MABS 0.75 1.75 2.58
MM 1.01 1.02 1.14
SD 11.56 18.93 19.9
Fig. 4. A view of test transformer and simulation of radial displacement of
outer winding.
TABLE VII. PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF PARAMETERS FOR RADIAL
DISPLACEMENT FAULT - COMPARISON WITH PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE
VALUES
End to end (open) measurement
Numerical Band-3
Band-1 Band-2
Parameter (100kHz-
(20Hz-10kHz) (10kHz-100kHz)
1MHz)
CC 0.8 1.1 0.9
MSE 2.5 720 42.33
ASLE 46.66 87.5 75
MABS 7.14 118.75 43.33
MM 0 0 5.55
SD 44.5 89.3 65.91

Fig. 5. End to end (open) measurement for radial displacement fault on U-
limb of HV winding.
Table VI gives the end to end (open) measurement
numerical parameters obtained from the FRA data set of Fig.
5. Table VII gives the percentage variations of all the
numerical parameters in three frequency bands when
compared to proposed representative parameters given in
Table III. The following observations are made with regard to
percentage variations in the numerical parameters in three
frequency bands when compared with the proposed
representative parameters for radial displacement fault using
end to end (open) frequency response data of HV winding,:
Band- 1: Positive deviation in CC parameter is +0.8%
whereas MABS and ASLE parameters vary from +7% to
+50%. Negligible or negative deviation is observed in
MSE and MM.
Band- 2: Positive change in CC parameter is around
1.1%, whereas, ASLE, SD, MABS and MSE parameters
vary from 85% to 720%. No significant change is
observed in MM parameter.
Band-3: Positive change of CC is 0.9%, whereas, MSE,
MABS, SD and ASLE parameter change from 42% to
75%. Positive but marginal i.e. about 5% change in MM
parameter.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Experimental investigations were carried out to obtain end
to end (open) measurement FRA data from a transformer for
various simulated faults. An attempt is made to evolve the
application of various numerical techniques for detecting
different type of transformer faults and assessing the condition
of the transformer. Proposed representative numerical
parameters were evolved based on the comparison of
parameters for sister units and outer windings FRA end to end
measurement data in the three frequency bands as given in
Table III.
For inter turn type of faults, all parameters show significant
deviations in band-1 and appreciable deviations are also
extended in Band-2 for all the parameters except MM.
However, with radial displacement type of fault, all the
numerical parameters except MM show the tendency of
positive variation in all the three bands. MSE, MABS doesnt
give exact results as they vary largely even if there is small
deviation in the peaks. MM is observed to give ambiguity in
some interpretations. CC, ASLE and SD parameters are
observed to be giving consistent interpretation when all
parameters are compared for finding faults. The numerical
parameters given in Table III can thus be used to set the
tolerance limits after accounting for manufacturing differences
and asymmetry of the winding to diagnose the condition of the
transformer.

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)
These indices evolved cannot be generalized for all type of
FRA measurement. These indices are evolved with end to end
(open) type winding sweep frequency response measurements
and need to be used for diagnosing the winding state with
similar type of measurements only. Only three frequency
bands are considered to cover low, medium and high
frequency bands for evolving criterion for interpreting the
condition assessment of transformer winding based on these
indices for simplicity though other frequency bands also can
be considered.
Acknowledgment
Authors wish to thank management of CPRI, India for
permitting to conduct research work and publish the paper
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